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PubMed1997

Secular trends in bloodstream infection caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in New Jersey hospitals, 1991 to 1995.

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance among bacteria is an increasing public health problem. In 1991, New Jersey was the first state to establish statewide, hospital-based surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. METHODS: Each month, all 96 nonfederal New Jersey hospital laboratories complete a form listing the species identity and drug susceptibility results for selected antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from blood cultures from hospital inpatients. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative rods were studied from 1991 to 1995. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and imipenem-resistant gram-negative rods were studied from 1992 through 1995. RESULTS: From 1992 to 1995, the vancomycin-resistant enterococci bloodstream infection prevalence rate increased from 11 to 29 per 100,000 hospital admissions (p < 0.001); the rate was higher at larger hospitals, urban and inner-city hospitals, and teaching hospitals. From 1991 to 1995, the penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae bloodstream infection rate increased from 1.1 to 9.9 per 100,000 admissions (p < 0.001). In contrast, bloodstream infection rates did not change significantly for imipenem-resistant (12.5 during 1992 and 14.1 during 1995, p = 0.4) or aminoglycoside-resistant (8.0 during 1991 and 6.8 during 1995, p = 0.4) gram-negative rods. CONCLUSIONS: We found that vancomycin-resistant enterococci and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, but neither of two groups of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative rods, are increasing rapidly in prevalence in New Jersey. Continued monitoring and interventions to slow these increases are needed.

Bacteremia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Secular trends in smoking according to educational level between 1986 and 1996: The MONICA study. Catalonia].

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends from 1986-1996 in the prevalence of cigarette smoking between ages 25 to 64 in the MONICA-Catalonia study, according to educational level, and to validate these trends biochemically. METHODS: Three cross-sectional surveys in independent random samples of the general population of central Catalonia area carried out in 1986-88, 1990-92 and 1994-96 following the World Health Organization's MONICA protocol. Serum thiocyanate was determined by the Bowler method. RESULTS: A total of 2,571, 2,934 and 3,485 men and women were examined with response rates of 74, 67 and 72% in each survey respectively. The age-adjusted cigarette smoking prevalence decreased in men by 5.1% (95% CI: 1.5 to 8.7) and increased in women by +8.5% (95% CI: +5.6 to +11.4). The prevalence was 46.5% in men and 23.9% in women in 1994-96. The greatest decrease was in men aged 55-64 (9.9%) and the greatest increase was in women aged 35-44 (+14.8%). These trends were confirmed by serum thiocyanate levels, which decreased from 78.9 to 73.9 μmol/l (p = 0.07) in men and increased from 43.7 to 49.8 μmol/l (p < 0.01) in women during the study period. Cigarette smoking increased in less educated women (+10%) and decreased in university women (6%), while cigarette smoking in men decreased irrespective of educational level. Serum thiocyanate levels confirmed the relationship with educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased in men between 1986 and 1996 but remained high in 1996. Women showed a pattern of progressive adoption of smoking, especially those with lower educational level.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[CT utilisation in Switzerland: frequency and secular trends].

PURPOSE: This study analyzes CT examinations in Switzerland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using different sources (administrative data on the equipment, a 1998 nationwide inquiry into practices, and data provided by the Swiss University Hospitals of Basel, Zurich, and Lausanne), we determined the frequency of CT examinations (hospitals and private radiologists) in 1998 according to different descriptive variables and studied the progression in CT use over time. RESULTS: CT scanners increased by 7% between 1998 and 2004. The average annual number of CT examinations in 1998 was 46.3/1000 population, 3.4% of all radiological examinations in Switzerland in 1997-1998. The most frequent examination was CT of the skull (24%), while private radiology institutes perform more CTs of the spine. More CT examinations were performed for men than for women (sex ratio M/F=1.17). The average annual increase in CT in Swiss hospitals varied from 8% for Basel to 18% for Lausanne. Finally, the proportion of pediatric examinations was 5%; their numbers appear to be stabilizing. CONCLUSION: There is a significant increase in CT examinations. It is hoped that our study will heighten awareness among doctors of CT examinations in order to optimize their use.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Diet and colorectal cancer mortality: secular trends over 30 years in 15 European countries.

Many western European countries have increased consumption of meat and fat conspicuously from 1961 to 1990 according to FAO 'food disappearance' data. These trends within countries compare well with intake data obtained by weighing and questionnaires. For three countries more meat and fat is combined with small changes in plant foods, but nevertheless standardized mortalities from colorectal cancer drop. For nine countries meat, fat and plant foods increase and mortalities drop. For two countries, there is moderately more meat, fat and plant foods increase, and in one there is drastically more meat and a high consumption of plant foods, associated with rising mortalities. Overall, there is no consistent pattern.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

Secular stability and reliability of measurements of the percentage of dense tissue on mammograms.

Elevated mammographic density is associated with increased risk of breast cancer. We conducted a reliability study on mammographic density assessments to determine their potential usefulness for projecting individual breast cancer risk. We used baseline screening mammograms from 7251 women in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). Repeated measurements from the same images were used to assess measurement variability by an experienced evaluator. Intraclass correlations of assessments over time usually exceeded 0.9, indicating usefulness for prospective applications. Data also indicated it may be reasonable to include cases identified in the first year of screening together with other cases in developing a risk model. Older ages and increased weight were associated with decreased mammographic density. The density of the right breast slightly exceeded that of the left. Among women who developed breast cancer, the baseline mammographic density of the ipsilateral (diseased) breast was 0.53 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.86) percentage units higher than in the contralateral breast.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The secular trend of twinning in Australia, 1853-1982.

The incidence of twinning in Australia from 1853 to 1982 is described. The overall trend was determined by changes in the dizygotic rate and, for more than a century, it has been similar to that found in Finland and the South of Italy. It is not explained by demographic changes and there is no clear relationship with industrialisation or psychosocial factors. Monozygotic twinning has increased, most markedly in the 1970s. No adequate explanation has been given for this increase, so continuing surveillance in many different populations is necessary.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

Analysis of multiple birth rates in Japan. 1. Secular trend, maternal age effect, and geographical variation in twinning rates.

Mean twin, triplet, and quadruplet birth rates in Japan from 1951 to 1968 were 6.41, 0.056, and 0.00094 per 1,000, respectively. In 1974 the corresponding figures were 5.83, 0.059, and 0.00329. No quintuplets were born in the former period, but a set was born in the latter year, the rate being 0.47 per million. From 1955 to 1966 the MZ twinning rate increased slightly, but decreased thereafter. This increase was limited to live-born MZ twins, particularly in the higher maternal age groups. The DZ twinning rate declined in the entire period, particularly in higher maternal age groups. This decline appeared to be essentially limited to fetal deaths. Among live births the MZ twinning rate underwent a nearly linear increase with maternal age, whereas the DZ twinning rate attained a mode in the maternal age group 35--39 years. The MZ and the DZ twinning rates among fetal deaths by maternal age had unimodal distributions with modes in maternal age groups 25--29 and 30--34 years, respectively. As to the DZ twinning rate, a geographical cline was noted, with a high rate in the northeast of Japan; the rate was positively correlated with latitude, which also positively correlated with the presence of multiple births among relatives. A negative but nonsignificant correlation was seen between the DZ twinning rate and the proportion of mothers treated with ovulation-inducing hormone. The proportion was higher in mothers of unlike-sexed twins than in those of like-sexed twins and in mothers of triplets than in those of twins. An association between DZ twinning rate and age-specific fertility per married woman is suggested to exist among higher maternal age groups in the northeast part of Japan in earlier years.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Secular trends of twinning rate in Sweden.

The change in parity and maternal age in Sweden accounts for the decline in the twinning rate from the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. The later decline in twinning rate cannot be explained by changes in maternal age and parity. Fecundity appears to be higher in mothers of twins than in other mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Secular trends in twinning rates.

Based on national data from civil birth registration systems, this paper provides an overview of trends in the twinning birth rates in fifteen developed countries. Patterns and differentials in such rates across populations are described, and trends over time are given. The evolution of the twinning rate in industrialized countries over the last century follows broadly the same pattern. One exception is the period around World War I, with a peak in the twinning rate being observed during the war, or just after it, although this was not registered in all countries. Since the mid-1970s twinning rates have increased in many developed countries in response to a growing use of fertility-stimulating treatments such as in vitro fertilization.

Birth Rate↗