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PubMed1998

Design and implementation of a vegetarian food system for a closed chamber test.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is conducting a series of closed chamber environmental tests, called the Lunar Mars Life Support Test Project (LMLSTP), which is designed to provide data for the development of surface habitats for the Moon and Mars. These surface habitats will be closed loop environmental systems that will recycle air and water and will grow crops to provide food for crew members. In conjunction with these tests, the Food Systems Engineering Facility at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) tested a 10-day vegetarian menu based on items that can be made from the projected crop list for these habitats. The planned menu met most of the nutritional requirements of the four crew members and was found highly acceptable. Automation of the food preparation and processing equipment was strongly recommended because the preparation time was judged excessive. The waste generated was largely due to leftovers.

Diet, Vegetarian↗
PubMed1981

Soviet space stress.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

[Specifics of sorption after purification of permeates produced by nanofiltration of washing water in pressurized modules].

Data on the quality of sorption afterpurification of permeates produced by nanofiltration of washing water in the ECOPSY-95 project are presented. Washing water contained essentially different detergents. Nanofiltration was performed with reeled composite membrane filters (OPMN-K). Nanofiltrated permeates were further treated with sorption techniques. The investigation confirmed the possibility get a filtrate complying with the washing water requirements. It was demonstrated that afterpurification of nanofiltered permeates by sorption improves the quality of regenerated water and also extends useful life of expandable sorption materials as compared to washing water that was not subjected to nanofiltration. Combination of nanofitration and sorption can be favorable to decrease the size of filter cartridges by 30-50%.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Psychological changes and group dynamics during confinement in an isolated environment.

PURPOSE: Cultural and personal traits will become important as the number of short-duration spaceflights of international crews supporting the International Space Station (ISS) increases and more people begin staying aboard ISS for longer durations. This project investigated the interpersonal and personal changes of Japanese subjects during a 1-wk stay in the Japanese Experiment Module. The Giebetaen Test (GT) was used to determine if the cultural background and personality traits of the subjects become more explicit and stronger during isolation. METHODS: Six males and two females aged 22-28 yr participated in the study. They stayed 7 d in the isolation chamber at the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). The GT was chosen as an individual and group diagnostic instrument; it was administrated four times during, and one time after, isolation. RESULTS: According to the GT-self-picture, subjects exhibited a change toward negative social resonance and social withdrawal. Subgroups formed but caused no isolation or tension. The GT-foreign-pictures showed that the judgment of other subjects changed toward hedonic and permeability directions. The common interpersonal relationships of the Japanese subjects influenced the group dynamics. These relationships tend to be integrative and tend to support the network and value systems, emphasizing connectedness and minimizing differences. CONCLUSION: The cultural background became more explicit and stronger during isolation. Based on this, isolation studies with international crews and intercultural training will be necessary for international crews performing both short- and long-duration missions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Consequences of contamination of the spacecraft environment: immunologic consequences.

Long-term space voyages pose numerous known and unknown health hazards, to the human immune system. Well-studied clinical examples of secondary immunodeficiencies created on Earth, lead one to predict that the conditions of prolonged space flight would weaken the human immune responses that normally hold infection and cancer in check. From evidence gathered from humans flown for prolonged periods in space and from human models of space flight studied on Earth it is reasonable to suspect that space travelers to the planet Mars would experience a weakening of immunity. Subtle defects of immune cell structure and function have been observed in astronauts, such as weakening of specific T-lymphocyte recall of specific antigens. Ground-based models also have demonstrated alterations of immune function, such as the elevation of neuroendocrine immune system messengers, interleukin-6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor in sleep deprivation. Since severe immune compromise the clinical consequences of reactivation of latent virus infections and the development of cancer, has yet to be seen in space flight or in the Earth models, it is extremely important to begin to quantify early changes in immunity to predict the development of immune system collapse with poor clinical outcomes. This approach is designed to validate a number of surrogate markers that will predict trouble ahead. Inherent in this research is the development of countermeasures to reduce the risks of infection and cancer in the first humans going to Mars.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1964

Human reliability and confinement.

Problems inherent in the modifiability of circadian periodicity and in impoverished sensory environments were explored for the purpose of appraising attenuative effects upon human reliability. Accordingly, highly selected subjects were confined within a one-man altitude chamber for prolonged periods of time and under a variety of designed conditions. The findings relative to the modifiability of biological rhythm indicate that adjustment to a drastic revision of the 24-hour biological day was accomplished to a significant and practical extent by certain subjects, the extent of adjustment was directly related to the maintenance of high initial levels of proficiency, and just as subjects differ greatly in their adjustment to revised biological time, they differ to an equal extent in the degree of synchronization manifested by the apparent periodicities of the different physiological systems. In the investigation of impoverished sensory environments, it was found that the joint effects of impoverished sensory conditions and continuous work at an operator system drastically degraded the reliability of certain subjects. Further, neither prior experience nor knowledge acted to mitigate the degree of aberrancy experienced which in the case of one subject was so extreme as to necessitate his removal from the chamber prior to the termination of confinement period. Finally, management of certain aberrant behavior, specifically hallucinatory experiences, could be successfully achieved by those subjects who continuously attempted to maintain a diversity of sensory input.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1971

The ecology of micro-organisms in a closed environment.

Experimental data are presented which have a bearing on the susceptibility of astronauts to infectious diseases. These experiments include the observation of growth by two bacteria in Biosatellite 2, in which higher mean densities were attained than in earth-based controls. In addition, weightlessness combined with the special environment of a space vessel may affect the physiology of the astronauts. Earth-based studies in closed chambers were carried out under a variety of conditions with regard to pressure and oxygen content. One notable result was the transfer of micro-organisms from subject to subject. Comparative experiments were carried out in Antarctica and it was shown that the tests in closed chambers differed markedly from the Antarctica experience. The objectives and procedures of microbiological tests of the Gemini and Apollo programs are outlined.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2002

People challenges in biospheric systems for long-term habitation in remote areas, space stations, moon, and Mars expeditions.

People who participate in remote and difficult expeditions, such as the 2-year (1991-1993) Biosphere 2 experiment or a future biospheric system on Mars or other long voyages, will face individual psycho-physiological, social, and cultural value challenges. The individual psycho-physiological vectors include the lure of being a hero/heroine and pushing it to the maximum, concealment of problems with the belief that he/she can overcome the obstacle alone, as well as the difficulty of keeping intact the critical differentiation of the risks associated with the overall expedition as opposed to the experimental objectives. The social challenges occur as a group dynamic context as well as for the individual, resulting in regressions and the need to "act out" one's difficulties. Cultural areas of importance that must be taken into consideration will include esthetic, ethical, cosmological, and epistemological values. The epistemological values must involve the five methods of scientific inquiry for a comprehensive total systems project to succeed fully.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Human factor observations of the Biosphere 2, 1991-1993, closed life support human experiment and its application to a long-term manned mission to Mars.

Human factors are a key component to the success of long-term space missions such as those necessitated by the human exploration of Mars and the development of bioregenerative and eventually self-sufficient life support systems for permanent space outposts. Observations by participants living inside the 1991-1993 Biosphere 2 closed system experiment provide the following insights. (1) Crew members should be involved in the design and construction of their life support systems to gain maximum knowledge about the systems. (2) Individuals living in closed life support systems should expect a process of physiological and psychological adaptation to their new environment. (3) Far from simply being a workplace, the participants in such extended missions will discover the importance of creating a cohesive and satisfying life style. (4) The crew will be dependent on the use of varied crops to create satisfying cuisine, a social life with sufficient outlets of expression such as art and music, and to have down-time from purely task-driven work. (5) The success of the Biosphere 2 first 2-year mission suggests that crews with high cultural diversity, high commitment to task, and work democracy principles for individual responsibility may increase the probability of both mission success and personal satisfaction. (6) Remaining challenges are many, including the need for far more comprehensive real-time modeling and information systems (a "cybersphere") operating to provide real-time data necessary for decision-making in a complex life support system. (7) And, the aim will be to create a noosphere, or sphere of intelligence, where the people and their living systems are in sustainable balance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1965

Abiogenic synthesis on Mars.

Atmospheres capable of producing organic compounds under primitive conditions are discussed in the light of recent experimental evidence. The atmosphere of Mars is discussed, in particular, the observations of Sinton of reflection spectra with features at 3.45, 3.58, and 3.69, which are attributes to C-H bands and the presence of organic molecules. Colthup interprets these features as being representative of organic aldehydes and suggests specifically, acetaldehyde. Many works have considered these observations as being indicative of life on Mars. Rea has offered alternative hypotheses. This paper presents experimental evidence of yet another possible explanation; that organic compounds are being produced in the Martian atmosphere, and may be responsible for Sinton's observations. The influence of such syntheses on possible Martian organisms is discussed. Various possible Martian atmospheres have been irradiated with ultraviolet light as well as other possible energy sources and a variety of organic end products have been identified. Martian atmospheres plus acetaldehyde as a starting point have also been used and end products analyzed. Possible abiogenic pathways for Mars are discussed.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of continuous gamma-radiation at low doses on clonogenic hemopoietic (CFU-S) and stromal (CFU-F) bone marrow cells ].

We studied the effects of low doses of continuous gamma-irradiation (Co60, 10 days, mean daily dose power 1.5-2.0 mGy, total dose 15 mGy) on hemopoietic and stromal progenitor cells of murine bone marrow. The content of hemopoietic clonogenic cells representing a "younger" (CFU-S-11) and more "mature" (CFU-S-7) categories in the compartment of stem cells was determined in the bone marrow. The state of bone marrow stroma was estimated by the method of in vitro cloning according to the number of progenitor cells that form colonies of fibroblasts (CFU-F) and by the method of ectopic transplantation according to the capacity of stroma of organizing and building new hemopoietic territories. Continuous gamma-irradiation at low doses, that were by one order of magnitude lower than those inducing hermesis, exerted a stimulating effect on both hemopoietic (CFU-S) and stromal (CFU-F) progenitor cells. The number of CFU-S in the compartment of stem cells of the bone marrow markedly increased and they formed larger hemopoietic territories but these cells appeared to create a qualitatively different microenvironment, which stimulated the proliferation of CFU-S.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Discussion of a possible contamination of space with terrestrial life.

Theoretical considerations were made on what forces and energies affect a particle the size of a microorganism near the Earth and what conditions result for the particle. A transfer of terrestrial life to other celestial bodies seems impossible unless it is done by a spacecraft. This possibility cannot be excluded even after sterilization of the spacecraft on Earth, for in higher layers of the atmosphere the spacecraft could be contaminated again. In this case microorganisms would be subjected to a space flight where decompression is much slower initially than is the case on leaving the Earth's surface with the spacecraft. With these considerations, experiments on microorganisms were carried out in a vacuum chamber. For testing the effect of vacuum on the rate of desorption, mainly of water, measurement was made by a mass spectrometer. In the experiments the decompression rate was varied and different microbiological forms were used, namely, spores and vegetative cells of different cell wall structures. Further experiments in the ultrahigh-vacuum range are necessary and the problems involved are discussed.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1969

Studies of human adaptation to space flight effects under low-calorie diet conditions.

Experiments were performed to establish the activity and performance of man kept on a low-calorie (1800) diet and exposed to some space flight effects. The diet consisted of canned foods with an optimal proportion of basic nutrients and amino acids. Three series of experiments were carried out on 18 healthy male subjects. Each series involved pre- and post-test examinations and 15-day tests. The first series dealt with the effect of low-calorie diets as such; the second one covered the effect of low-calorie diets combined with bed rest; and the third series revealed the above effect aggravated by exposing test subjects to bed rest and acceleration. In the course of the experiments, the state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, the function of external respiration, the digestive function, the kinesthetic apparatus, metabolic processes and immunological resistance of the body were studied. In addition, test subjects underwent thorough clinical examinations. The paper presents results of the experiments.

Adaptation, Physiological↗