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PubMed2003

Viral vector-mediated gene transfer of the vole V1a vasopressin receptor in the rat septum: improved social discrimination and active social behaviour.

This study explores the effects of enhancing vasopressin V1a receptor expression in the septum using viral vector-mediated gene transfer on social discrimination and social interactions. Bilateral infusion of an adeno-associated viral vector containing the prairie vole V1a receptor gene (V1aR-AAV) regulated by a neuron-specific enolase promoter resulted in a stable increase in V1a receptor binding density in the rat septum without affecting oxytocin receptor density. Control animals were infused with a vector expressing the lacZ gene. In a social discrimination paradigm, only V1aR-AAV-treated animals succeeded in discriminating a previously encountered from a novel juvenile after an interexposure interval (IEI) of more than 2 h, demonstrating the functional incorporation of the vole V1a receptor in the rat septal circuits underlying short-term memory processes. Microdialysis administration of synthetic vasopressin during the first juvenile exposure, used to mimic intraseptal release patterns of the neuropeptide, produced similar prolongations in recognition (up to an IEI of 24 h) in both V1aR-AAV and control animals. Septal microdialysis administration of a selective V1a, but not oxytocin, receptor antagonist in both groups prevented discrimination even after an IEI of as short as 0.5 h, confirming the specificity of the vole V1a receptor involvement in social discrimination abilities. In addition, active social interactions were found to be increased among V1aR-AAV rats compared to controls. Viral vector-mediated gene transfer provides a valuable tool for studies on the role of localized gene expression on behavioural parameters.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Assessing socially situated participation: a way of integrating communication and social assessment approaches.

We have long treated communication and social assessment as related but separate domains. Theorizing by George Herbert Mead on "the social self" offers an alternative to this conceptual separation and a means of evaluating children's social interaction, social participation, and communication simultaneously. This article describes Mead's thinking and presents a framework for assessing children's social reciprocity, interactive stances, and role participation as they participate in everyday life contexts.

Child↗

PubMed2001

[Social work and health care = clinical social work competence and profile in an area that is hard to survey].

From the very beginning professional social work has been involved in health care. However, in our post modern society this area of competence has to be improved, and in order to compete with new health professions, a clear distinction has to be made. This is shown in important points of modern social work: Society perspective (health behaviour and public health circumstances), WHO perspective (health promotion) and psycho-social perspective (health care in social services). Health care under most difficult conditions asks for specialised competence that is to be developed in Germany as "Klinische Sozialarbeit" referring to international clinical social work standards.

Germany↗

PubMedDate not supplied

War trauma, psycho-social projects and social development in Croatia.

This article looks at the ways in which concepts of 'war trauma' and 'post-traumatic stress disorder' are being used within 'psycho-social projects' in Croatia, in the context of the wars of the Yugoslav succession and consequent large-scale forced migration. Psycho-social discourses are addressed critically, both in terms of their internal consistency and problems relating to the wider social and political context. The authors suggest the importance of 'social development projects' as an alternative to those projects which rely on narrow psycho-social interventions.

Croatia↗

PubMed2003

Social position and health in old age: the relevance of different indicators of social position.

AIMS: An analysis was undertaken to investigate social inequalities in health among old men and women in relation to five indicators of social position. METHODS: The study is based on a population-based cross-sectional survey among 748 75-year-old men and women, which was performed as clinical examinations and interviews in 1989 in Glostrup, a suburban area west of Copenhagen. Social position was measured by vocational education, occupation, social class, income, and housing tenure. Health was measured by number of chronic diseases, tiredness in relation to mobility, need of help in relation to mobility, oral health (number of teeth), and well-being (the CES-D Scale). The statistical analysis included bivariate contingency tables and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Two material wealth variables (income and tenure) were consistently related to nearly all health measures while the relationships between the other social position variables and health showed no consistent patterns. Multiple logistic regression analyses with tenure and income as independent variables and each of the health variables as dependent variables and control for education and occupation showed different patterns for men and women. In men the odds ratios of housing tenure on four health variables were strong and unaffected by education and occupation while in women the odds ratios of income on three health variables were strong and unaffected by education and occupation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates strong, consistent associations between variables of material wealth indicators and various measures of health among 75-year-old men and women.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

The evolutionary origin and elaboration of sociality in the aculeate Hymenoptera: maternal effects, sib-social effects, and heterochrony.

We discuss the evolutionary origin and elaboration of sociality using an indirect genetic effects perspective. Indirect genetic effects models simultaneously consider zygotic genes, genes expressed in social partners (especially mothers and siblings), and the interactions between them. Incorporation of these diverse genetic effects should lead to more realistic models of social evolution. We first review haplodiploidy as a factor that promotes the evolution of eusociality. Social insect biologists have doubted the importance of relatedness asymmetry caused by haplodiploidy and focused on other predisposing factors such as maternal care. However; indirect effects theory shows that maternal care evolves more readily in haplodiploids, especially with inbreeding and despite multiple mating. Because extended maternal care is believed to be a precondition for the evolution of eusociality, the evolutionary bias towards maternal care in haplodiploids may result in a further bias towards eusociality in these groups. Next, we compare kin selection and parental manipulation and then briefly review additional hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of eusociality. We present a verbal model for the evolutionary origin and elaboration of sib-social care from maternal care based on the modification of the timing of expression of maternal care behaviors. Specifically, heterochrony genes cause maternal care behaviors to be expressed prereproductively towards siblings instead of postreproductively towards offspring. Our review demonstrates that both maternal effect genes (expressed in a parental manipulation manner) and direct effect zygotic genes (expressed in an offspring control manner) are likely involved in the evolution of eusociality. We conclude by describing theoretical and empirical advances with indirect genetic effects and sociogenomics, and we provide specific quantitative genetic and genomic predictions from our heterochrony model for the evolutionary origin and elaboration of eusociality.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Perceived social control as a mediator of the relationships among social support, psychological well-being, and perceived health.

The purpose of the present study was to delineate the process by which social support facilitates better health outcomes in older adulthood. In order to best understand the process behind the support-outcome relationship, an aspect of perceived control specific to the social domain was hypothesized to mediate the said relationship. Measures of social support included quantity of support from family and friends and the perceived satisfaction with that support. Outcome measures included depression, life satisfaction, and self-reported perceived physical health. Based on previous research, the hypothesized model of control serving as a mediator was tested against two alternative hypotheses including an examination of control as a moderator of the support-outcome relationship as well as support as a mediator of the control-outcome relationship. Results indicated that perceived control mediates the support-outcome relationship in two independent samples, each comprised of approximately 250 adults older than 65, primarily Caucasian and functioning independently, illustrating the strong replicative nature of the findings. This examination begins to illuminate the process by which social support may facilitate well-being in older adulthood by focusing on the internal structures that may play a crucial role in the utilization of the social support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1992

Implementing the Public Health Social Work Forward Plan: a research-based prevention curriculum for schools of social work.

In 1985, the Division of Maternal and Child Health of the U.S. Public Health Service funded a major working conference entitled "Public Health Social Work in Maternal and Child Health: A Forward Plan." Curriculum recommendations for schools of social work were made, including a recommendation for the integration of health and mental health content in the education of social workers within a public health conceptual framework. In 1986, the National Institute of Mental Health funded a three-year program to develop and evaluate a research-based prevention training curriculum for dissemination to schools of social work and other primary care professional schools. This article examines the Michigan Prevention Training and Curriculum Development Project from the perspective of the recommendations of the Public Health Social Work Forward Plan.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1994

Understanding the social patterning of health: the role of the social sciences.

Although it is well known that their sex and socio-economic position profoundly influence people's mental and physical health, their use of health care, and their likely length of life, much research uses sex and social class as control variables rather than enquiring into the reasons for their association with health. Recent work on socio-economic differentials in health shows that these exist in all societies and are apparent throughout the social scale, suggesting that there is not simply a threshold of absolute deprivation below which people are sicker, but a linear relationship between socioeconomic circumstances and health even among the better-off. Other recent work indicates that cultural, social and economic conditions in the past may help to explain current variations in health. The observation that there are variations over the life course in the social patterning of health raises a number of interesting questions about the mechanisms involved; all the likely explanations have a social component. There is currently an exciting agenda for studying questions about interactions between material, psychosocial and biological factors in the production of health. Answers to such questions are important for decisions about how, when, and on whom public health medicine should intervene to promote the public health and to reach the targets set in the recent White Papers.

Health Status↗

PubMed1998

Early detection of social interaction problems: development of a social interaction instrument in young children.

Children with developmental or psychiatric disorders often have problems with social interaction. This study reports on the development of the Ghuman-Folstein Screen for Social Interaction (SSI), a parent/caregiver questionnaire designed to measure the capacity for basic social interaction skills across a variety of contexts in preschool children. The SSI was administered to 51 clinically referred children with a high probability of deficits in social interaction and 60 healthy control subjects to establish reliability and validity. The children were 24 to 61 months of age, with diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Strong internal consistency, significant correlation for test/retest reliability, moderate correlation for interrater reliability and support for external validity of the SSI was established. The SSI scores differentiated between the clinically referred subjects and healthy control subjects and between children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) of the autistic type and other non-PDD developmental disorders. The SSI is a relatively simple, efficient, reliable, and valid measure for the capacity for basic social interaction skills in children 24 months to 5 years of age. The SSI has a potential to be useful in primary health care settings to identify children at risk who may need tracking and/or further evaluation and treatment services.

Child Behavior↗

PubMed1998

Social adjustment in schizophrenia: factors predictive of short-term social adjustment in a sample of schizophrenic patients.

A sample of 60 Spanish schizophrenic patients was studied in order to ascertain the relationship between their relatives' expressed emotion (EE) and social adjustment after 2 years of follow-up. The average extent of the disability did not increase over time, and differences in dysfunction rates between the various specific social roles were identified. No differences in social outcome were detected between patients with high EE and low EE families. Three factors which predict social adjustment outcome were obtained using logistic regression analysis, namely clinical conditions, baseline social adjustment and the occurrence of a psychotic relapse during the follow-up period.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1982

Cognitive and social skills correlates of social anxiety.

In order to assess the factors which influence the occurrence of social anxiety, 45 subjects (25 male and 20 female) were divided into high, moderate and low social anxiety groups on the basis of a self-report inventory. Their performance in a series of simulated social interactions was assessed on self-report measures of anxiety and social skill, cognitive self-statements and judge ratings of overt behaviours. Results obtained indicated differences across the anxiety groups on each of these sets of variables. This was interpreted as being consistent with a view that both cognitive and behavioural variables influence social anxiety.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Psychosocial risk factors and mortality: a prospective study with special focus on social support, social participation, and locus of control in Norway.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The objective is to investigate the effect on mortality of psychosocial variables, with special focus on social support, social participation, and locus of control. DESIGN: The study is designed as a prospective study with a 17 year follow up period, using univariate and multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis to estimate the predictive power of psychosocial variables, when controlling for sociodemographic and biological factors. SETTING: The study is based on a population sample randomly drawn from different neighbourhoods of Oslo in 1975/76, for the purpose of surveying health, in particular mental health, in relation to various social and psychosocial variables. The initial data were gathered by structured interviewing, whereas the data about mortality and cause of death, was gathered from the Central Bureau of Statistics. PARTICIPANTS: The initial sample included 1010 persons above the age of 18 years, with no upper age limit. The follow up with respect to mortality covered the whole sample, with the exception of a very few who had left the country. MAIN RESULTS: When controlling for socio-demographic and biological factors, low social participation, and to a lesser extent, few close relationships and external locus of control, were associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSION: The effect of social participation and locus of control may indicate that life style, and individual psychological resources, are at least as important for survival as support from others in stressful life situations.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Social inequalities in health by individual and household measures of social position in a cohort of healthy people.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: It is increasingly recognised that different dimensions of social inequality may be linked to health by different pathways. Furthermore, factors operating at the individual level such as employment conditions may affect health in a different way from household level factors. The paper examines the associations between self rated health and four measures of social position- occupational class, household social advantage, personal and household income. DESIGN: Multilevel logistic regression models were used to predict self rated health using longitudinal data from the British Household panel survey (BHPS) with respondents nested within households. Separate analyses were carried out for economically active and inactive respondents. SETTING: Interview based surveys of adults living within households that are representative of British households. PARTICIPANTS: Adult respondents from the BHPS. MAIN RESULTS: Occupational class has relatively strong effects on the self rated health of the economically active, although household level factors also seem to influence their health. Household social advantage has relatively strong effects on the self rated health of the economically inactive. CONCLUSIONS: The paper found evidence in support of the view that different dimensions of social inequality have different pathways to self rated health. There are unexplained similarities in health between household members, which require further investigation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Social desirability and self-reports: testing models of socially desirable responding.

The present research investigated the cognitive processes involved in responding to self-report items under varying conditions of social desirability. Participants in three experiments judged the extent to which a set of items (personality traits in Experiments 1 and 2; behaviors in Experiment 3) described them under instructions that either increased or decreased concerns with social desirability. Under most conditions, instructions that produced the greatest concern with social desirability resulted in the longest response times. This finding is consistent with the view that social desirability operates as an editing process; participants retrieve the requested information and then evaluate it before responding. There was also some evidence for individual differences in social desirability; participants scoring high on the trait of self-deception were generally faster at making these judgments than were participants scoring low on self-deception.

Deception↗

PubMed2003

Social ties and perceived support: two dimensions of social relationships and health among the elderly in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: Assess the effects of social relationships on physical and mental health among the elderly in Taiwan. METHODS: Using 4 waves of a survey of the elderly, we examine the relationship between social ties and perceived support and four health outcomes--mortality, functional status, self-assessed health, and depression. RESULTS: Perceived support and social ties are related to health, but many of the apparent effects are attenuated in the presence of controls for prior health. However, positive perceptions about support are protective of mental (but not physical) health. DISCUSSION: If baseline health is ignored, estimates of the effects of social relationships on health at a given stage of life are likely to be inflated by reverse causality or by effects occurring prior to baseline. Inclusion of controls for initial health reveals that, in general, the relationship between social support and health at the older ages in Taiwan is relatively modest.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Measuring social change preferences in African American adolescents: development of the Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A).

Studies addressing Black adolescents' social change strategies are nonexistent and might be associated with the absence of social change measures for Black adolescents. In an effort to begin addressing this concern, the 30-item Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A) was designed to measure Black adolescents' first- (i.e., within the system) and second- (outside of the system) order social change strategies. Factor analysis of responses that 226 Black adolescents gave to the MOSC-A revealed first- and second-order social change factors. Item response theory analyses revealed that 65% of the items on the former factor adequately discriminate across different trait levels, but those of the latter were less promising. Scaffolded on this study, future research might refine the MOSC-A's psychometric properties and improve its utility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Hospice: social work's response to a new form of social caring.

Social work's response to hospice, as a new form of social caring, is portrayed by a social work process paradigm, conceptualized from the practice and research experiences of the authors. Guidelines are suggested for working with patients, families, care providers, and other concerned persons through the four phases of hospice care. As changes occur in the patient and the hospice settings, the participants join together to bring about a satisfactory fit between the person needing care and the environment. By anticipating the needs and reactions of the terminally ill patient to each transition in the care process, the social worker assists in orchestrating proactive interventions through the continuum of hospice care. Future research studies are recommended for determining what difference social work actions make toward ensuring a "safe passage."

Adaptation, Psychological↗