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PubMed1975

Localization of masticatory motoneurons in the cat and rat by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.

Topographical localization of monotoneurons supplying the masticatory muscles was investigated in the cat and rat, utilizing retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase in each masticatory muscle, motoneurons labelled with peroxidase were seen to be aggregated into a cluster within the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Such clusters of peroxidase-motoneurons innervating each masticatory muscle were demarcated more sharply in kittens than in adult animals. The pattern of the nuclear representation of the masticatory muscles was found to be essentially the same in the cat and rat; it could be summarized as follows: The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve could be divided cytoarchitectonically into the dorsolateral and ventromedial divisions; the former was seen in almost the whole rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus, while the latter was localized at the levels of caudal two thirds of the nucleus. In the dorsolateral division, the temporal muscle was represented dorsally and dorsomedially, the masseter muscle ventrolaterally, and the pterygoid muscles ventromedially. In the ventromedial division, the anterior digastric muscle was represented dorsomedially, and the mylohyoid muscle ventrolaterally. It was also confirmed that the motoneurons supplying the posterior digastric muscle were localized in the accessory facial nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Frequency spectra of EMG activities and mastication muscular development].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of frequency components of EMG (electromyograph) signals obtained from masticatory muscles in term of the development from deciduous mixed and permanent dentition using FFT (Fast Fourie Transform) algolism. A total of one hundred and fourty subjects who had no oral dysfunction were subjected. The subjects were divided into four groups: deciduous dentition (designated as G1), early mixed dentition (designated as G2), late mixed dentition (as G3) and permanent dentition (as G4). EMG signals were taken from the right masseter and temporal muscles using bipolar surface electrodes during tooth tapping, clenching in the intercupsal position and maximum biting and EMG were recorded on magnetic tape (FM data recorder). Three parameters on the surface EMGs were chosen for the measuring points such as 1) frequency range, 2) frequency of maximum peak (peak frequency), 3) strength of maximum peak (peak magnitude). The results obtained in the present studies were summarized as follows; 1) In the frequency range, temporalis showed a higher range than masseter muscle among every group and it decreased with the dentitional development. 2) As to the peak frequency and peak magnitude, the clenching has higher frequency than tooth tapping and maximum biting, and the those differences between each group were clarified with the development. 3) Cross-powerspectrum showed that the main frequency harmonized into high frequency at every movement, while the strength of the harmony maintained a high frequency and increased with the development of the muscles. As aforementioned, EMG spectra may also reflect on to muscle activities associated with dentitional development.

Dentition, Mixed↗
PubMed2000

Influence of alteration of occlusal relationship on activity of jaw closing muscles and mandibular movement during submaximal clenching.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between occlusal contacts, responses of muscles, and jaw movements during simulated clenching. Seven healthy human males who possessed complete natural dental arches with normal occlusion, ranging from 24 to 29 years of age, volunteered for this study. Acrylic occlusal stops were fabricated for the lower jaw to simulate various occlusal conditions. Vertical movements of the lower jaw were measured by four sets of linear variable differential transformers. Simultaneously, electromyographic (EMG) activity from the bilateral masseter and anterior temporal muscles was measured. Under experimentally altered occlusal conditions, the subjects performed clenching tasks at 50% of their maximal voluntary contraction level. Analysis of EMG responses revealed clenching on the unilateral occlusal support tended to cause a unilateral activity of the ipsilateral anterior temporalis. Analysis of the movement amplitude revealed a significant difference between the experimental occlusal conditions (P < 0.05). Clenching on unilateral occlusal stops caused a larger upward movement on the contralateral side. Bilateral first premolar clenching without molar support caused a larger upward movement of the mandible in the posterior region, whereas bilateral second molar clenching did not cause a significant upward movement.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Jaw-closing muscles: electromyographic activity of human subjects with reduced periodontal support.

The aim of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of jaw-closing muscles of individuals with normal and reduced periodontal bone support. Fourteen adult subjects with more than 24 remaining teeth and low levels of periodontal inflammation, were selected for the study. Subjects of the control group had 90% of the periodontal bone support left, while other subjects presented a reduction of 52% of the original periodontal bone. Chewing experiments were performed using silicone tablets, carrots and white bread. The EMG of masseter and anterior temporal muscles was performed bilaterally, using bipolar surface electrodes, and the EMG amplitude was full wave rectified, integrated and the area extension under the curve was used to access muscle activity. The results of the chewing experiments did not show any statistically significant difference in the EMG activity of the study groups, irrespective of the chewing stuff. The height of periodontal bone support did not seem to influence the electroactivity of jaw-closing muscles, indicating that reduced periodontal support might equally be able to withstand masticatory loads. Hence, individuals with reduced periodontal bone support revealed a similar EMG activity compared to subjects with normal periodontal bone support.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1990

[Experimental studies on the influences of physical properties of foods on the appearance of silent period in discharge of masticatory muscles].

UNLABELLED: It is considered that the appearance of Silent Period (SP) during food crushing may relieve tissue injury caused by sudden change of maxillo-mandibular impactive force. In connection with this phenomenon, the relation between changes in vertical velocity of mandibular movement and the appearance of SP during food crushing was investigated. In addition, efforts were made to clarify the influences of lack of periodontal pressoreceptive information on the appearance of SP. Subjects were ten males (aged 24 to 31) with natural dentition and no masticatory dysfunction. Electromyograms were recorded on 4 lead locations: the central parts of each masseter and the anterior bundles of each temporal muscle. A Mandibular Kinesiograph and electromyograph were used to record simultaneously mandibular movement and myoelectric discharge during food crushing for the sake of comparing changes in mandibular position, vertical velocity of mandibular movement and muscular activity. Eight kinds of foods of various textures were selected for use in the examinations: dry macaroni, rice cracker, raw carrot, pickled thistle root, pickled radish, raisin, synthetic rubber block and softened chewing gum. The food was positioned on the occlusal table of the lower first molar on the habitual masticatory side of each subject. Then the subject was required to close his mouth rapidly to crush the food at a single masticatory stroke. Two experimental conditions were established in order to clarify the significance of periodontal pressoreceptive information on the appearance of SP: (1) normalcy and (2) infiltration anesthesia of the periodontal tissues of the upper and lower first-molar region on the habitual masticatory side. Results 1. SP appeared during a single masticatory stroke in response to sudden decreases or increases of vertical velocity of mandibular movement. 2. The frequency of the appearance of SP depends on the crushing characteristics of the food which is tested. For softened chewing gum and the synthetic rubber block, only one SP occurred; two SPs occurred in the cases of pickled radish and raisin; three SPs in the cases of raw carrot and pickled thistle root; and more than four SPs in the cases of dry macaroni and rice cracker. 3. Lack of periodontal pressoreceptive information resulting from anesthesia had no effect on the appearance of SP. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Sudden changes in vertical velocity of mandibular movement may depend on the crushing characteristics of the food which is crushed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Changes in head and cervical-spine postures and EMG activities of masticatory muscles following treatment with complete upper and partial lower denture.

A clinical stomatognathic, cephalometric and electromyographic (EMG) study was performed in relation to 14 subjects (10 women, 4 men), each with an edentulous maxilla and residual mandibular dentition before and six months after treatment with complete upper and partial lower dentures. The mean age of the subjects was 54.4 years (range 43-64 years). The mean period of edentulousness and age of dentures were 22.5 years (range 15-33 years) and 14.1 (range 1.5-30 years), respectively. Natural head position was recorded (using a fluid-level method) and measured from cephalograms. EMG activity was measured in relation to masseter and temporal muscles. A decrease in clinical dysfunction index was noted in 12 of 14 subjects (86%). There was no change in cervical inclination, but a slight extension of the head was noted after treatment. Rapid recovery of the masticatory muscles was reflected in increased EMG activity, especially when biting in the maximal intercuspal position. In cases of edentulous maxilla and residual mandibular anterior dentition, treatment with a complete upper and lower partial denture had a favorable effect on craniomandibular disorders and masticatory-muscle function.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Continuous evaluation of muscle activity with occlusal tooth contacts part II. Nocturnal tooth contacts and muscle activity].

In order to evaluate the relationship between the mandibular position and the muscle activity during bruxism, an originally-designed device for detecting tooth contacts in eccentric jaw positions in addition to the intercuspal position was applied to 7 subjects and electromyography was carried out stimultaneously. Nocturnal bruxing patterns such as lateral grinding, clenching in the intercuspal position or eccentric jaw position were clearly distinguished by using this system. In one of 3 subjects who were not aware of bruxism, both the duration and the frequency of the muscle activity were significantly higher than those of other subjects. This suggests that some persons with bruxism who are unaware of it actually grind or clench their teeth during sleep. Tooth contacts during sleep were classified into 6 patterns according to jaw position. In the IP pattern, both regular and irregular EMG patterns were observed without any lateral movement of the mandible. Furthermore, each subject had the mandibular position on the preference side during tooth contacts and the EMG activity of the anterior temporal muscle on the preference side during the IP pattern was higher than that on the opposite side. This system enabled detailed evaluation of bruxism.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the deep temporal artery--a case report].

A rare case of traumatic AV fistula of the deep temporal artery is reported. The patient, a 33 years old male, struck his forehead and left temporal region in a traffic accident on March 30, 1983. He noticed the swelling at his temporal region 5 days after the accident as it became pulsative and enlarged. He was admitted on May 23 and left external carotid angiography revealed an AV fistula which was fed by the deep temporal artery and drained into the superficial temporal vein. The operation was performed on May 27 and showed that the AV fistula was not in the subcutaneous tissue, but buried in the temporal muscle. Total extirpation was performed. Postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged on June 10. Microscopic examination of the AV fistula demonstrated some traumatic findings, such as tear of the wall of vein, thrombosed artery and an aneurysm-like protrusion of the wall of the artery.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prolonged mandibular hypomobility patient with a "square mandible" configuration with coronoid process and angle hyperplasia.

The objective of this study was the surgical management of chronic severe mandibular hypomobility patients associated with square mandible morphology with coronoid process and angle hyperplasia, and one-year follow-up data is reported. Ten patients were studied. All patients were female and had a history of gradual severe jaw hypomobility. Clinical findings were similar to those of a "closed lock" patient. However, the facial appearance in these patients showed a characteristic square mandible facial configuration. Coronoid process thickening and overgrowth of the mandibular angle was evident in the radiographic findings. Diagnostic imaging scarcely depicted any disk derangement, but a severely limited jaw opening was noted in spite of acceptable excursive jaw movements. Bilateral coronoidotomy or coronoidectomy was done initially, and then masseter muscle stripping via the intraoral approach. After successful reduction of jaw hypomobility, a selective mandibular anglectomy was completed. Physical therapy began within three to five days after the surgery. Postoperatively, all patients were questioned about their jaw function and their subjective assessment of the treatment. Interincisal jaw opening was recorded with a ruler marked in millimeters. Bilateral coronoidotomy or coronoidectomy and masseter muscle stripping were done for all patients; the mandibular anglectomy was performed in seven of the cases at 13 sites. Simultaneous TMJ surgery was done on three joints for three patients. Most patients reported improvement of jaw function, and the patients' subjective assessment revealed an average satisfaction rate of 74.6%. A preoperative mean jaw opening distance of 25.6 mm increased to 36.6 mm postoperatively at a one-year follow-up (p < 0.05). The conclusion was that surgical intervention is indicated when nonsurgical treatment is unsuccessful. Etiology is unknown, but masseter and temporal muscle contracture associated with mandibular coronoid and angle hyperplasia may be a strong component of the pathophysiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Superficial temporal artery dilatation in a patient with infectious temporal headache clinically mimicking temporal arteritis.

A 57-year-old woman noticed a pulsatile shooting headache in her right temporal region 3 days after extraction of a tooth from the right mandible. The following day, a localized headache over the right superficial temporal artery (STA), low grade fever, and jaw claudication appeared and progressed subacutely. Seven days after the onset, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography (MRI/MRA) disclosed inflammatory swelling of the right temporal muscle and dilatation of the right STA. All the symptoms disappeared following antibiotic treatment, and neuroimaging findings were improved. In conclusion, MRA is thought to be useful to non-invasively identify reversible inflammatory dilatation of extracranial vessels.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of extraocular muscles in the edematous phase of Graves ophthalmopathy on contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Extraocular muscles (EOMs) reveal characteristic contrast-enhancement patterns on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging due to their rich vascular supply. The objective of this study was to evaluate contrast-enhancement patterns of EOMs in patients with edematous phase of Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) using contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed MR imaging in comparison with normal volunteers. METHODS: EOMs of 15 patients with edematous phase of GO and those of 15 normal volunteers were evaluated using coronal T1-weighted MR images with fat suppression before and after intravenous administration of gadolinium. The image sequence was a fast spin-echo with chemical shift selective fat saturation. The degree of contrast enhancement for EOMs and temporal muscles (TMs) was assessed via a 4-step grading system and by 2 reviewers. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences for the degrees of contrast enhancement in all EOMs between the patients with GO and normal volunteers. The degrees of contrast enhancement for all EOMs were significantly decreased in patients with edematous phase of GO. CONCLUSIONS: The microcirculation within the EOMs tends to be impaired during the progress of disease, and the MR imaging pattern gives a semiquantitative measurement of the microcirculatory impairment of the EOMs during the edematous phase of the disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Temporalis muscle-galea pedicled flap for reconstruction of longstanding facial paralysis.

Reanimation of longstanding facial paralysis is a difficult clinical problem commonly tackled with the method of pedicled muscle flap transfer. The temporalis muscle has been the most popular. In the past, one common problem was that the flap was not long enough to reach parts of the face distant from the affected area. To overcome this disadvantage, we have devised a flap consisting of the pedicled temporalis muscle, temporal fascia and galea together and have achieved good static results in paralyzed faces. From June, 1996 to May, 2003, we used this procedure with 38 longstanding facial paralysis patients (16 male and 22 female); 23 had right-sided and 15 had left-sided facial paralysis. The patients were followed-up over three years. Our results were recorded as "Excellent", "Good", "Fair" or "Poor". Excellent or good results were obtained in 33 patients (87%). In these patients, the static results are very good. The oral commissure on the affected side maintained a favorable position and almost complete symmetry of expression was attained. We have achieved dynamic reconstruction by using a temporalis muscle-galea pedicled flap in 38 longstanding facial paralysis patients. Our results show that this is a good option in treating such patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Study of the control strategy of the quadriceps muscles in anterior knee pain.

Anterior knee pain (AKP) is a common pathological condition, particularly among young people and athletes, associated to an abnormal motion of the patella during the bending of the knee and possibly dependent on a muscular or structural imbalance. A lack of synergy in the quadriceps muscles results in a dynamic misalignment of the patella, which in turn produces pain. AKP rehabilitative therapy consists of conservative treatment whose main objective is to strengthen the Vastus Medialis. The aim of this article is to study the quadriceps muscle control strategy in AKP patients during an isokinetic exercise. Analysis of the muscle activation strategy is important for an objective measurement of the knee functionality in that it helps to diagnose and monitor the rehabilitative treatment. Surface electromyography (EMG) from the three superficial muscles of the femoral quadriceps during a concentric isokinetic exercise has been analyzed along with the signals of knee joint position and torque. A group of 12 AKP patients has been compared with a group of 30 normal subjects. Analysis of the grand ensemble average of the EMG linear envelopes in AKP patients reveals significant modifications in Vastus Medialis activity compared to the other quadriceps muscles. In order to study the synergy of the muscles, temporal identifiers have been associated to the EMG linear envelopes. To this end, EMG linear envelope decomposition in Gaussian pulses turned out to be effective and the results highlight an appreciable delay in the activation of the Vastus Medialis in AKP patients. This muscular unbalance can explain the abnormal motion of the patella.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Control of human jaw elevator muscle activity during simulated chewing with varying bolus size.

During chewing, a small part of the observed muscle activity is needed for the basic open-close movements of the mandible, and additional muscle activity (AMA) is needed to overcome the resistance of the food. The AMA consists of two contributions: a large peripherally induced contribution, starting after food contact and a small anticipating contribution, starting before food contact. We investigated whether the latencies of these contributions depend on the expected or actual bolus size. Subjects made rhythmic open-close movements near their natural chewing frequency controlled by a metronome. This frequency was determined while the subjects were chewing gum. Food resistance was simulated by an external force, acting on the jaw in a downward direction during part of the closing movement. Bolus size was simulated by the jaw gape at which the force started. Jaw movement and surface EMG of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles on both sides and the suprahyoid muscles were recorded during experiments in which the jaw gape at which the force started was varied. The peripherally induced contribution to the AMA started about 20 ms after the onset of the force, irrespective of the jaw gape at which the force started. It is concluded that the onset of this contribution depends solely on food contact in the actual cycle. The function of the observed mechanism for jaw elevator muscle control may be to enable a highly automatic control of the muscle activity required to overcome the resistance of food of different hardness and different size. The onset of the anticipating contribution to the AMA showed neither a relationship with the actual jaw gape at which force onset occurred nor with the expected jaw gape of force onset. It is suggested that the onset of the anticipating AMA is related to the jaw gape at the onset of closing. The function of this contribution may be the regulation of the mechanical response of the jaw after an expected disturbance of the closing movement by food contact, by tuning the muscle stiffness to the expected hardness of the food.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Temporal and malar-zygomatic reduction and augmentation.

The temporal fossa, zygomatic arch, and malar-midface should be considered jointly when augmentation of the temporal area or reduction of the zygomatic arch are to be carried out. These anatomic areas relate so closely to one another that altering one affects the other. In addition, augmentation of the malar-midface area may be done if one of the other two procedures is to be considered, or if a brow lift, subperiosteal face lift, or other reason for using a coronal incision exists. Use of the coronal incision for malar augmentation is probably not justified because of the large amount of surgery required in spite of the lesser morbidity associated with this approach in terms of amount of infections, lip stiffness, and hypesthesia. Planning a surgical procedure must be done in the office, by examining the patient at eye level to determine the amount of zygomatic arch reduction and the amount of temporal fossa augmentation necessary. Similarly, the three zones of the malar-midface complex must be assessed, with the amount of augmentation of each zone determined prior to the day of surgery. The surgical procedure is then executed through a coronal incision, with the dissection extending down to the zygomatic arch. If the temporal muscle is to be elevated out of its fossa, it is cut on its anterior, superior, and posterior edges, elevating it out of its fossa so that a Proplast implant, typically 3 to 4 mm thick and finely tapered on its superior and posterior edges, with suturing done anteriorly, may be inserted. The muscle is then resutured to its aponeurosis on all three edges. If the zygomatic arch and malar-midface area are to be approached, the dissection is carried to the deep and superior edge of the zygomatic arch, and the periosteal elevator is used to elevate the soft tissue off the lateral and inferior edge. The arch and malar-midface are cleared of soft tissue, extending the tunnel to the upper buccal sulcus. The arch is then reduced with a contouring burr to the thinness desired. Alternatively, the malar-midface area may be augmented with synthetic material precisely positioned, with a suture around the zygomatic arch, holding it in position as measured from the lateral orbital rim. The incision in the temporal fascia is then resutured, and the coronal incision is closed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1997

[Anatomic changes after radical surgery and reconstruction with pedunculated or revascularized flaps in advanced head and neck tumors: computerized tomography and magnetic resonance findings].

January, 1992, to October, 1995, sixty-four patients with advanced head and neck cancer underwent head and neck reconstructive surgery using myocutaneous or revascularized flaps; in the same period, all patients were consecutively examined with CT and MRI. Myocutaneous flaps wer used in 26 patients: 12 flaps were tubular and 14 linear. Revascularized flaps were used in 38 patients: to repair a large defect in 26 patients (14 latissimus dorsi flaps and 12 temporal muscle flaps) and to repair an oral damage in 12 patients (5 revascularized radial and 7 jejunal flaps). CT and MR images of myocutaneous flaps showed the flaps as fatty areas, repairing large surgical defects, hypodense at CT and hyperintense at MRI, with no post-contrast enhancement. The postoperative scar around the flap exhibited soft-tissue density with slight post-contrast enhancement at CT and slightly hypodense on T2-weighted MR images. Post-contrast CT and MRI showed slight scar enhancement with no signal changes in the fatty component. The appearance of revascularized flaps at CT and MRI depends on the characteristics of the structure used to repair the surgical defect: jejunal and radial flaps appeared as mostly fatty thickened layers with both imaging methods. Temporal and latissimus dorsi flaps are made basically of muscular tissue, fatty tissue and occasionally skin (used to repair a mucosal defect): consequently, CT showed a structure with mostly parenchymal density in all cases and MRI depicted intermediate signal intensity. MRI was useful to detect 12 revascularized jejunal or radial flaps thanks to its higher contrast resolution and multiplanar capabilities showing even such thin structures as these flaps. Moreover, MRI permitted to study skull base reconstruction with revascularized (latissimus dorsi) flaps in 5 of our patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Bilateral small radial forearm flaps for the reconstruction of buccal mucosa after surgical release of submucosal fibrosis: a new, reliable approach.

Oral submucous fibrosis is a collagen disorder affecting the submucosal layer and often severely limiting mouth opening. Previous surgical treatments have been disappointing. This article introduces a new surgical approach: reconstructing the bilateral buccal mucosa with two small radial forearm flaps. The surgical method includes the complete surgical release of fibrotic buccal mucosa and, if necessary, a bilateral coronoidectomy and temporalis muscle myotomy. From 1997 to 1999, 15 patients with moderate-to-severe trismus received reconstructive surgery, for a total of 30 small radial forearm flaps after surgical release. The flap size was between 1.5 x 5 and 2.5 x 7 cm. All donor sites were directly closed, and all flaps survived completely, except for one with partial necrosis. Six flaps required minor revisions because of size redundancy. Two patients developed buccal cancer in the area of reconstruction. At an average of 12 months' follow-up, the inter-incisal distance averaged 33 mm, an increase of 17 mm compared with the preoperative value. The donor-site morbidity was minimal, except in one heavy smoker who developed dry gangrene of his fingertips. The use of two small free forearm flaps for buccal mucosa reconstruction allows more radical release of fibrotic tissue. Coronoidectomy and temporal muscle myotomy further contribute to the effect of trismus release. The combined effects of this approach have consistently given good results. An aggressive approach toward surgical treatment of this precancerous lesion also facilitates the detection of cancer at an early stage.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of ECA transection in the development of masticatory lesions in the MCAO filament model.

In the intraluminal suture model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rat, lesions of the masticator muscles associated with impaired functional outcome occur. We evaluated the role of external carotid artery (ECA) transection. We assessed whether isolated interruption of an arterial or a venous connection to the ECA territory was sufficient to induce masticatory hypoperfusion and lesions. We also evaluated a direct access to the common carotid artery (CCA) with subsequent vascular closure with regard to its feasibility, frequency of masticatory lesions, complications, and cerebral ischemia. Cerebral and masticatory lesions and perfusion deficits were assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Vessel patency was evaluated using computerized tomography angiography and histology. An interruption of arterial blood flow led to masticatory hypoperfusion. Masticatory lesions occurred in 6% of the rats. Access to and closure of the CCA were feasible in all animals, leading to moderate or severe vessel stenosis in 20%, and intraarterial thrombosis in 25% of the rats. Reproducible cerebral infarctions were obtained in all animals. In 24% of the rats, hyperintense MRI signal changes were observed in the ipsilateral temporal muscle. Thus, the induction of masticatory hypoperfusion and lesions by arterial transection supports the role of the ECA in this context. Direct access to the CCA with subsequent vessel closure led to stenosis in most animals. Preservation of ECA continuity was not suitable to fully prevent masticatory lesions.

Analysis of Variance↗