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PubMed1987

[Routes of salmonellosis spread beyond the confines of a swine-breeding farm complex].

Salmonella contamination of swine and morbidity rates among the workers of swine-breeding complexes and the members of their families, as well as among the population inhabiting the zone of possible influence rendered by such complexes on the environment, have been studied as exemplified by 4 complexes for large-scale swine breeding, differing in their technology of swine raising and fattening, their systems of the purification and utilization of manure-containing sewage. Besides, the influence of the raw meat (pork) and meat products, contaminated with salmonellae, sold in town, on salmonellosis morbidity among the urban population has been analyzed. The study has revealed that salmonellae are spread from swine-breeding complexes with the fluid and solid fractions of manure-containing sewage, as well as with the animals supplied to the meat-packing plant; the contamination of the workers of swine-breeding complexes with salmonellae becomes possible due to the low culture of the production and to the breach of sanitary and epidemic-control regulations and the contamination of the population occurs through meat and meat products.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Survey of selected diseases in wild swine in Texas.

Tissue, fecal, and serum specimens and swabs of nasal turbinates and tracheas were collected from 100 wild swine (Sus scrofa) from 10 populations in Texas and, along with 24 additional serum specimens, were evaluated for selected swine diseases. Swine positive for pseudorabies were detected in 7 populations. Brucella suis biovar 1 was isolated from 4 swine from 2 populations, but positive serologic results may indicate a more widespread distribution of the organism. All populations contained swine that were positive for leptospirosis. Trichinella spiralis was not found in the swine evaluated.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Cross-reactions between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare--practical implications for the serodiagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine.

Previous studies using hyperimmune antisera revealed significant serologic cross-reactions between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare. These findings, coupled with observations that M. flocculare infection may be widespread, indicated that antibodies to M. flocculare might be common in swine sera and thus cause nonspecific reactions in serodiagnostic tests for mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS). Information reported here indicates that this premise may be invalid. Twenty-one swine were infected experimentally with M. flocculare. Sera were collected every 2 weeks and tested against M. flocculare and M. hyopneumoniae antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunoassays against M. flocculare revealed that swine were slow to seroconvert, and that seroconversion was characterized by low titers. Significantly, none of the sera reacted with M. hyopneumoniae. M. hyopneumoniae reference antisera, and sera from swine naturally infected with M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare were also evaluated by an antibody inhibition procedure, i.e., sera were mixed with M. hyopneumoniae or M. flocculare antigen, incubated overnight and tested against M. hyopneumoniae antigen in the ELISA. Treatment with M. hyopneumoniae antigen markedly reduced or abolished seroreactivity, whereas treatment with M. flocculare antigen had little effect. These findings suggest that swine infected with M. flocculare usually do not develop sufficient levels of antibodies to detract from the specificity of the ELISA used to diagnose MPS.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Tiamulin in drinking water for treatment and development of immunity to swine dysentery.

The diarrhea of swine dysentery receded in swine treated with 60 or 45 mg of tiamulin/L of drinking water (60 or 45 ppm). However, within 2 to 10 days (average 4.1 days) after drug withdrawal, diarrhea recurred. Tiamulin (22.5 mg/L in drinking water) did not markedly reduce the diarrhea during medication, and tylosin (66 mg/L in the drinking water) was not effective. In swine treated with 120 mg of dimetridazole/L of drinking water, there was no recurrence of diarrhea. After the recurrence of diarrhea in swine, repeated medication with tiamulin in drinking water reduced the severity of diarrhea and prevented deaths. After 1 to 3 retreatments, swine were immune to exposure with swine dysentery inoculum, and there was a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in their serum anti-Treponema hyodysenteriae antibodies. Seemingly, drug withdrawal permitted the occurrence and recurrence of diarrhea that was necessary to stimulate immunity.

Animals↗

PubMed1972

Studies on relationships between human and porcine influenza. 1. Serological evidence of infection in swine in Great Britain with an influenza A virus antigenically like human Hong Kong-68 virus.

Serological evidence of infection of swine in Great Britain with an influenza A virus closely related to the human A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) variant was detected by a variety of serological tests. The Hong Kong/68 virus was first detected in man in Great Britain in August 1968 and was prevalent in the winters of 1968-69 and 1969-70. There was no evidence that swine had been infected with a Hong Kong/68-like virus before the appearance of the virus in man. The detection of virus-neutralizing antibody and high titres of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody for Hong Kong/68 virus, and the production of precipitin lines corresponding to influenza A ribonucleoprotein and haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of Hong Kong virus in immunodiffusion tests indicated that the swine sera contained antibody specific for the Hong Kong/68 virus. Evidence suggested that the infection of swine occurred in the early months of 1970. Clinical influenza among swine in Great Britain was not reported during the study period and there was no serological evidence of infection with "classical" swine influenzavirus strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Natural history of influenza in swine in Hawaii: prevalence of infection with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype virus and its variants, 1974-1977.

From September 1974 to January 1978, about 25% of 254 swine farms, studied on four of six Hawaiian islands, had swine with antibody to A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subtype of influenza virus. Of 290 swine 2 to 5 years of age in a single herd, 72% had antibody. Antibody titers were consistently higher to A/England/42/72 and A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigens than to A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen. Few swine had antibody to the A/Hong Kong/68 antigen. Antibodies to H3N2 and Hsw1N1 subtype of virus persisted at high titer in the same animals for more than 3 years; however, titers to the Hsw1N1 subtype were considerably higher. The occurrence of H3N2 infection in swine appeared shortly after the occurrence of the same H3N2 variant in human population. To date there is no evidence that the H3N2 subtype has become established in swine in Hawaii.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Characterization of immunoglobulin A antibody in serum of swine inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

Sera and contents of the small intestine from swine inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus were examined for immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibody responses by the radioimmunoprecipitation test with antiporcine IgA serum. When swine were orally inoculated with virulent virus, IgA antibody activity was detected in the contents of the small intestine and in serum from postinoculation days 7 to 56. However, IgA antibody activity was not detected in the contents of the small intestine or serum in swine inoculated IM with attenuated virus. The Ig class of serum of swine inoculated with TGE virus was examined by gel filtration chromatography. When swine were orally inoculated with virulent virus, neutralizing antibody was always detected from both fractions of IgA and IgG Neutralizing antibody ws detected only from the IgG fraction in the serum of swine inoculated IM with attenuated virus. The molecular size of serum IgA antibody was determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The titer of this antibody was the highest at a position between 10.9S- and 7S-marker protein. The antibody consisted almost exclusively of dimers. It appeared that serum IgA antibody always originated from the lymphoid tissue of the intestinal tract. This antibody was regarded as an indicator of active immunity of TGE virus.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Leptospiral vaccines: immunogenicity of protein-free medium cultivated whole cell bacterins in swine.

Swine serologically negative for anti-Leptospira antibodies were given 2 doses of a pentavalent vaccine (3 weeks between doses) prepared from Leptospira serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo, pomona, and grip-potyphosa (0.2 mg/serovar/dose). Leptospires used for vaccinal production were cultivated in a protein-free medium or in a bovine albumin-containing medium. All vaccinated swine had demonstrable antibody titers within 1 week of the initial vaccination. Peak microscopic agglutination titers were between 256 and 1,024 after the 2nd vaccinal dose was given. After challenge exposure with serovar canicola, control swine had titers of at least 13,653 and the vaccinated swine had titers of 3,403 to 8,192, depending on the vaccine. Leptospiremia and kidney infections were not detected in any canicola Moulton immunized swine, but did appear in control swine. The Al(OH)3 adjuvant had no obvious influence of any of the vaccinal titers.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1980

Detection of swine caliciviruses by indirect immunofluorescence.

The indirect immunofluorescence test is a rapid method for detecting the presence of vesicular exanthema of swine virus or San Miguel sea lion virus in cell culture. A serological relationship exists between vesicular exanthema of swine virus and San Miguel sea lion virus, as shown by the fluorescence-positive reactions between swine antisera to vesicular exanthema of swine virus A48 and San Miguel sea lion virus type 5 and cell cultures infected with San Miguel sea lion virus types 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 as well as vesicular exanthema of swine virus B51, C52, D53, E54, F55, G55, H55, I55, J56 and K55. The indirect immunofluorescence test detects group-specific antibody to caliciviruses in swine sera.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Culture and characterization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from miniature swine.

Miniature swine are being used as a large animal model in which cultured and retrovirus-transduced hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be tested in a reproducible manner for their long-term in vivo repopulating ability. As part of these studies, long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) and progenitor colony assay systems were developed and used to characterize the in vitro growth potential and in vivo frequency of hematopoietic progenitors in this species. We found that LTBMCs initiated with a single marrow inoculum produced myeloid colony progenitors continuously for at least 7 weeks. The sites of myelopoietic activity in these cultures were uniquely restricted to isolated, morphologically diverse germinal centers rather than more disperse cobblestone patches. We also used the progenitor assay to screen several human and murine recombinant cytokines for cross-reactivity to swine bone marrow cells, including interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, Il-11, granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF), c-kit ligand (also called mast cell growth factor [MGF]), and erythropoietin (Epo). With the exception of human and murine IL-3, each of the cytokines tested induced swine progenitor colony formation to varying degrees, with some combinations leading to the formation of primitive multilineage and high proliferative potential colonies. Finally, in an attempt to characterize alternative sources of HSC from swine, we compared the progenitor content of adult and juvenile swine bone marrow and fetal liver. The fetal liver samples were found to be highly enriched for both primitive and mature progenitors, while analysis of postnatal marrow samples revealed an approximately two-fold decline in overall progenitor frequency between the ages of 10 and 20 weeks. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the development and use of in vitro culture methods for characterizing hematopoietic elements from miniature swine and suggest a hierarchy of progenitor cell content in various hematopoietic tissues from the large animal model.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Comparison of furazolidone and carbadox in the feed for treatment of Salmonella choleraesuis in swine.

Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine. There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature. In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed. In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine. In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups. With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups. The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1998

Development and evaluation of a novel antigen capture assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus antigens.

An antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed to detect classical swine fever virus (CSFV) antigen directly from 10% w/v tissue suspension. The assay, based on the sandwich principle, uses a biotinylated monoclonal antibody bound to streptavidin-coated microplates as the capture system and a swine anti-CSFV antibody and rabbit anti-swine HRPO-conjugate as the detector system. The antigen-capture EIA was compared with conventional virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of CSFV in tissues. The ability of the antigen-capture EIA to discriminate classical swine fever (CSF) from bovine viral diarrhea and African swine fever viruses was also tested. The assay was shown to detect 21 different strains of CSFV and was unreactive with tissues from uninfected animals. Signal to noise (S/N) ratios were calculated from the EIA absorbance values. Readings from samples positive by virus isolation (n = 47) averaged a S/N ratio of 5.34. In contrast, samples negative by virus isolation (n = 96) demonstrated a mean S/N ratio of 0.16. At S/N cut-off value of 1.0, all samples that yield virus isolation and PCR negative result were negative in the antigen-capture EIA. Compared with virus propagation in tissue culture using PK15 cells (followed by indirect peroxidase assay detection) and PCR, the EIA had a specificity of 98.7% and a sensitivity of 91.4%. The EIA is simple, can be performed in 4 h and lends itself to automation for screening of tissues sample from pigs suspected of CSFV infection.

African Swine Fever↗

PubMed1965

A SOLUBLE PRECIPITATING ANTIGEN (HCA) FROM HOG CHOLERA VIRUS PROPAGATED IN TISSUE CULTURE. II. INCIDENCE OF HCA-ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF HOG CHOLERA-IMMUNE AND NONIMMUNE SWINE.

Some conditions are presented under which swine develop antibodies for a soluble hog cholera viral antigen (HCA). Precipitating antibodies for HCA were present in all of the immune and hyperimmune anti-hog cholera sera tested. Antibodies for HCA could not be detected in the sera from a large number of swine after vaccination with inactivated hog cholera virus. Many of these same swine did produce HCA-antibodies following challenge with virulent virus. The incidence of these antibodies was significantly higher 3 weeks to one month after challenge than at 10 days. About one-fourth of a smaller group of swine developed HCA-antibodies after vaccination with modified active hog cholera virus vaccine. Exposure to active hog cholera virus appears prerequisite for swine to develop HCA-antibodies.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Associated vaccination of pigs against swine fever, erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease].

Tested was the simultaneous vaccination of pigs against swine fever, swine erysipelas, and Aujeszky's disease. Parallel to this experiment a second group of test pigs were treated with each of the three vaccines at twenty-day intervals. The effect of vaccination was assessed through clinical observations with the test groups and by challenging part of the animals with virulent strains of the swine fever and erysipelas agents. It was found that the successive application of the three vaccines at 20-day intervals (at the age of 50, 70, and 90 days) could induce immunity that lasted for a longer period than the immunity resulting from the simultaneous treatment at the age of 90 days. In order to protect the pigs for sure up to the end of the fattening period a revaccination against swine fever with the simultaneous use of the vaccine against swine erysipelas in both cases was necessary.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Method development and validation for zotarolimus concentration determination in stented swine arteries by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection.

Drug-eluting stents have attracted significant attention in the medical community and pharmaceutical industry due to their proven success in significantly reducing restenosis. Abbott Laboratories is developing a drug-eluting stent coated with zotarolimus and swine was recently used as an animal model for the pre-clinical study of stent implantation. In this article, we present a detailed experimental design and results for the validation and sample analysis of zotarolimus drug concentration in stented swine artery samples. Introduction of tissue quality control (QC) samples allows evaluation of the entire analytical process as well as the stability of the drug in both original tissue and homogenized tissue samples. In addition, a novel approach using 100% swine blood as the homogenization solution was developed for the consistency of the liquid-liquid extraction recovery and stability of the zotarolimus in tissue homogenates. Standards were prepared by spiking zotarolimus working solution in swine blood and tissue QC samples were used along with the artery samples during the sample analysis. The linear dynamic range of blood standard samples is from 0.61 to 333.20 ng/mL to accommodate the predicted artery homogenate concentrations. Overall tissue QC %CV during the method validation was from 4.4% to 8.6%. The overall %bias of tissue QC samples during the method validation was from -7.3% to 16.6%. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of swine artery samples. A similar approach for method validation and sample analysis has been successfully applied for the analysis of swine myocardium, kidney and liver tissue samples.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The nutritive value of faba beans and low glucosinolate rapeseed meal for swine.

Faba beans may be effectively used as a partial replacement for other protein supplements in swine diets. Breeding swine appear to be particularly sensitive to the level of faba beans in their diets. The lack of response to autoclaving faba beans suggests that the trypsin inhibitor level and condensed tannin content of faba beans do not significantly influence the performance of growing-finishing swine. Supplementation of diets containing faba beans with lysine and/or methionine has not improved pig performance. The scientific selection and commercial production of low glucosinolate varieties of rape constitutes a major advance for swine nutrition. All swine experiments that have compared low glucosinolate rapessed meal with regular rapeseed meal have demonstrated the superiority of the low glucosinolate material as a protein source. Substantially larger proportions of the low glucosinolate material may be fed to all classes of swine without any significant depression in performance.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1980

Lead, cadmium, and mercury tissue residues in healthy swine, cattle, dogs, and horses from the midwestern United States.

A survey was conducted in 1975-1976 to determine the background levels of lead, cadmium, and mercury tissues of healthy swine, cattle, dogs, and horses from the midwestern United States. Blood, muscle, liver, and kidney were assayed from cattle and swine slaughtered at federal meat inspection plants and in dogs and horses obtained from local pounds and sales barns. A total of 959 samples for lead, 972 samples for cadmium, and 827 samples for mercury were analyzed. The maximum muscle lead concentration was less than 0.10 ppm in dogs and horses. Fourteen percent of the cattle muscle samples contained between 0.16 and 0.34 ppm lead. The blood lead concentration was generally lower than 0.10 ppm in cattle, swine and horses; however, in dogs 44% of the blood lead values were between 0.11 and 0.37 ppm. The liver and kidney lead content was generally less than 0.50 ppm in all species, and the maximum lead content detected in either tissue was less than 2.0 ppm. Elevated tissue levels of cadmium were observed in horses as compared to other species. While the maximum muscle cadmium content in cattle, swine, and dogs rarely exceeded 0.05 ppm, levels in excess of 0.06 ppm were found in all the 19 horse muscle samples. Blood cadmium levels in all species were near or below the detection limit of 0.005 ppm. The median cadmium concentration in liver and kidney was below 0.2 and 0.6 ppm, respectively, in cattle, swine, and dogs. However, in horses the median concentration was 20 times greater in liver and 4 times higher in kidney. The mercury concentrations in muscle and blood of all species were near or below the detection limit of 0.02 ppm. The median concentrations of mercury in liver and kidney, respectively, were: 0.02 ppm each in swine and cattle; 0.02 ppm and 0.05 ppm in dogs; and 0.12 ppm and 0.72 ppm in horses. The results suggest that exposure of animals to dietary or environmental lead, cadmium, and mercury in the midwestern United States is not significant. The specific cumulation of cadmium and mercury in tissues of horses suggests the need to explore the role these metals play in selective biological processes.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Acute calcium homeostasis in MHS swine.

To elucidate a pathogenesis for the reduction in bone calcium content observed in MHS individuals, we studied the acute calcium homeostasis of MHS swine. This was achieved by the serial measurement, with a calcium selective electrode, of calcium transients in Landrace MHS (five) and control Landrace/large white cross MH negative (five) swine following IV bolus injection of calcium gluconate 0.1 mmol X kg-1--a dose which induced an acute 45 per cent increase in plasma ionised calcium. Experimental animals were anaesthetised with ketamine 10 mg X kg-1 IM, thiopentone (intermittent divided doses) 15-25 mg X kg-1 (total) IV and N2O/O2 (FIO2 0.3) by IPPV to maintain a normal blood gas, acid/base state. The plasma ionised calcium decay curve observed in MHS swine did not differ from that of control normal swine. Further it was noted that the induced acute rise in plasma ionised calcium failed to trigger the MH syndrome in any MHS swine. It is concluded that the mechanisms of acute calcium homeostasis in MHS swine are normal. An explanation for the reduction in bone calcium content observed in MHS individuals must be sought, therefore, through study of the slow long-term component of the calcium regulatory process. In addition, the conventional strictures placed on the use, in MHS patients, of calcium gluconate are called in question.

Anesthesia, General↗