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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Experiences with ambulatory cytodiagnosis of the thyroid gland].

It is reported on 250 needle biopsies of the thyroid gland above all in scintigraphically cold nodes. In altogether 57% of the patients either a fully inconspicuous cell picture or degenerative findings not suspicious for malignity were present. In 28% of the cases a cyst of the thyroid gland was the result. Four tumours were cytologically established; a small carcinoma in a large nodular struma was not recognized by puncture. According to corresponding opinions the needle biopsy of the thyroid gland is a valuable supplementation of the ambulant diagnostics of the thyroid gland.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1991

The effect of hepatic enzyme-inducing drugs on thyroid hormones and the thyroid gland.

With the understanding that various drugs, industrial chemicals, and chemicals of environmental importance can increase thyroid hormone hepatic metabolism and excretion, it is important to consider whether compensation by the thyroid gland for this increased excretion can lead to stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and possibly secondary hyperplastic or neoplastic changes in the thyroid. The compounds discussed in this review all affect thyroid function by increasing biliary excretion of thyroid hormone metabolites. Numerous studies have been performed to elucidate the effect of these drugs on thyroid hormone equilibrium. Animals given PB compensate for the increased biliary excretion with an elevated TSH allowing maintenance of a euthyroid state. Human studies demonstrate increased thyroid hormone plasma clearance, but without an increased TSH. The effects of an experimental leukotriene antagonist are similar. In humans, diphenylhydantoin has been conclusively shown to cause a decrease in peripheral thyroid hormone levels, although without evident hypothyroidism or increase in TSH. Limited studies of rifampin and carbamazepine reveal similar results. Nicardipine in rats causes reproducible decreases in free T4 levels, although it does not clearly stimulate a rise in TSH levels. An experimental imidazole caused reversible lowering of peripheral thyroid hormone levels in rats; in this study TSH was not measured. Studies with aromatic hydrocarbons administered to rats reveal a general decrease in T4 levels, with a compensatory increase of TSH. The effects of chronic administration of a compound that can cause increased thyroid hormone metabolism with compensation via increased TSH production are of more than theoretical interest, as it has been well documented that constant stimulation of the thyroid gland in rats with supraphysiological levels of TSH causes goiter, thyroid hyperplasia, adenomas, and carcinomas. In humans with congenital metabolic thyroid deficiencies there is an increased incidence of thyroid neoplasia, suggesting an association with chronic increased TSH levels. In contrast, however, large epidemiological studies of areas of endemic goiter do not show an association of human thyroid cancer with iodine deficiency and presumed chronic thyroid gland stimulation. Histological evidence of thyroid follicular hyperplasia has been noted in rats after administration of phenobarbital, nicardipine, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and possibly an experimental imidazole. Increased thyroid gland size has been demonstrated in rats given phenobarbital, nicardipine, a leukotriene antagonist, and various polycyclic hydrocarbons. Thyroid carcinoma in rats has been associated with treatment with nicardipine and after exposure to several aromatic hydrocarbons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Features of tissue differentiation of the thyroid gland in residents of Magadan].

The histological structure and morphometric parameters of the thyroid gland were examined in fetuses, newborns and infants during the early postnatal period to assess the peculiarities of thyroid differentiation in Magadan goiter endemic region. It was demonstrated that fetal thyroid gland remained immature. Functional strain of thyroid structures was shown in neonatal period that is considered to be the manifestation of the adaptive responses of the newborn. In infants aged 2-3 months thyroid gland attained definitive morphometric parameters that indicated its functional maturity. Low rate of tissue differentiation in the thyroid gland during prenatal period may result from iodine deficiency in both mother and fetus, which is aggravated by the unfavorable natural climatic factors of the North.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary Schwannoma of the thyroid gland.

A primary Schwannoma of the thyroid gland caused severe dyspnea due to tracheal compression and deviation. The thyroid gland is a very rare site of origin for this tumor, and to the best of our knowledge this report represents the first documented case of a Schwannoma with such symptomatology.

Dyspnea↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of thymectomy on the functional activity of the thyroid gland in rats].

The authors examined the functional state of the thyroid gland of rats after thymectomy. The dynamics of incorporation of radioactivity I131 in the gland was examined on the 2,20 and 90th day after the operation. There was increased incorporation of the radioisotope in the thyroid giant at the early stages of the experimental period. A reduced incorporation and delayed excretion was observed in the distant periods. Changes in the activity of the thyroid gland were accepted as a manifestation of the existing functional link between the thymus and thyroid gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Thyroid gland neoplasia: non-genotoxic mechanisms.

There are two basic mechanisms whereby chemicals produce thyroid gland neoplasia in rodents. The first involves chemicals that exert a direct carcinogenic effect in the thyroid gland and the other involves chemicals which, through a variety of mechanisms, disrupt thyroid function and produce thyroid gland neoplasia secondary to hormone imbalance. There are important species differences in thyroid gland physiology between rodents and humans which may account for a marked species difference in the inherent susceptibility for neoplasia secondary to hormone imbalance. Thus, it is important to consider mechanism in the evaluation of potential cancer risks. There would be little if any risk for apparently nongenotoxic chemicals that act secondary to hormone imbalance at exposure levels that do not disrupt thyroid function. Further, the degree of thyroid dysfunction produced by a chemical would present a major toxicological problem before such exposure would increase the risk for neoplasia for humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Experimental studies on perinatal development of adrenal and thyroid glands in the rat.

In the rat, as regards the adrenal gland, (1) during the fetal period, the adrenal cortex first begins to develop autonomically, (2) subsequently, the cortex comes under the control of the hypophysis, (3) later, the hypophysial-adrenal system comes under hypothalamic regulation, (4) after birth, the adrenal gland becomes shrunken temporarily, accompanied by an abrupt rise and a subsequent decline of the plasma corticosterone concentrations (PCC) just before and after birth. The rise and decline of PCC is probably responsible for the temporary hiatus of the hypothalamic-hypophysial activity, and (5) a preventive therapy of the abrupt rise of PCC allows the adrenal gland to escape neonatal shrinkage. As to the thyroid gland, (1) the initial formation of thyroid follicles is independent of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), (2) follicles, once developed, are capable of responding to TSH, (3) the fetal hypophysial-thyroid function is independent of the hypothalamic regulation, (4) the early neonatal thyroid gland does not seem to undergo hyperfunctioning, and (5) hypothalamic regulation of the thyroid gland seems to begin 5 or more days after birth.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2003

Color Doppler ultrasonography: diagnosis of ectopic thyroid gland in patients with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis.

The etiology of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may play an important role in determining disease severity, outcome, and, therefore, its treatment schedule. Radionuclide imaging (RI) is currently the most precise diagnostic technique to establish the etiology of CH. Conventional ultrasound can identify an athyrotic condition at the normal neck position and has gained acceptance for the initial evaluation of CH; however, its ability in delineating ectopic thyroid is limited. We used color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) to assess blood flow and morphology in the detection of ectopic thyroid in 11 CH patients disclosed by neonatal screening; thyroid glands were undetectable at the normal location by gray-scale ultrasonography (GSU). The patients studied consisted of two infants for initial investigation and nine children for reevaluating the cause of CH. All of the patients underwent GSU, CDU, RI, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation. We set RI as the defining diagnostic test for detecting ectopic thyroid and compared the imaging of CDU with those of GSU and MRI. The results of RI showed 10 ectopic thyroids and one athyreosis. In the patients with ectopic thyroid, the sensitivity of CDU, GSU, and MRI for detecting ectopic thyroid was 90, 70, and 70%, respectively. We conclude that CDU is superior to GSU and MRI for detecting ectopic thyroid and that CDU may be adopted as the diagnostic tool for the initial investigation of suspected CH.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The volumes of the thyroid gland in adults aged 18-65 years in the Czech Republic--determination of the norms].

OBJECTIVE: In the areas with moderate iodine deficit the sonographic examination of thyroid gland is a precious method of precise determination of its volume. The objective of the work was the sonographic examination of males and females aged 18-65 years and to determine the norms of the volumes of thyroid gland. METHODS AND RESULTS: In total, by random sampling, there were sonographically examined 3 416 adults in 11 areas of the Czech Republic; there was chosen a set of 971 females and 681 males whose iodinuria level in first morning urine sample was equal or higher than 100 microg/l. This set was divided according to sex and into the age categories in 5-year interval. The measurement of 3 dimensions of the thyroid gland was determined by Medison-Kretz SA 600 sonographic device with the use of 7.5 MHz linear probe for the depth and width measurement and 3.5 MHz probe was used for the lengths measurement. The volume was determined for each lobe individually using Brunn's formula: V (ml) = 0.479 x length x depth x width. Our results imply the age-related increase of the volume of thyroid gland at both sexes (F-ratio = 1.99, p < 0.0001). At men and women the volume of thyroid gland fluently increases to the 30th year equally, from 30 years to 55 years it increases more rapidly in men while in women there is observed a moderate plateau. Further increase of the volume of thyroid gland is equally fluent from the age of 55 years. CONCLUSION: We managed to determine first own norms of the volumes of thyroid gland for men and women aged 18-65 years in the Czech Republic in five-year age categories. In terms of practical use we recommend 90th percentile as a limit for the evaluation of upper limit of thyroid gland and the 10th percentile for the evaluation of lower limit of the volume of thyroid gland.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dosimetry of radiation scattered to thyroid gland from prophylactic cranial irradiation for childhood leukemia.

Dosimetry of radiation scattered to the thyroid gland was performed in 17 children (9 boys, 8 girls) who were treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and received cranial irradiation for prophylaxis against central nervous system leukemia at a median age of 4 years and 2 months (range, 1 year and 1 month to 14 years). The absorbed dose to the thyroid gland in these children ranged from 0.7% to 7.3% of the dose delivered to the cranium. Thus the total dose to the thyroid gland ranged from 0.13 to 1.32 Gy by the end of the entire course of cranial irradiation. Doses tended to be larger in younger children, but the radiation source also had a large influence on the dose to the thyroid gland; that is, the absorbed dose to the thyroid gland with delivery by linear accelerator was smaller than that by cobalt irradiation. Long-term survivors treated with cranial irradiation for acute leukemia during childhood should be followed for the possible development of thyroid diseases, including malignant tumors, for a long period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Prognostic significance of thyroid gland involvement in laryngeal carcinoma.

We reviewed 173 laryngeal specimens that included thyroid tissue received from patients undergoing laryngectomy between 1966 and 1980 for evidence of thyroid gland invasion. Twenty-three (14%) of the larynges demonstrated thyroid involvement. In 15 specimens, involvement of the thyroid gland was by direct extension, and in eight the thyroid was involved metastatically. The survival in this group of patients was poor, with 18 patients dying of their disease within three years. Subglottic extension of 10 mm or greater was noted in 21 of 23 patients, and local recurrence was noted in 15 of 18 patients dying of their disease. The importance of removing one or both lobes of the thyroid gland in advanced laryngeal cancer is restated, and a surgically aggressive approach to the paratracheal nodes is recommended in patients with extensive subglottic involvement.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metastasis of a rectal adenocarcinoma to the thyroid gland: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

BACKGROUND: Overt metastasis from solid tumors to the thyroid gland is a rare finding. Carcinomas that metastasize most often originate from kidney, breast and lung. Only single cases of metastasis from the gastrointestinal tract have been reported. We describe a rare case of metastasis to the thyroid gland from a rectal adenocarcinoma which had been treated by rectum extirpation and a combined radiochemotherapy seven years earlier. Since the lesion in the thyroid gland was the only tumor manifestation in this patient, total thyroidectomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a history of cancer, primary neoplasms of the thyroid gland are not likely to be the cause of a thyroidal tumor. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the appropriate diagnostic procedure to define the histological diagnosis. Potentially curative resection should be performed if metastasis to the thyroid gland is the only tumor manifestation. Palliative chemotherapy should be considered if additional tumor manifestations are detected.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

Thyroid gland metastasis from renal cell carcinoma masquerading as nodular goitre.

Renal cell carcinoma metastasizing to the thyroid gland, in a 72 year old Japanese woman, is reported. The patient had undergone a left radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma 3 months prior to the present operation. The patient noticed a nodular goitre but there was no evidence of any systemic spread of renal cell carcinoma. The histopathologic diagnosis, from a left lobectomy of the thyroid gland, was thyroid gland metastasis from renal cell carcinoma in adenomatous goitre. Clinical manifestation of thyroid gland metastasis from renal cell carcinoma, with no evidence of systemic involvement, is seen rarely. A case is reported and the condition discussed briefly.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Primary lymphomas of the thyroid gland.

Twelve patients with primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland were reviewed. Based on clinical observations of this group of patients and a review of the literature, a composite clinical picture can be drawn of the patient at high risk of having primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a history of lymphocytic thyroiditis and an enlarging neck mass, tender or nontender. The mass may be cold or cool with areas of patchy uptake shown on scintillation scanning. The patient has a greater than 50% chance of having hoarseness with or without vocal cord paralysis. We also review the pathogenesis and prognosis of primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Missing secretory granules, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear dislocation in the thyroid gland of rdw rats with hereditary dwarfism.

Previous studies on the rdw rat have suggested that its dwarfism is caused primarily by dysfunction of the thyroid gland. In this study, rat thyroid glands were analyzed endocrinologically and morphologically to clarify the primary cause of dwarfism in the rdw rat. The rdw rat showed lowered thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) levels but elevated TSH in serum. The rdw thyroid gland was almost proportional in size and it was not goiter in gross inspection. Our histological investigation produced three results that may lend important evidence in understanding the problem in the thyroid gland of rdw rats. First of all, secretory granules could not be detected in the follicular epithelial cells of the rdw. Secondly, thyroglobulin was found at very low levels in the follicular lumen by immunohistochemical analysis. In contrast, it could be detected in a substantial quantity inside the dilated rER and in the huge vacuoles that are formed by swelling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) at the basal side of the follicular epithelial cells. Additionally, the nucleus of the follicular epithelial cells was pressed to the luminal side by the enlarged rER. These morphological changes would indicate that the transport of thyroglobulin is stopped at or before the formation of the secretory granules and thyroglobulin is not secreted into the follicular lumen. The rdw characterization strongly supports that rdw dwarfism is induced by hypothyroidism due to some defect(s) in the thyroid gland.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Thyroid gland invasion in advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the rate of thyroid gland invasion and the need for thyroidectomy in advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas that require total laryngectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1994 and 2001, 129 total laryngectomy with ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy and 14 total laryngopharyngectomy with total thyroidectomy operations were performed for primary squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. In the surgical specimens of the patients, the presence of tumor invasion to the thyroid cartilage and thyroid gland was evaluated retrospectively by light microscopic examination. RESULTS: None of the laryngeal carcinoma patients had thyroid gland invasion whereas eight (57%) hypopharyngeal carcinoma patients had thyroid gland invasion. Twenty patients (16%) had evidence for thyroid cartilage invasion in the laryngeal carcinoma group. There were only three cases (21%) with thyroid cartilage invasion in the hypopharyngeal carcinoma patients. CONCLUSION: There may be no need for performing thyroidectomy in all total laryngectomy cases. We recommend thyroidectomy during total laryngectomy in laryngeal carcinoma cases with subglottic extension and advanced hypopharyngeal tumors. Except for these two conditions, the assessment of extralaryngeal extension and thyroid gland invasion will guide whether thyroidectomy should be performed or not.

Adult↗