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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Dietary fibre in the diet of the growing pig: effects on apparent digestibility and resultant implications for its use in reducing the incidence of oesophagogastric parakeratosis.

The effects on apparent digestibility of increasing dietary fibre concentrations in barley-based diets by substituting for barley either bran, oatmeal by-product, guar gum or pectin were studied using 72 pigs. Increasing substitutions of bran up to a maximum of 300 g kg-1 gave progressive decreases in apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and gross energy fractions and in digestible and metabolisable energy contents, progressive increases in apparent digestibility of modified acid detergent fibre but had no consistent effect on either nitrogen or extract free of nitrogen fractions. Increasing substitution of oatmeal by-product up to the same maximum gave significant linear decreases in apparent digestibility of dry matter, extract free of nitrogen and gross energy, significant depressions in apparent digestibility of modified acid detergent fibre and significant increases in ether extract. Guar gum and pectin, both substituted to a maximum of 50 g kg-1 had no significant effects on apparent digestibility. The results are discussed in the context of the concentrations of dietary fibre needed to reduce the incidence of oesophagogastric parakeratosis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Quantifying by monoclonal antibodies of specific IgG, IgM and IgA in the serum of minipigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

Fifteen minipigs were infected intratracheally with three different doses (10(8), 10(5) or 5 x 10(3) colony forming units) of the reference strains of serotypes 2 or 4 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and three remained as controls. The titre of specific IgG, IgM and IgA in the serum was measured weekly for 15 weeks with an indirect ELISA using monoclonal antibodies specific for each isotype. IgG attained the highest titres, IgM lower and IgA the lowest, being only detected in four animals. Serotype 4 evoked significantly higher titres than serotype 2 (P < or = 0.01). In general the highest IgG titres were attained at four to six weeks after infection. Some of the minipigs were reinfected after seven weeks but this evoked an increased titre in only two instances.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1985

Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad.

Sera from 1,206 livestock animals and chickens on Grenada and Trinidad were tested for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. 376 of the sera were positive (25% of those tested on Grenada and 44% on Trinidad). The positive sera were obtained from 25% of 324 cattle, 35% of 130 pigs, 35% of 146 sheep, 25% of 44 goats and 11% of 175 chickens on Grenada; and 92% of 26 cattle, 53% of 122 pigs, 76% of 87 horses and donkeys and 11% of 144 chickens on Trinidad. Eight sera from ducks and geese on Trinidad were tested and found to be negative. The serogroups most commonly found to react with the sera of the Grenadian animals were Autumnalis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis and the related serogroups Sejroe and Mini, and Pyrogenes; in the Trinidadian animals they were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and its related serogroups, and Panama. Strains of serogroup Pomona do not appear to have become established as livestock pathogens on the islands.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of leptospirosis in Belize.

In a search for leptospirosis in Belize, at least one current case was diagnosed among 11 febrile hospital patients examined in a 2-week period in mid-1984. Sera from 440 survey subjects in 6 schools, 4 urban communities and 9 rural communities were examined for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. 20 of 174 (11.5%) school pupils, 19 of 88 (22%) urban community subjects and 66/178 (37%) rural community subjects were positive at titres greater than or equal to 1:50, and 7.5%, 17% and 26%, respectively, were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100. Among all groups of survey subjects, serological reactions to antigens in the Australis serogroup predominated. Up to 81% of 155 sera from cattle in various areas of Belize were positive at titres greater than or equal to 1:100. Serological reactions to serogroup Sejroe predominated (43%), followed by Pyrogenes (16%) and Australis (15%). 20 of 71 (28%) pig sera were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100, predominantly to serovars in the Australis serogroup (51%). Of 162 sheep or goat sera examined, 65 (40%) were positive at greater than or equal to 1:100, mainly to serogroup Autumnalis (25%), followed by Australis (15%).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immunological responses of cross-bred and in-bred miniature pigs to swine poxvirus.

Swine poxvirus (SPV), topically and subdermally applied to skin of the inguinal region of cross-bred and in-bred miniature pigs, caused typical pox lesions to occur with a pustular stage at 4 to 5 days p.i., and healing by 10 to 14 days p.i. Following inoculation, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of the pigs showed lower transformation responses to SPV and mitogens (Concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate) than PBLs from uninoculated controls. The PBLs generally responded to SPV from 7 to 9 days p.i. to 23 to 30 days p.i. with a maximum transformation response at the 12 to 13 days p.i. interval. Sera from the animals generally showed presence of SPV-neutralizing antibody as early as 7 days p.i. and a peak titer at 20 days p.i. of 1:512. No detectable SPV-antibody was observed at 50 days p.i. By 51Cr release assays, PBLs displayed the ability to lyse target cells in the presence of SPV-antibody with peak lysis from the 11th through the 21st day p.i. An antibody-histocompatibility restricted cell lysis was observed at 11 and 14 days p.i. When PBLs were depleted of adherent cells, there was a reduction in lysis of target cells indicating the adherent cells were instrumental as effector cells in the presence of SPV-antibody. Control pigs not exposed to SPV showed no PBL response to SPV-antigen. Partially histocompatible and non-histocompatible porcine kidney cells were found useful as cell models for evaluating SPV-infected pigs in their effort to immunologically respond to SPV.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Characteristics of T lymphocyte cell lines established from NIH minipigs challenge inoculated with Trichinella spiralis.

MHC restricted, antigen specific, cytokine dependent T-cell lines were established from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of NIH minipigs that were challenge inoculated with Trichinella spiralis. Swine lymphocyte antigen (SLA) inbred NIH minipigs of the SLA a/a (aa) haplotype can be divided into Responder (R) and Non-responder (NR) phenotypes on the basis of their ability to destroy encysted muscle larval (ML) forms of the parasite T. spiralis. When orally inoculated with 300 infectious ML and challenge inoculated with 10,000 ML, R pigs are able to mount an immune attack against encysted ML resident in host muscle cells since the primary inoculation. Because T-lymphocyte mediated mechanisms are likely to be operative in this response, a series of T-lymphocyte cell lines was established from PBMC of ten aa minipigs 10 days after the challenge infection with T. spiralis. These T-lymphocyte lines showed antigen specific, cytokine dependent proliferation in response to T. spiralis antigen stimulation. T-lymphocyte cell lines from R and NR pigs were compared and found to be similar in the magnitude of proliferative responses, in the duration of antigen specificity, and in the alterations in T-lymphocyte subsets and cell surface phenotype after antigen stimulation. In vitro antigen stimulation of T-lymphocyte cell lines and evaluation of small lymphocytes and lymphoblasts by density gradient centrifugation, immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry, revealed that up to 55% of the cells were lymphoblasts at 4 days after stimulation, and that the majority of the lymphoblast population expressed CD4 and CD8, as well as the interleukin-2 receptor and the Class II alloantigen, SLA-DR (DR+). These results indicate that pig T-lymphocytes of the CD4+CD8+ phenotype may be involved in the anamnestic cell mediated immune response to T. spiralis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Isolation and characterization of gamma delta T lymphocyte cell lines from Sinclair swine peripheral blood.

Sinclair miniature swine represent a breed of miniature swine which display a significant incidence of inheritable melanoma which undergo a developmentally regulated spontaneous regression. In an attempt to characterize the host cellular immune response to the melanoma, lymphocyte cell lines have been generated from peripheral blood and designated as peripheral blood lymphocyte cell lines (PBLCLs). The cell lines were expanded in vitro without the addition of exogenous mediators, cloned by limiting dilution, and characterized by flow microfluorimetry, Western, and Northern blot analysis. The cell lines were shown to be CD2-, CD4-, CD8-, and slg-, a phenotype consistent with a null cell population described in swine. The null cell population in swine has been reported to consist of a subpopulation of cells which express the gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR) heterodimer, swine gamma delta T lymphocytes. The PBLCLs were further analyzed by flow microfluorimetry and observed to express the IL-2R, swine MHC Class II antigens, and the endothelial lymphocyte adhesion marker (CD44), which can function as a homing receptor for the skin. In addition, the PBLCLs were observed to express the antigen which is recognized by mAb 86D, an antibody that has been reported to recognize an external epitope on a subset of gamma delta TCR bearing swine T lymphocytes. Western blot analysis of Triton X-114 phase fractions of a PBLCL revealed a protein recognized by the W6 antibody, an antibody which recognizes a conserved region of the C delta chain. Furthermore, Southern and Northern blot analysis indicated that the PBLCL have rearranged the TCR gamma chain gene and express mRNA from the TCR gamma and delta chain genes prior to and following treatment with ionomycin or Concanavalin A. Therefore, the data indicates that the PBLCLs represent swine gamma delta T lymphocyte cell lines which should enable us to enhance our understanding of the role of gamma delta T lymphocytes in the porcine immune system.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Interaction of pseudorabies virus with immortalized porcine B cells: influence on surface class I and II major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin M expression.

We examined whether the L14 cell line, an immortalized B cell line originating from inbred miniature pigs of the MHC haplotype d/d, could be useful to study T cell responses of pigs to pseudorabies virus (PRV). Compared with porcine kidney cells, the replication of PRV in L14 cells was slower and yielded lower quantities of infectious virus, which agrees with the reported poor replication of PRV in peripheral blood lymphocytes of swine. The virus yield and the number of L14 cells expressing the viral glycoprotein gE were both maximal at 48 h postinfection, when approximately 90% of all viable L14 cells expressed gE. Morphologically detectable effects of PRV replication in L14 cells were not obvious, but the number of viable cells at 72 h postinfection was lower in infected cultures than in uninfected cultures. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II antigen expression was significantly higher at different time points postinfection on infected than on uninfected L14 cells. In contrast, expression of IgM appeared very slightly reduced on infected L14 cells, indicating a selective influence of PRV on cellular protein expression. PRV-infected L14 cells were lysed by lymphocytes from PRV-immune minipigs of MHC haplotype d/d, indicating their usefulness in in vitro cytolytic assays.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An indirect sandwich ELISA for the identification of bovine enteroviruses.

An indirect sandwich ELISA is described for the detection of bovine enteroviruses. The assay was developed as an alternative to the complement fixation test and proved to be more sensitive and convenient. Ten bovine enterovirus prototype strains were easily discriminated. No cross-reactions were observed with other picornaviruses including foot-and-mouth disease viruses, swine vesicular disease virus, porcine enteroviruses and bovine rhinovirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The incidence of adult and larval stage Taenia hydatigena in Uttar Pradesh (India).

A total of 1023 dogs of different breeds from different parts of Uttar Pradesh State were examined for the presence of Taenia hydatigena, and 810 sheep, 1015 goats and 1040 pigs were examined for the presence of Cysticercus tenuicollis, to determine the incidence of these parasites. In dogs, the incidence of T. hydatigena was found to be 40.95%. The rate of infection was higher in street dogs than in dogs kept indoors. Cysticercus tenuicollis was found in 37.03% of sheep, 27.29% of goats and 8.30% of pigs. The rate of infection was higher in sheep than in goats or pigs. A high incidence of infection was found in the rainy season. The intensity of infection was higher in old than in young animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Isolation of two lipoprotein antigens from the metacestodes of Taenia hydatigena (Pallas, 1766) and Taenia multiceps (Leske, 1780) and their evaluation in sero-diagnosis.

Two identical host contaminant-free lipoprotein antigens were isolated from the metacestodes of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps, of which antigen 1 was more reactive than antigen 2. These antigens appear to be identical with antigens B and A, respectively, and antigen 2 with arc 5 of Echinococcus granulosus described by other workers. Attempts to use these antigens in serodiagnosis showed that only in the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique was there any increased sensitivity and specificity compared with the unpurified cyst fluid antigens. No correlation was found between the size of the infecting dose, the number of cysts found at necropsy, the IHA titres, or number of precipitation lines seen in immunodiffusion tests.

Animals↗