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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Ghrelin expression in the tissues of different thyroid diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ghrelin, a novel endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), was expressed in the thyroid tissues of different thyroid diseases, and its implication. METHODS: The paraffin-embedded specimens of thyroid tissues from 2000 to 2004 were obtained from 57 patients with different thyroid diseases, including 5 subacute thyroiditis, 8 Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 7 hyperthyroidism (Graves disease), 8 nodular goiter, 5 thyroid adenoma, 3 thyroid lymphoma, 8 papillary carcinoma, 3 follicular carcinoma, 5 medullary carcinoma and 5 undifferentiated carcinoma cases. The specimens of normal peri-adenoma thyroid tissues served as controls. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect ghrelin expression. RESULTS: (1) ghrelin expression was undetectable in the thyroid tissues of normal control, subacute thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease. (2) ghrelin expression was also undetected in the tissues of nodular goiter, thyroid adenoma and thyroid lymphoma. (3) ghrelin-positive staining was found in the tumor cells of different types of thyroid carcinoma. Five cases were positive within 8 cases in papillary carcinoma, 2 cases were positive within 3 cases in follicular carcinoma, 3 cases were positive within 5 cases in medullary carcinoma, 3 cases were positive within 5 cases in undifferentiated carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Ghrelin is expressed in malignant epithelial thyroid neoplasms, but not in autoimmune or inflammatory thyroid diseases and benign nodular thyroid diseases. The results indicate that ghrelin expression may play an important role in the occurrence and development of thyroid carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV staining of cytologic preparations to distinguish benign from malignant thyroid diseases.

Staining for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV [EC: 3.4.14.5]) activity was applied to aspiration biopsy specimens or imprint preparations of surgical biopsy specimens from thyroid tumors. Material was obtained from 55 patients with histologically proven thyroid diseases: 9 with papillary carcinoma, 5 with follicular carcinoma, 11 with follicular adenoma, 13 with adenomatous goiter, 8 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 9 with other benign conditions. Most tumor cells, follicular lumina in cell clusters, and intranuclear inclusions were strongly positive for DAP IV in all examples of papillary or follicular carcinoma. In contrast, only a few epithelial cells were labeled for DAP IV in follicular adenoma and adenomatous goiter. Some Hürthle cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis also were positive for DAP IV. When a DAP IV scoring system based on the percentage of positive cells and staining intensity was used, all benign tissues except one (from a follicular adenoma) were found to have extremely low scores. These results indicate that staining for DAP IV activity is a simple but useful tool to aid in distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2026

Pathologic diagnosis of thyroid nodules with preoperatively detected tumor protein 53 mutations: A tricenter series of 32 cases.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the tumor protein 53 gene (TP53 mutation) in thyroid nodules are quoted to confer a high (80%) probability of malignancy when detected on the ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier if associated with other molecular alterations. However, TP53 mutation also occurs in benign and low-risk thyroid neoplasms. Thus, the risk of malignancy in nodules harboring TP53 mutation is not well characterized. METHODS: Of 4,575 molecularly profiled preoperative fine-needle aspiration samples, 36 (0.8%) were identified harboring TP53 mutation. The study included 32 cases in which the pathology diagnosis was obtained from surgical specimens. RESULTS: The reviewed diagnosis was benign/low-risk neoplasms in 11 (34%), carcinoma-American Thyroid Association low risk of recurrence in 7 (22%), carcinoma-American Thyroid Association low-intermediate risk in 6 (19%), and carcinoma-American Thyroid Association high risk in 8 (25%). In the entire cohort and the indeterminate fine-needle aspiration category (Bethesda III-IV), the risk of malignancy was 66% and 56%, respectively. All 11 cases with a reviewed diagnosis of benign or low-risk neoplasms had their tumor capsule submitted entirely for histologic examination, and 64% had total thyroidectomy. In 30 cases comprehensively molecularly profiled, the molecular alterations were substratified into 4 groups: TP53 mutation alone (n = 5, 17%), TP53 mutation with copy number alteration (n = 9, 30%), TP53 mutation with other mutations but no copy number alteration (n = 9, 30%), and TP53 mutation with other mutations and copy number alteration (n = 7, 23%). The risk of malignancy for each group was 40%, 44%, 67%, and 100%, respectively. The frequency of American Thyroid Association-high-risk malignancy, which would often lead to a recommendation for total thyroidectomy, was 20%, 11%, 22%, and 43%, respectively. The risk of malignancy was higher in cases with additional mutations and copy number alteration (7/7, 100%) than in those with TP53 alone or with concomitant copy number alteration only (6/14, 43%) (P = .018). CONCLUSION: Thirty four percent of nodules with TP53 mutation with or without concomitant molecular alterations were benign/low-risk thyroid neoplasms and treated by total thyroidectomy in the majority of cases. Risk of malignancy increased significantly to 100% when TP53 mutation co-occurred with other mutations and copy number alterations. Since American Thyroid Association high-risk carcinomas were found in only 25% of TP53-mutated nodules, thyroid lobectomy may be considered as the initial treatment, in the appropriate clinical context.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Carcinogenicity of "non-dioxinlike" polychlorinated biphenyls.

Complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) cause liver and thyroid neoplasms in rodents, whereas very few data are available on the carcinogenic potency of single non-dioxinlike (NDL) PCB congeners. In most genotoxicity assays technical PCB mixtures and individual congeners were inactive, suggesting that PCBs act as indirect, nongenotoxic carcinogens. Various mechanisms, including suppression of apoptosis in preneoplastic cells or inhibition of intercellular communication, have been suggested to be active in liver tumor promotion by PCBs. A decrease in thyroid hormone levels after PCB treatment has been suggested to play a role in the development of thyroid neoplasms in rats; however, other mechanisms may also be involved. Results from a chronic carcinogenicity study in rats indicate that not the dose of total PCBs but the total TCDD or toxic equivalents (TEQs) associated with "dioxinlike" (DL) constituents within a technical mixture are mainly if not exclusively responsible for the development of liver neoplasms in female rats. Quantitative comparison reveals almost identical dose-response curves for the total TEQs in various technical PCB mixtures and for TCDD as inducers of hepatic neoplasms in female rats. Tumor promotion experiments have shown, however, that, after initiation with a genotoxic carcinogen, technical PCB mixtures and individual DL-and NDL-PCBs act as liver tumor promoters in rodents. Based on these data, a weak carcinogenic potency of individual NDL-PCB congeners cannot be excluded. In epidemiological studies, increased mortality from cancers of the liver, gallbladder, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, and from brain cancer and malignant melanoma were observed in workers exposed to a series of technical PCB mixtures. A significant association between PCB concentrations in adipose tissue and non-Hodgkins lymphoma was found in another study. While in all human studies mixed exposure to DL-and NDL-PCBs occurred, no comprehensive data are available on the relative contribution of NDL-PCBs to the overall external and/or internal PCB exposure in those cohorts.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Oncocytes of the thyroid: a neutral red dye uptake study.

Oncocytosis and oncocytomas have attracted attention because on the one hand there have been reports of the favourable prognosis and generally benign nature of oncocytic tumours, while on the other hand, Hurthle cell change in thyroid neoplasms have been reported to be correlated with aggressive biological behaviour and a significantly worse clinical course. Presently, there appear to be two schools of thought on the significance of oncocytosis: (i) a process where there is redifferentiation of cells with involvement in the pathogenesis of cancer; and (ii) a compensatory process for 'functional exhaustion' of the cell. Many aspects of oncocytosis seem unclear. In this study, transmission electron microscopy is used to demonstrate the presence of thyroid oncocytes in the hemithyroidectomy specimen of a patient with focal lymphocytic thyroiditis. Tissue sections from this specimen did not display preferential uptake of neutral red dye, a distinctive characteristic of M-phase cancer cells which was previously reported. The findings seem to suggest that oncocytes are not cells with distinctive proliferative potentials. If that were the case, then oncogenesis or cancer cell progression and oncocytosis may not be convergent processes.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2000

Is repeated fine-needle aspiration cytology useful in the management of patients with benign nodular thyroid disease?

Management of nonneoplastic thyroid nodules (TN) diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is controversial. While clinical follow-up with repeat FNA for enlarging TN is recommended in some studies, others recommend repeat FNA in follow-up of all benign TN after several months or years, in order to identify possible misdiagnosed malignant lesions. This study was done to determine the usefulness of repeat FNA in patients with benign nodular thyroid disease. We studied 94 fine-needle reaspirations performed on 43 females and 2 males 48.2 +/- 17 years of age with benign nodular thyroid nodular disease. Four patients had 3 consecutive FNAs and 41 patients had 2 consecutive FNAs. All FNAs were carried out by the same endocrinologist in the same thyroid area or by cytopathologists. The average time elapsed between the two consecutive FNAs was 18.3 +/- 11.2 (range, 4-48) months. Of the 45 patients, 23 presented with increase in size of the nodule and the remaining 22 patients did not have any change in size at the time of repeat FNA. Identical cytologic diagnoses were rendered in 39 of the 45 patients who underwent 2 or 3 consecutive FNA. Repeat FNA did not result in detection of any malignant neoplasms. Thyroid resection in 7 patients with increased nodule size and pressure symptoms confirmed the cytologic impressions of benign thyroid nodular disease. Our results show that the routine performance of repeated FNA cytology in the follow-up of patients with benign nodular thyroid disease with or without any clinical changes is of limited usefulness. Clinical factors rather than repeat FNA may hold precedence in surgical management of patients with benign nodular thyroid disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Fine-needle aspiration cytology in thyroid disease.

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of palpable lesions of the thyroid is a diagnostic method routinely used in several medical centres, but still relatively new in others. Experience has shown that the technical steps involved in this biopsy procedure, that is, palpation, aspiration, smear making, fixation and staining, are critical for good results, and they are therefore reviewed and illustrated. Another prerequisite for the use of aspiration biopsy cytology is a specially interested cytopathologist who is familiar with the methodological aspects, as well as the interpretation of cells in aspirates. A description is given of the different cytological patterns in smears of fine-needle aspirates for clinical thyroid diseases, such as simple and toxic goitre, different types of thyroiditis (acute, subacute and chronic) as well as the various differentiated thyroid neoplasms (follicular, papillary, medullary), anaplastic carcinomas and lymphomas. The limits of cytological diagnosis are indicated and differential diagnostic aspects are discussed. diagnostic accuracy of aspiration biopsy cytology, with particular reference to tumour diagnosis, is high: no false positive diagnoses are made by experienced cytopathologists, whereas false negative tumour diagnosis can occur in about 10 per cent of cases. Such results are the reason for the special position of fine-needle aspiration biopsy among other methods in the diagnostic work-up of patients with thyroid disease.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2001

[Accuracy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of changes in thyroid nodular lesions].

The aim of this study was to compare the results of US-FNAB with definitive histological examination of thyroid nodular lesions. 590 patients who underwent surgery were reviewed (473 females, 117 males, ranging in age from 9 to 81 years, average 36 years). Histological evaluation of cytologically diagnosed benign nodules revealed nodular goiter in 407 cases (91.5%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 2 (0.4%), follicular adenoma in 31 (7%), papillary carcinoma in 2 (0.4%) and follicular carcinoma in 3 (0.7%). In the cytological group of follicular nodule (n = 71) histological diagnoses included: nodular goiter in 11 cases (15.5%), follicular adenoma in 36 (50.7%), papillary carcinoma in 2 (2.8%), follicular carcinoma in 20 (28.2%). The diagnosis of papillary carcinoma (n = 65) was confirmed histologically in 59 cases (90.8%), in the remaining 6 cases Hashimoto's thyroiditis and medullary carcinoma were diagnosed. In the cases diagnosed cytologically as medullary carcinoma (n = 8) histological diagnoses included: medullary carcinoma in 7 cases (87.5%). The cytological diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma (n = 1) was confirmed histologically. These results support the value of US-FNAB in the diagnostics of thyroid neoplasms. US-FNAB performance was as follows: sensitivity 78%, specificity 97%, accuracy 92%, 2.3% of false positive and 6.1% of false negative results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Thyroid transcription factor-1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.

Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a nuclear homeodomain transcription factor that is expressed in the developing thyroid, respiratory epithelium, and diencephalon. TTF-1 is thought to be expressed specifically in pulmonary or thyroid neoplasms, and it is expressed in a significant subset of pulmonary non-small cell carcinomas, small cell carcinomas, and carcinoids but not in nonpulmonary, non-small cell carcinomas. Neuroendocrine tumors from sites other than the lung have not been evaluated for TFF-1 expression. We examined TFF-1 expression using immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 49 gastrointestinal carcinoids; 15 pancreatic islet cell tumors; 21 paragangliomas; 8 medullary thyroid carcinomas; 7 small cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix; 4 prostate, 4 bladder, and 6 Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinomas; and 1 renal carcinoma No gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, pancreatic islet cell tumor, paraganglioma, or Merkel cell carcinoma expressed TFF-1. All of the medullary thyroid carcinomas strongly expressed TTF-1. However, 44% of nonpulmonary small cell carcinomas were also TTF-1 positive, including four of four prostate, two of four bladder, and one of seven cervical small cell carcinomas. We conclude that TTF-1 expression is not specific for small cell carcinomas of pulmonary origin and should not be used to distinguish primary from metastatic small cell carcinomas in extrapulmonary sites. However, TTF-1 expression may be useful in distinguishing Merkel cell carcinomas and cutaneous metastasis of small cell carcinomas. Among well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, TTF-1 expression seems to be present only in carcinoid tumors of the lung and medullary carcinomas of the thyroid and may be of differential diagnostic value when dealing with a metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estrogen receptor in normal and neoplastic human thyroid tissue.

Clinical evidence suggests the possible influence of estrogen on the biologic behavior of thyroid neoplasm. In this study we evaluated the distribution and characteristics of intracellular receptors for estrogen in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue obtained from 54 patients. Forty-two percent of all specimens assayed by the protamine sulfate precipitation technique had a detectable intracellular binding site for estrogen. Differentiated carcinomas (eight of eight) and adenomas (seven of nine) had high incidences of receptors compared with goiter (five of 23) and normal thyroid (three of eight). However, there were no detectable receptors for estrogen in medullary carcinomas of the thyroid (0 of six). Also, carcinomas and adenomas had higher receptor contents than did goiter and normal differentiated thyroid tissue. There was no significant difference in the affinity of estrogen for receptors among the different histologic groups. There were both 4S and 8S receptor types, which were specific for estrogen. The binding of estrogen to thyroid tissue and differentiated neoplasm originating from thyroid tissue were comparable to the binding of estrogen to other hormone-dependent normal and neoplastic tissues.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2003

Thyrotoxicosis: a rare presenting symptom of Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid.

Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare type of thyroid neoplasm. The most common clinical presentation is a single palpable thyroid nodule. The neoplasm typically presents as a nonfunctioning or cold nodule on a Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate or radioiodine thyroid scan. We report a case of Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid in a woman presenting with thyrotoxicosis. The Tc-99m thyroid scan was also interesting in that the nodule was a hot or hyperfunctioning area, resulting in a rare scintigraphic finding in a rare tumor. Clinicopathologic aspects and related issues are further discussed.

Adenoma, Oxyphilic↗