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PubMed1992

Sodium, large arteries and diuretic compounds in hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and experimental data have shown that different antihypertensive drugs do not cause similar changes in arterial compliance for an equipotent blood pressure reduction. There are no clear data on the effects of sodium and diuretics on the visco-elastic properties of the hypertensive arterial wall. DATA ANALYSIS: Cross-sectional epidemiological studies suggest that for given values of age and blood pressure, pulse wave velocity is lower in the presence than in the absence of a low sodium intake. Longitudinal studies indicate that in hypertensive subjects, a low sodium intake is associated with a larger brachial artery diameter than that seen with a high sodium intake. In hypertension in the elderly and in severe hypertension with end-stage renal disease, a sodium overload reduces arterial compliance and distensibility independently of blood pressure changes. In animal studies, the diuretic compounds cycletanine and indapamide increase systemic and carotid compliance independently of blood pressure changes. In contrast, in a crossover study in hypertensive subjects, the diuretic agent hydrochlorothiazide did not change arterial compliance and pulse wave velocity while the calcium entry-blocker felodipine did improve these hemodynamic parameters. CONCLUSION: The studies reviewed indicate that sodium may act on the arterial wall independently of blood pressure changes. the contribution made by counter-regulatory mechanisms, which may be related to the renin-angiotensin and the sympathetic nervous systems, might explain the differences between the clinical and the experimental changes observed with diuretic compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Comparison of the digestive utilization of methionine, of its hydroxylated analog, and of sodium sulfate in goats using 35s compounds].

35S and 35S free and protein bound amino acids were estimated in goats' abomasal contents and blood after ruminal injections of sulfer labelled compounds: methionine, methionine hydroxy analog (M.H.A.) and sodium sulfate. 35S incorporation into microbial and plasma proteins was higher with methionine than with M.H.A. or sulfate. 35S.M.H.A. utilisation seems to be less different from Na2 35SO4 utilisation than from 35S methionine utilisation.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2002

Cysteine challenge testing: a powerful tool for examining oral malodour processes and treatments in vivo.

Gram-negative oral bacteria rapidly produce the odorant hydrogen sulphide from cysteine. It provides a major part of the oral malodour bouquet while causing a corresponding decrease in the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh). A low Eh favours oral putrefaction and malodour occurrence. Challenge testing with cysteine (5ml of 6mM for 30 seconds) enabled evaluation of: the contribution of tongue and teeth bacteria to overall oral malodour; the effectiveness of tongue and tooth brushing, tooth scraping, gum chewing and mouthrinsing with different agents in reducing oral malodour. Successive cysteine challenge tests for 20 minute periods at selected times in a seven hour experiment were effective for assessing the magnitude and duration of an agent's effectiveness. Brushing the teeth reduced malodour modestly. So did tongue scraping and gum chewing. In contrast, brushing the tongue dorsum, especially the posterior half was remarkably effective, which confirmed it as a major site of oral malodour contribution. Rinses containing various actives showed wide variation in effectiveness. The experiments demonstrated that cysteine challenge testing is potentially a aluable tool for assessing the ability of the oral bacteria to produce malodour and for assessing agents designed to inhibit such production.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1995

Detection of multiple boron sites in glasses by 11B satellite transition nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The magic-angle spinning sidebands of the satellite transition (ST, m = +/- 3/2 <==> +/- 1/2) for 11B nuclear magnetic resonance (11B ST spectroscopy) have been used to detect multiple boron sites in Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glasses. The experimental details and data analysis are described, how multiple BO4 and BO3 units can be distinguished using standard magic-angle spinning. For a 16Na2O-30B2O3-53.9SiO2 glass (0.1 MnO) two BO4 units with chemical shifts of -2.5 and 0 ppm were found which differ considerably in their quadrupole interaction. Besides this we found three different BO3 units with approximate chemical shifts of 17, 15, and 19 ppm. The results are compared with earlier measurements.

Boron↗
PubMed2006

Equilibrium structure and Ti-catalyzed H2 desorption in NaAlH4 nanoparticles from density functional theory.

Improving the hydrogen ab- and desorption kinetics in complex hydrides is essential if these materials are to be used as reversible hydrogen storage media in the transport sector. Although reductions in particle size and the addition of titanium based compounds have been found to improve the kinetics significantly, the physical understanding remains elusive. Density functional theory is used to calculate the energy of the potential low energy surfaces of NaAlH(4) to establish the equilibrium particle shape, and furthermore to determine the deposition energy of Ti/TiH(2) and the substitutional energy for Ti@Al and Ti@Na-sites on the exposed facets. The substitutional processes are energetically preferred and the Na-vacancy formation energy is found to be strongly reduced in the presence of Ti. The barrier for H(2) desorption is found to depend significantly on surface morphology and in particular on the presence of Ti, where the activation energy for H(2) desorption on NaAlH(4){001} surfaces can drop to 0.98 eV--in good agreement with the experimentally observed activation energy for dehydrogenation.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Transfer of persistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination between food-processing plants associated with a dicing machine.

The possibility of the transfer of persistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination from one plant to another with a dicing machine was evaluated, and possible reasons for persistent contamination were analyzed. A dicing machine that diced cooked meat products was transferred from plant A to plant B and then to plant C. After the transfer of the dicing machine, L. monocytogenes PFGE type I, originally found in plant A, was soon also found in plants B and C. This L. monocytogenes PFGE type I caused persistent contamination of the dicing lines in plants B and C. The persistent L. monocytogenes strain and three nonpersistent L. monocytogenes strains found in the dicing line of plant C were tested for adherence to stainless steel surfaces and minimal inhibitory concentrations of a quaternary ammonium compound and sodium hypochlorite, disinfectants widely used in the dicing lines. The persistent strain showed significantly higher adherence to stainless steel surfaces than did the nonpersistent strains. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite were similar for all strains, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compound for three of the L. monocytogenes PFGE types, including the persistent PFGE type, were high. All persistent L. monocytogenes PFGE type I isolates were found in an area with high hygienic standards, with the dicing machine being the first point of contamination. These observations show that the dicing machine sustained the contamination and suggest that the dicing machine transferred the persistent L. monocytogenes PFGE type from one plant to another.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate? A critical view of a meta-analysis on their relative effectiveness in dentifrices.

A detailed examination of nine publications used in a meta-analysis to compare the relative effectiveness of sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate in dentifrices showed important flaws in the process. Some studies were inappropriately chosen. Other selected comparisons between the two compounds favored sodium fluoride when more appropriate comparisons in the same studies, showing either an advantage for sodium monofluorophosphate or a lesser advantage to sodium fluoride, were ignored. Some simple errors also appear to have been made when taking data from the publications. When all these factors are taken into account it seems that three studies favor sodium monofluorophosphate, two favor sodium fluoride and the remaining five either could not or should not be included in a meta-analysis. The only two scientifically conceived and conducted studies failed to demonstrate an advantage of one compound over the other.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2001

Sodium nitroprusside-induced seizures and adenosine release in rat hippocampus.

In the present study, we examined the effects of nitric oxide (NO)-related compounds, i.e. sodium nitroprusside (NO donor), diethyldithiocarbamate (NO trapper) and dithiothreitol (superoxide radical scavenger) on release of aspartate and adenosine from rat hippocampus using electrophysiological and microdialysis methods. Perfusion with 0.05 or 0.5 mM sodium nitroprusside significantly reduced high K(+)-evoked release of aspartate during high K(+) perfusion. Perfusion with 0.5 mM sodium nitroprusside always induced seizures and significantly increased release of aspartate and adenosine during washout of sodium nitroprusside. Diethyldithiocarbamate (5 mM) reversed the effects of sodium nitroprusside. Dithiothreitol (1 mM) significantly reduced the increase in adenosine release by sodium nitroprusside. These findings indicate that adenosine release is closely related to development of seizures, which are triggered by an increase in both NO itself and in part peroxynitrite, which results in reaction with superoxide radicals.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1988

A simple colorimetric method for the measurement of phagocytosis of crystals of low molecular weight compound by macrophages.

Sodium salt of 9-oxo-10-acridineacetohydroxamic acid (HCA), a new synthetic compound, forms small crystals in aqueous solutions. These crystals were easily phagocytable by the mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. The ingested HCA crystals were visible under light microscope as dark granules. The counting of cells with the granules allowed the calculation of number of the phagocytic cells in the preparation. It was also possible to measure the amount of ingested HCA by the cells using colorimetric method. The kinetics of phagocytosis of HCA showed that the process was rapid. Quantitative measurements of ingestion of HCA reflected the phagocytic activity of the cultured cells.

Acridines↗