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PubMed2005

Attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence: results of a public opinion survey: II. Beliefs about causes.

This report presents findings from a public opinion survey designed to measure beliefs about the causes of domestic violence (DV) based on telephone interviews with 1,200 residents across six New York State communities. Findings reveal substantial diversity and complexity among beliefs and interesting similarities and differences across open- and close-ended questions regarding explanations for partner abuse. Most respondents think about the causes of violence in the context of individual problems, relationships, and families, not as a problem with roots in our society or culture. Few believe that women are the cause of their own abuse, one fourth still believe that some women want to be abused, and most believe that women can end abusive relationships. Secondhand experiences with DV were associated with some beliefs about causes of abuse, and gender, age, education, and race were associated with certain beliefs in predictable ways.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Differences between self- and peer ratings of interpersonal problems.

Interpersonal problems are frequently a source of distress for individuals and the focus of psychotherapeutic interventions. A self-report circumplex measure, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex (IIP-C), was modified for this investigation to acquire peer report data on interpersonal problems to help assess the validity of self-reported problems. The peer report data replicated the circumplex model of the IIP-C and when general interpersonal distress was removed (by ipsatizing), the data suggested that peers observed more domineering, vindictive, and emotionally cold types of problems than self-report (ipsatized) data. Individuals reported more other-pleasing, overly nurturant types of problems than peers observed. The findings both support the validity of the IIP-C and describe discrepancies in self- versus peer reported interpersonal problems. The results also describe differences in the general interpersonal distress factor accounted for by ipsatizing versus removing the general factor from unipsatized data. The results describe implications for clinicians and others assessing interpersonal problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Criminality among female alcoholics.

The proband group consisted of 71 female alcoholics subjected to compulsory treatment by the Temperance Board in Malmö. 38 probands were recorded in the Penal Register. For a period from year 20 before to year 9 after the first compulsory treatment, 85 offences were committed. During the same period, less than one recorded criminal offence was expected, according to an age- and calendar year specific risk table for Swedish women. In relation to the expected incidence, the observed was not particularly high at the beginning of the period. From year 12 up to year 2 before the intervention, it increased to an extremely high level where it remained. The distribution of the crimes according to nature agreed with that valid for Swedish women in general. The average age at the crime debut was conspicuously high, about 30 years. Despite, this, the first criminal offence, as also the first gonorrhoeal infection, was an early sociomedical symptom; not until later did public assistance and conviction for drunkenness usually arise.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Drug therapy in mental handicap.

Definitions of mental handicap are imprecise in practice, and a wide spectrum of patients are provided for under this heading. There can be no question of specific treatment for 'mental handicap' as such. Many situations arising in institutions for the mentally handicapped derive from the nature of the institution and the regime. Drugs may be used 'faute de mieux' when environmental manipulation would be more appropriate. There is much over-prescribing, and the choice of drugs is not always logical; monitoring of dose is seldom employed. A major source of behaviour disturbance in the mentally handicapped is lack of suitable occupation. Apart from a few specific indications, use of sedatives and tranquillizers for the mentally handicapped should be seen as a holding device, to enable a different system of management to be adopted or to disrupt an undesirable behaviour pattern.

Boredom↗
PubMed1979

Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics.

The clinical impression that phobic patients perceive their parents as being uncaring and overprotective was investigated in a controlled study of eighty-one phobic patients. Those assigned to a social phobic group scored both parents as less caring and as overprotected, while those assigned to an agoraphobic group differed from controls only in reporting less maternal care. Intensity of phobic symptoms in the pooled sample was examined in a separate analysis. Higher agoraphobic scores were associated with less maternal care and less maternal overprotection, while higher social phobic scores were associated with greater maternal care and greater maternal overprotection.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Alcohol dependence and phobias: clinical description and relevance.

Of 102 alcoholics admitted to an alcoholism treatment unit one third (33) were clinically rated as having a disabling agoraphobia and/or social phobia, and a further third (37) as having less disabling phobic symptoms of either or both kinds. Questionnaires and self-report symptom scales were used to validate the clinical ratings. Alcohol problem screening tests and consumtpion levels confirmed the severity of alcohol dependence. In a group of 44 phobic alcoholics who reports and physical dependence significantly more frequently than the converse. The prevalence of agoraphobia and social phobia in alcoholics is discussed in relation to prevalence date in affective and normal populations, together with their implications for the aetiology of phobias and alcohol det approaches and prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Social disability and outcome in schizophrenic patients.

To gain more insight into the social (as opposed to clinical) outcome of schizophrenia, a unidimensional, heirarchical scale was constructed. Items were selected from the Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS)--a new instrument, used in the WHO Collaborative Study on the Assessment and Reduction of Psychiatric Disability. Data were derived from the Dutch cohort participating in this study, which consisted of patients with a first life-time episode of a non-affective, functional psychosis. Patients were followed-up during the first three years of their illness, and analyses of the stability and reliability of the scale proved to be satisfactory. It was subsequently used to characterise the course of social disability.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1986

Expressed emotion and relapse.

The relatives of 82 patients in a study of first episodes of schizophrenia were interviewed within six weeks of the index admission; 77 patients were subsequently discharged, and were followed to relapse or readmission. Analysis of relapse-free survival time was used to examine whether the components of 'expressed emotion' predicted relapse or response to neuroleptic medication: 'critical comments' by relatives was the only component present often enough to be used and was inversely related to 'social contact'. When preadmission duration of illness, and neuroleptic medication following discharge (identified previously as significant predictors of outcome) were taken into account, neither 'critical comments' nor 'social contact' were related to outcome nor to response to medication. The constellation of factors suggested as pathogenic was present only in a minority of cases: many patients lived alone and of those that were with families, most were not in high face-to-face contact with other members. The failure of the components of 'expressed emotion' to predict outcome or response to neuroleptic medication suggests that at best, such factors are weak predictors of liability to relapse. Their influence is unlikely to be comparable in magnitude to that of neuroleptic medication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

A hospital-based treatment programme for male mentally handicapped offenders.

The paper describes a special hospital-based treatment programme for male mentally handicapped offenders, comprising a package of practical and personal skills training coupled with a socialisation programme based on token-economy strategies within a controlled and structured environment. Twenty patients admitted to the programme and followed up after discharge for an average of 3.3 years were studied in detail. All had committed serious or persistent offences and showed a high level of psychosocial pathology. A good or fair response to the treatment programme was made by 85%, and 65% were judged well adjusted or reasonably well adjusted at last follow-up contact. A good outcome was associated with more than two years' in-patient care, a good response to the treatment programme and stable residential placement, regular occupation and regular supervision and support in the community. Offenders against the person (sex and assault) had a better prognosis than and showed other interesting differences from property offenders (property and arson).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Measuring behaviour disorder in mental handicap.

By use of latent-trait item analysis (the Rasch model), the internal validity of the behaviour section of the MRC-HBS schedule was analysed. The set of behavioural symptoms in this rating scale was found to measure a one-dimensional structure. Thus addition of item scores provides a meaningful index. Such a numerical measure for the degree of behaviour disorder facilitates comparison between different patients or groups, and furthermore, forms the basis for quantitative description of the outcome of therapeutic intervention. A diagnosis of behaviour disorder was established in 17.2% of 302 mentally-handicapped adults. However, some kind of deviant behaviour was found in 41%, and was correlated with origin and degree of retardation, epilepsy, and place of living. The distribution of the symptoms strongly indicates that organic brain damage is a major aetiological cause.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The social disablement of men in hostels for homeless people. I. Reliability and prevalence.

BACKGROUND: Studies of mental health problems of homeless people have used diagnosis as the sole measure of these problems. In this study, the feasibility and reliability of measuring social disablement in the psychiatric assessment of homeless people was investigated. METHOD: A random sample of 101 homeless men living in four long-stay hostels were assessed for their social disablement by the Social Behaviour Schedule (SBS). The prevalence of SBS problems in these men and the interobserver reliability were assessed. RESULTS: The results show that the SBS is a reliable screening instrument which is relatively easy to use. The most frequent SBS problems were 'Other problems', 'Hostility' and 'Depression". Less than 10% of the hostel sample had disablement items similar to those of patients in long-stay wards. CONCLUSIONS: The SBS is a useful and reliable tool in the psychiatric assessment of men in hostels for the homeless.

Activities of Daily Living↗