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PubMed1997

Feeding resistant starch affects fecal and cecal microflora and short-chain fatty acids in rats.

The effects of different forms of resistant potato starch (RS) on the major microbial population groups and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the cecum and feces of rats were studied over a 5-mo feeding period. Thirty 8-wk-old male Wistar rats, averaging 210 g initial body weight, were adapted for 7 d to a balanced basal diet containing 60% waxy maize starch devoid of any RS. On d 8, three groups of 10 rats each were fed diets containing the following forms of starch: 1) rapidly digestible waxy maize starch (basal diet), 2) a mixture of 83.3% waxy maize starch and 16.7% native granular potato starch (RS 1), or 3) a mixture of 33.3% waxy maize starch and 66.7% modified potato starch (RS 2). The final RS content in RS 1 and RS 2 was 10%. Fecal samples were collected at d 8 and 1, 3, and 5 mo after the start of the experiment. Cecal contents were taken after 5 mo. The colony counts of microbial groups did not vary with time in the control or the RS 1 group (P > .05). Only the number of Bacteroides/fusobacteria decreased between mo 1 and 5 in rats fed RS 1 (P < .05). The RS 2 diet led to a significant increase in total culturable bacteria, lactobacilli, streptococci, and enterobacteria between mo 1 and 5. The RS 1 and RS 2 diets stimulated the growth of bifidobacteria. Cecal numbers of lactobacilli, streptococci, and enterobacteria were higher in rats fed RS 2 than in rats fed RS 1 or control diet (P < .05). Lactobacillus cellobiosus occurred only in rats fed RS 1 or RS 2. Acetate increased in mo 3 compared with d 8 in all groups (P < .05). The fecal and cecal SCFA displayed higher concentrations of acetate and propionate and a higher molar proportion of propionate in RS 2 than in RS 1 or control rats (P < .05). Stimulation of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and SCFA may be useful for the suppression of pathogenic organisms in the colon.

Acetates↗
PubMed1999

The partial substitution of digestible protein with gelatinized starch as an energy source reduces susceptibility to lipid oxidation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) muscle.

We evaluated the influence of dietary gelatinized starch and protein on the fatty acid composition of muscle in rainbow trout and European sea bass and on the susceptibility of flesh to lipid peroxidation. The possibility that flesh peroxidation could be accounted for by lipogenesis and the deposition of fat was also explored. The inclusion of gelatinized starch in the diet of rainbow trout improved growth with respect to that observed in fish fed crude starch (P<.001). This was especially noticeable at the lowest concentration of dietary protein tested (P = .037); suggesting that gelatinized starch may partially replace protein in the production of energy without inducing a negative effect on growth. However, in European sea bass, the gelatinization of starch and dietary protein concentration showed no significant effect on final body weight. The intramuscular neutral lipid concentration of the sea bass was reduced by the gelatinization of dietary starch (P = .034). The highest dietary protein concentration increased the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the neutral (P = .0742) and polar (P = .0033) lipid fractions. The dietary inclusion of high levels of protein in rainbow trout led to a lower concentration of total (n-3) (P = .0457) and (n-6) (P = .0522) fatty acids and a higher concentration of total monounsaturated fatty acids (P = .0006). The inclusion of gelatinized starch led to a lower concentration of (n-3) fatty acids (P = .0034) and a higher concentration of saturated fatty acids (P = .0007). The polar fraction was hardly affected by the same treatment. A significantly lower susceptibility of the dorsal muscle to oxidation was observed in groups of European sea bass fed gelatinized starch (P<.01). A similar trend was observed in rainbow trout, although differences were not significant. The findings suggest that the digestible protein concentration of nutrient-dense diets for rainbow trout and European sea bass can be reduced with a beneficial effect on tissue lipid oxidation and no negative effects on growth and muscle composition.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of levels of starch, fiber, and lactose on digestion and growth performance of early-weaned rabbits.

The effect of source of carbohydrate on gut histology, digestion efficiency, and growth performance in early-weaned (25 d) rabbits at the starter period (25 to 39 d) was investigated. Six diets were factorially arranged to study the effect of partial substitution of starch (0, 25, or 50%) by lactose at two levels of fiber (30 or 36% NDF). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed essential nutrient requirements of growing rabbits. A feeding trial was conducted to measure the effect of treatments on growth performance in 252 rabbits that were fed the experimental diets in the starter period and thereafter received a common feed until 60 d of age. Fecal apparent digestibility was determined at 35 d of age in nine animals per diet. The four diets with extreme lactose content were used to determine ileal apparent digestibility of starch and lactose (nine replicates per diet), weights of stomach and cecum, stomach pH, cecal fermentation traits, amylase and disaccharidase activities (10 animals per diet), and jejunal morphology (six animals per diet). Weaning increased (P < 0.001) amylase activity by 59% but decreased (P < 0.001) maltase, sucrase, and lactase activities by 30, 48, and 72%, in parallel with a reduction of villus height by 19%. Dietary NDF level did not affect either jejunal morphology or sucrase and lactase activities but increased amylase (P = 0.05) and maltase (P < 0.001) activities by 22 and 92%, respectively. Substitution of starch by lactose had no effect on jejunal morphology or enzymatic activity. Ileal lactose and starch digestibility were not affected by dietary NDF or lactose level and averaged 73.8 and 90.8%, respectively. Substitution of starch by fiber and lactose affected ileal flux of starch plus lactose (by -0.5 and +1.7 g/d) and cecal pH (by +2.1 and -2.8%, respectively). Fecal NDF digestibility was relatively low (23.1% on average) and was not affected by treatments, whereas that of lactose and starch was almost complete. An increase of dietary NDF level led to an impairment of ADG and feed efficiency in the starter (P < 0.002) and in the overall (P < 0.03) fattening period. Substitution of starch by lactose linearly decreased (P < 0.001) feed efficiency in the starter period and linearly increased (P < 0.001) diarrhea incidence in the fattening period. The results indicate that digestive capability of early-weaned rabbits is limited and should be taken into account to establish optimal levels and sources of carbohydrates in the starter diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Effects of dietary energy and starch concentrations for newly received feedlot calves: I. Growth performance and health.

Crossbred calves (n = 572; initial BW = 186 +/- 27 kg) purchased from northern Texas, Arkansas, and southeast Oklahoma auction markets were delivered to the Willard Sparks Beef Research Center, Stillwater, OK, and used to study the effects of dietary energy and starch concentrations on performance and health of newly received feedlot calves during a 42-d receiving period. On arrival, calves were assigned randomly to one of two dietary energy levels (0.85 or 1.07 Mcal NEg/kg DM) and one of two dietary starch levels (34 or 48% of ME from starch) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cattle were weighed and serum samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 28, and 42. Individual animal records of morbidity were kept for all cases of respiratory and other disease. Nasal swabs were collected from each morbid animal and cultured for upper-respiratory pathogens. There were no energy x starch level interactions for performance or health response variables. Daily gain (1.14 kg/d) and gain efficiency (ADG:DMI = 0.179) were not affected by increasing dietary energy or starch concentrations. Calves fed low-energy diets consumed (P < 0.05) more DM. No difference (P = 0.54) was detected in morbidity for calves fed high-energy (62.4% calves treated) compared with low-energy (65.8% calves treated) diets; however, calves fed the high-starch diets had numerically (P = 0.11) greater morbidity than calves fed low-starch diets (68.8 vs. 59.4% calves treated, respectively). There were no energy or starch effects on Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida antibody titers; however, day effects (P < 0.02) occurred. On d 7, 14, and 28, calves had antibody titers for P. multocida that were greater (P < 0.05) than titers on d 0. In addition, calves had greater antibody titers to M. haemolytica on d 7 and 14 than on d 0. Nasal swabs revealed that calves fed the high-energy diets tended (P = 0.06) to have a lower percentage of morbid calves with P. multocida during the first antimicrobial treatment and a lower percentage of Haemophilus somnus isolates during the first (P = 0.01) and second (P = 0.06) antimicrobial treatments than calves fed the low-energy diets. Although animal performance was not influenced, the present data suggest that feeding the high-energy diet decreased the percentage of P. multocida and H. somnus pathogens in calves that received one or more antimicrobial treatments.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants.

For most grain, except corn and sorghum, 90% or more of starch is normally fermented in the rumen. With corn, up to 30% or more could escape ruminal fermentation; most of the starch escaping fermentation would be digested in the small intestine or fermented in the large intestine. The capacity for digestion of raw starch in the small intestine is limited to 100 to 200 g/d in sheep. Gelled starch could be digested in quantities up to 200 to 300 g/d. The capacity would ultimately be limited by lack of enzymes involved in hydrolysis of short chain di- and oligosaccharides and also by capacity for absorption of glucose. Starch fermented in the cecum leads to an increase of N loss in the feces. In some instances, the high propionic acid proportion arising from fermentation of starch exceeds the capacity of the liver for metabolism. In growing lambs and goats, this creates problems of synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids in adipose tissue and, in dairy cows, problems of low milk yield and milk fat production. The low ruminal pH that often occurs when starchy grain is included in diets for ruminants can cause depression in fiber digestion. Some of these problems can be overcome by reducing extent of cereal processing and other methods that prevent low ruminal pH. It is concluded that due to limited capacity for starch digestion postruminally and high animal variability, deliberate attempts to increase postruminal digestion of starch are unlikely to be beneficial and are likely to create potential digestive problems.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Nutrient digestibility of diets with different fiber to starch ratios when fed to lactating dairy cows.

The objective of this experiment was to determine whether increasing the dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF):starch ratio affected NDF digestibility when diets were formulated to have equal in situ NDF digestibility. Six lactating Holstein cows were fed 1 of 3 diets in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square. All diets had 41.5% of the dry matter (DM) as corn silage but the concentration of corn grain varied from 23.3 to 34.8% and the NDF:starch ratios were 0.74, 0.95, and 1.27. As corn grain increased, the concentration of a mixture of 54% soyhulls and 46% cottonseed hulls decreased. The soyhull:cottonseed hull mixture had the same in situ NDF digestibility as the corn silage. All diets had 18% forage NDF but starch concentration varied from 25.4 to 33.3% and NDF varied from 24.7 to 32.2%. Intake tended to increase as the NDF:starch ratio increased. Total tract digestibility (measured by total collection of feces and urine) of dry matter and energy decreased linearly as the NDF:starch ratio increased, but NDF digestibility was not affected by treatment. Retention of N increased linearly as the NDF:starch ratio increased. As dietary NDF:starch ratio increased, ruminal pH was not affected, but the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) decreased and the VFA profile was altered by diet. Consistent with the observed changes in ruminal VFA, milk fat percentage increased with increasing dietary NDF:starch. Intake of digestible energy and output of energy in milk and body weight change was not affected by treatment.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition.

Physical and chemical processing of feed ingredients and feeding management strategies are major instruments of manipulating amount and site of starch digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Generally, as rumen escape of starch increases, postruminal starch digestion increases, and there does not appear to be a limitation to intestinal starch digestion. However, the efficiency with which postruminal starch is digested decreases, which represents a limitation that warrants investigation. Even though digestible dietary starch is presented to the intestine, there is no net glucose absorption at the portal vein, and plasma glucose levels remain relatively unaffected. This result may be associated with the large metabolic requirement for postruminally absorbed glucose, which is preferentially used for oxidative metabolism at the visceral tissue level. In addition, peripheral glucose concentration is highly regulated. A possible implication is that the exogenous glucose supply may spare endogenously synthesized glucose for gut metabolism, allowing more to be directed to the mammary gland. Amino acids also may be spared (less metabolism of dietary and tissue amino acids in the gut). Current production studies yield no clear evidence as to the benefits of postruminal digestion of starch to enhance milk yield or to change its composition. However, studies suggest that starch digested postruminally is used more efficiently for milk synthesis than that digested in the rumen.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Influence of genotype and ensiling of corn grain on in situ degradation of starch in the rumen.

This trial was conducted to determine the influence of genotype and ensiling of corn grain on the rate and extent of ruminal starch degradation. Two cultivars of corn that differed in texture of the endosperm, dent (Zea mays ssp. indentata) or flint (Zea mays ssp. indentura) were harvested at 30% whole-plant dry matter (DM). After separation from stover and cob, the kernels were coarsely chopped and ensiled or not ensiled. Grains were oven-dried at 40 degrees C and either ground through a 3-mm sieve or left unground. Ruminal DM and starch degradabilities were determined using the in situ technique. The proportion of starch lost through the pores of the bag without degradation was also determined. Mean ruminal DM and starch degradabilities were higher for ground grains than for chopped grains, which could be related to the proportion of DM and starch lost through the pores of the bag. For unensiled, chopped grain, ruminal starch degradability was higher for dent corn than for flint corn (72.3% vs. 61.6%). The ensiling process increased ruminal starch degradability, averaging 5.8 percentage units. The difference in ruminal starch degradability between dent corn and flint corn remained constant whether the corn was unensiled or ensiled (10.7 vs. 11.6 percentage units).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of phospholipids transesterified enzymatically with polyunsaturated fatty acids on gelatinization and retrogradation of starch.

The effects of phospholipids (PLs) transesterified with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with lipase (Aspergillus niger) on gelatinization and retrogradation of starch during storage were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The resulting transesterified PLs were rich in PUFAs and linoleic acid, while the total percentage of PUFAs incorporated was 20.2%. The addition of PLs or PLs enzymatically transesterified with PUFAs (PUFA-PLs) to the starch sample decreased the gelatinization enthalpy of starch (deltah(g)) slightly, but clearly increased the starch-lipid complexes (deltah(s-1)) by DSC. After 21 days of storage, the percent of retrogradation of starch became lower by the addition of 4%, PLs or 4% PUFA-PLs to the starch sample when compared with the control. These results suggest that PLs retard retrogradation of starch during storage, whereas PUFA-PLs retard it greatly. The addition of PLs or PUFA-PLs increased the amount of deltah(s-1), while re-gelatinization enthalpy decreased during storage, which suggests that PLs or PUFA-PLs could retard the retrogradation of starch.

Amylopectin↗
PubMed1999

Simultaneous antisense inhibition of two starch-synthase isoforms in potato tubers leads to accumulation of grossly modified amylopectin.

A chimaeric antisense construct was used to reduce the activities of the two major starch-synthase isoforms in potato tubers simultaneously. A range of reductions in total starch-synthase activities were found in the resulting transgenic plants, up to a maximum of 90% inhibition. The reduction in starch-synthase activity had a profound effect on the starch granules, which became extremely distorted in appearance compared with the control lines. Analysis of the starch indicated that the amounts produced in the tubers, and the amylose content of the starch, were not affected by the reduction in activity. In order to understand why the starch granules were distorted, amylopectin was isolated and the constituent chain lengths analysed. This indicated that the amylopectin was very different to that of the control. It contained more chains of fewer than 15 glucose units in length, and fewer of between 15 and 80 glucose units. In addition, the amylopectin contained more very long chains. Amylopectin from plants repressed in just one of the activities of the two starch-synthase isoforms, which we have reported upon previously, were also analysed. Using a technique different to that used previously we show that both isoforms also affect the amylopectin, but in a way that is different to when both isoforms are repressed together.

Amylopectin↗
PubMed2001

The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis between starch and fecal peritonitis.

Granulomatous peritonitis, caused by the starch from the surgeons' gloves, is a hypersensitivity reaction that can complicate abdominal surgery and mimic other causes of peritonitis. The diagnosis of this entity is difficult to make, and relies on a high index of suspicion. We suggest the use of magnetic resonance imaging to facilitate the diagnosis of this condition, based on an experimental animal model. 84 rats were subjected to laparotomy, and the abdominal cavity was exposed to either saline solution, talc solution, starch solution or fecal material by creating a cecal perforation. TI-weighted magnetic resonance images, with and without gadolinum enhancement, were taken after 3, 5 and 10 days. The animals were then sacrificed and the abdominal contents were evaluated both macroscopically and microscopically. Both talc and starch caused gross adhesions involving the entire abdominal viscera, and microscopy revealed signs of inflammation and fibrosis. Starch induced reactive granulomas. The adhesions in the cases of fecal peritonitis were confined to the area of the perforation. MR images of the starch peritonitis group was remarkable for a diffuse pathological process with enhancement of the omentum and the peritoneum after gadolinum injection. The MR readings of the fecal peritonitis group showed a localized process with no diffuse enhancement of the peritoneum. The striking differences between the magnetic resonance images of starch and fecal peritonitis in rats suggest that this modality is both sensitive and specific in diagnosing starch peritonitis in a rat model. Early non-invasive diagnosis of these separate entities would ease the establishment of the appropriate treatment. We are currently investigating the use of MRI imaging in suspected starch peritonitis in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions.

For nutritional purposes, starch in foods may be classified into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). RS may be further divided into three categories according to the reason for resistance to digestion. A method is reported for the measurement of total starch, RDS, SDS, RS and three RS fractions in starchy foods, using controlled enzymic hydrolysis with pancreatin and amyloglucosidase. The released glucose is measured by colorimetry, using a glucose oxidase kit. Values for RDS and SDS in foods obtained by the method reflect the rate of starch digestion in vivo. Values for RS are similar to the amounts of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine of ileostomates, and are a guide to the amounts of starch likely to enter the colon for fermentation. Results are given for a number of starchy foods.

Dietary Fiber↗
PubMed1992

Influence of sterilization, drying and oat bran enrichment of pasta on glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects and on the rate and extent of in vitro starch digestion.

The effects of sterilization and oat bran enrichment of pasta on the glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects were evaluated. Cooked and canned spaghetti and cooked fettucini without and with enrichment with oat bran (28%) were compared. Further, the effects of various low- and high-temperature drying conditions for spaghetti, cooking time and sterilization on the starch digestion rate and content of enzyme-resistant starch (RS) in vitro were also studied. Various cooking quality data were also determined to allow interpretation of results. The incremental glucose area (0-120 min) produced by canned spaghetti was twice the area of that produced by cooked spaghetti (69.03 vs 35.45 mmol/l x min, P less than 0.01). The incremental insulin area (0-120 min) was also significantly higher with canned spaghetti (17,500 vs 12,600 pmol/l x min, P less than 0.05). The rapid digestion was caused by excessive swelling of starch during sterilization that promoted a very soft texture of the spaghetti. Enrichment of fettucini with oat bran reduced slightly the incremental insulin area (15,600 vs 20,100 pmol/l x min, P less than 0.05, for 0-120 min), but did not significantly reduce the glucose area. Drying conditions and cooking times could be varied within broad limits without affecting the rate of starch digestion in vitro of cooked spaghetti. In sterilized spaghetti the content of resistant starch was higher than that found in cooked 'al dente' spaghetti (2.2-3.4 vs 0.5 mg/100 mg total starch). In conclusion, sterilization influences the nutritional properties of starch in pasta by substantially increasing the glucose and insulin responses and by formation of resistant starch. The effect of oatbran environment is restricted mainly to a slight decrease in the insulin response.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resistant starches and health.

It was initially hypothesized that resistant starches, i.e., starch that enters the colon, would have protective effects on chronic colonic diseases, including reduction of colon cancer risk and in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Recent studies have confirmed the ability of resistant starch to increase fecal bulk, increase the molar ratio of butyrate in relation to other short-chain fatty acids, and dilute fecal bile acids. However the ability of resistant starch to reduce luminal concentrations of compounds that are damaging to the colonic mucosa, including fecal ammonia, phenols, and N-nitroso compounds, still requires clear demonstration. As such, the effectiveness of resistant starch in preventing or treating colonic diseases remains to be assessed. Nevertheless, there is a fraction of what has been termed resistant (RS1) starch, which enters the colon and acts as slowly digested or lente carbohydrate in the small intestine. Foods in this class are low glycemic index and have been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease. They have been associated with systemic physiological effects such as reduced postprandial insulin levels and higher HDL cholesterol levels. Consumption of low glycemic index foods has been shown to be related to reductions in risk of coronary heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes has in turn been related to a higher risk of colon cancer. If carbohydrates have a protective role in colon cancer prevention this may lie partly in the systemic effects of low glycemic index foods. The colonic advantages of different carbohydrates, varying in their glycemic index and resistant starch content, therefore, remain to be determined. However, as recent positive research findings continue to mount, there is reason for optimism over the possible health advantages of those resistant starches, which are slowly digested in the small intestine.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2004

[Yield of starch extraction from plantain (Musa paradisiaca). Pilot plant study].

In México, the banana (Musa paradisiaca) is cooked (boiling or deep frying) before being eaten, but the consumption is not very popular and a big quantity of the product is lost after harvesting. The unripe plantain has a high level of starch and due to this the use of banana can be diversified as raw material for starch isolation. The objective of this work was to study the starch yield at pilot plant scale. Experiments at laboratory scale were carried out using the pulp with citric acid to 0,3 % (antioxidant), in order to evaluate the different unitary operations of the process. The starch yield, based on starch presence in the pulp that can be isolated, were between 76 and 86 %, and the values at pilot plant scale were between 63 and 71 %, in different lots of banana fruit. Starch yield values were similar among the diverse lots, showing that the process is reproducible. The lower values of starch recovery at pilot plant scale are due to the loss during sieving operations; however, the amount of starch recovery is good.

Food Technology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dependence of alcohol binding from aqueous dispersions on physicochemical properties of starch].

Binding of alcohols from aqueous dispersions of native cornstarches differing in amylose content was studied by means of capillary gas chromatography. The efficiency of this process was compared with that of binding to gelatinized starches. Study of native and gelatinized starches showed that the amount of bound substances depends linearly on their initial concentration. Binding of alcohols did not differ in native and gelatinized normal starch and high amylose starch. The efficiency of binding increased with an increase in the length of the alkyl substituent. It should be emphasized that the efficiency of binding was highest in native starch. Native amylopectin starch was less potent than gelatinized starch in binding hexanol. The degree of alcohol binding was much lower in cryotextures of gelatinized starch.

Alcohols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of culture media for detecting the starch hydrolysis reaction in pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris].

Sixty strains of different pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris have been tested for the evaluation of various starch agars and compounds of starch degradation on six media: soluble starch, potato insoluble starch, corn insoluble starch, potato amylopectin, corn amylopectin and potato amylose. The purpose of the present investigation was the selection of the most suitable medium for the visualization of the starch hydrolysis test, presenting this reaction as a distinct character between pathovars of the Xanthomonas campestris group. From 60 strains tested, 74% gave positive reactions. Pathovars holcicola, pelargonii, pruni and vitians were negative. Regarding X. campestris pv. vesicatoria cultures, results were variable. Potato and corn insoluble starch agars were the most suitable media for the visualization of the starch hydrolysis reaction and at the same time the most appropriate for direct isolation. Differentiation at species level could be practicable, but within the Xanthomonas campestris group, variation amongst pathovars suggest the unsuitability of the test in spite of the high percentage of positive reactions.

Amylases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic change in the waxy trait of barley under the influence of wild type DNA. Analysis of the composition of starch and the electrophoretic spectrum of caryopsis hordein from altered plants and the retention of these changes to the fourth generation].

Injection of DNA isolated from the wild type of barley into grains of recipient mutant plants (waxy mutants) at the milk stage of maturity leads to a change in starch synthesis; type of spikes and hordein composition. In the first generation of injected plants the wild type starch synthesis was observed in some separate plants (these observations were made at a haploid level in pollen cells). In the second generation of transformed plants along with the change in starch and hordein synthesis a modification of the type of spikes was also revealed. Recipient plants had six-rowded (hexastichous) spikes, and donor plants--two rowded (distichous) spikes. Disc-electrophoresis of hordeins of the wild type barley (Yuzhny var.), hordeins of the waxy mutant (defected in synthesis of normal starch) and barley plants transformed under the action of wild type exogenous DNA reveals differences in the protein spectrum between donor, recipient and transformants. In the second generation in many of the transformed plants starch synthesis reverted to the recipient mutant type. Simultaneously a reversion of hordein composition to the initial mutant type was observed, and the distichous pikes became hexastichous. Analysis of the components of starch revealed that donor plant that have amilose and amilopectin in starch, and the recipient plants that lack amilose, can be distinguished by the spectra of light absorption of starch. For characterizing these differences the plot of absoprtions at 490 versus that at 590 nm was used. The tangens of angles of these curves for the waxy mutant were equal to 1.05 +/- 0.07 and 1.81 +/- 0.04 for the wild type barley. All transformants have a 1.78 ratio and for revertants this value was 1.02.

DNA↗