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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

One-dimensional and multi-dimensional studies of the exocentric distance estimates in frontoparallel plane, virtual space, and outdoor open field.

The aim of this study is twofold: on the one hand, to determine how visual space, as assessed by exocentric distance estimates, is related to physical space. On the other hand, to determine the structure of visual space as assessed by exocentric distance estimates. Visual space was measured in three environments: (a) points located in a 2-D frontoparallel plane, covering a range of distances of 20 cm; (b) stakes placed in a 3-D virtual space (range = 330 mm); and (c) stakes in a 3-D outdoors open field (range = 45 m). Observers made matching judgments of distances between all possible pairs of stimuli, obtained from 16 stimuli (in a regular squared 4 x 4 matrix). Two parameters from Stevens' power law informed us about the distortion of visual space: its exponent and its coefficient of determination (R2). The results showed a ranking of the magnitude of the distortions found in each experimental environment, and also provided information about the efficacy of available visual cues of spatial layout. Furthermore, our data are in agreement with previous findings showing systematic perceptual errors, such as the further the stimuli, the larger the distortion of the area subtended by perceived distances between stimuli. Additionally, we measured the magnitude of distortion of visual space relative to physical space by a parameter of multidimensional scaling analyses, the RMSE. From these results, the magnitude of such distortions can be ranked, and the utility or efficacy of the available visual cues informing about the space layout can also be inferred.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Neural consequences of acting in near versus far space: a physiological basis for clinical dissociations.

We used PET to determine which brain regions are implicated when normal volunteers bisect horizontal lines and point to dots in near (peripersonal) or far (extrapersonal) space. Studies of line bisection in patients with right hemisphere lesions have shown that bisection performance can be severely impaired in either near or far space while remaining within normal limits in the other spatial domain. Likewise, clinical dissociations between pointing to objects in near and far space have been reported. The normal functional anatomy of these dissociations has not been demonstrated convincingly. Regional cerebral blood flow measurements using PET were carried out in 12 healthy right-handed male volunteers who bisected lines or pointed to dots in near or far space, using a laser pen. Subjects performing either task in near space showed neural activity in the left dorsal occipital cortex, left intraparietal cortex, left ventral premotor cortex and left thalamus. In far space, subjects performing either task showed activation of the ventral occipital cortex bilaterally and the right medial temporal cortex. These data provide physiological support for the clinically observed dissociations demonstrating that attending to and acting in near space differentially employs dorsal visuomotor processing areas, whereas attending to and acting in far space differentially draws on ventral visuoperceptual processing areas, even when the motor components of the tasks are identical when performed in the two spaces.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A clinical investigation of force delivery systems for orthodontic space closure.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the force retention, and rates of space closure achieved by elastomeric chain and nickel titanium coil springs. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Eastman Dental Hospital, London and Queen Mary's University Hospital, Roehampton, 1998-2000. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two orthodontic patients, wearing the pre-adjusted edgewise appliance undergoing space closure in opposing quadrants, using sliding mechanics on 0.019 x 0.025-inch posted stainless steel archwires. Medium-spaced elastomeric chain [Durachain, OrthoCare (UK) Ltd., Bradford, UK] and 9-mm nickel titanium coil springs [OrthoCare (UK) Ltd.] were placed in opposing quadrants for 15 patients. Elastomeric chain only was used in a further seven patients. The initial forces on placement and residual forces at the subsequent visit were measured with a dial push-pull gauge [Orthocare (UK) Ltd]. Study models of eight patients were taken before and after space closure, from which measurements were made to establish mean space closure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The forces were measured in grammes and space closure in millimetres. RESULTS: Fifty-nine per cent (31/53) of the elastomeric sample maintained at least 50 per cent of the initial force over a time period of 1-15 weeks. No sample lost all its force, and the mean loss was 47 per cent (range: 0-76 per cent). Nickel titanium coil springs lost force rapidly over 6 weeks, following that force levels plateaued. Forty-six per cent (12/26) maintained at least 50 per cent of their initial force over a time period of 1-22 weeks, and mean force loss was 48 per cent (range: 12-68 per cent). The rate of mean weekly space closure for elastomeric chain was 0.21 mm and for nickel titanium coil springs 0.26 mm. There was no relationship between the initial force applied and rate of space closure. None of the sample failed during the study period giving a 100 per cent response rate. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical use, the force retention of elastomeric chain was better than previously concluded. High initial forces resulted in high force decay. Nickel titanium coil springs and elastomeric chain closed spaces at a similar rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Biomechanical aspects of the subarachnoid space and cervical cord in healthy individuals examined with kinematic magnetic resonance imaging.

STUDY DESIGN: In vivo flexion-extension magnetic resonance imaging studies of the cervical spine were performed inside a positioning device. OBJECTIVE: To determine the functional changes of the cervical cord and the subarachnoid space that occur during flexion and extension of the cervical spine in healthy individuals. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: As an addition to static magnetic resonance imaging examinations, kinematic magnetic resonance imaging studies of the cervical spine were performed to obtain detailed information about functional aspects of the cervical cord and the subarachnoid space. The results were compared with published data of functional flexion-extension myelograms of the cervical spine. METHODS: The cervical spines of 40 healthy individuals were examined in a whole-body magnetic resonance scanner from 50 degrees of flexion to 30 degrees of extension, using a positioning device. At nine different angle positions, sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo sequences were obtained. The images were analyzed with respect to the segmental motion, the diameter of the subarachnoid space, and the diameter of the cervical cord. RESULTS: The segmental motion between flexion and extension was 11 degrees at C2-C3, 12 degrees at C3-C4, 15 degrees at C4-C5, 19 degrees at C5-C6, and 20 degrees at C6-C7. At flexion, a narrowing of the ventral subarachnoid space of up to 43% and a widening of the dorsal subarachnoid space of up to 89% (compared with the neutral position, 0 degrees) were observed. At extension, an increase in the diameter of the ventral subarachnoid space of up to 9% was observed, whereas the dorsal subarachnoid space was reduced to 17%. At flexion, there was a reduction in the sagittal diameter of the cervical cord of up to 14%, and, at extension, there was an increase of up to 15%, compared with the neutral position (0 degrees; these values varied depending on the cervical segment. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between flexion and extension in the diameter of the ventral and dorsal subarachnoid space and in the diameter of the cervical cord. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the results of previous studies using functional cervical myelograms, kinematic magnetic resonance imaging provides additional noninvasive data concerning the physiologic changes of the cervical subarachnoid space and the cervical cord during flexion and extension in healthy individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Does dead space ventilation always alleviate hypocapnia? Long-term ventilation with plain tracheostomy tubes.

Long-term tracheostomy-ventilated patients have better speech with a cuffless tracheostomy tube and a large tidal volume. Moderate day time hyperventilation from a pressure-limited ventilator is necessary in these patients to avoid hypoxia during sleep due to the variable insufflation leak. This study sought to confirm whether a dead space of 3 ml.kg-1 could help to provide normocapnic hyperventilation during waking time without causing hypercapnia and hypoxaemia during sleep. Transcutaneous blood gas studies were performed on 11 patients with high tetraplegia undergoing pressure-limited pulmonary ventilation with room air. Recordings were made for 120 min each when awake and asleep, with and without dead space. The mean derived arterial PCO2 without the dead space was 2.95 kPa awake and 3.21 kPa asleep, whilst the corresponding tensions with dead space were 3.39 kPa and 3.79 kPa. These small increases associated with the dead space, both awake and asleep, were statistically significant. There was a statistically, though not clinically significant decrease in oxygen tension when the patients without dead space went to sleep. The fact that the carbon dioxide tension was higher during sleep when dead space was in situ indicates that, despite the insufflation leak in these patients, there is significant rebreathing back through the dead space. Amelioration of hypocapnia during waking and sleeping is achievable using a dead space extension in these patients.

Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous↗
PubMed1979

Effects of common dead space on inert gas exchange in mathematical models of the lung.

Theoretical gas exchange is compared in lung models having two different types of dead space. In one, the dead space of a lung unit is "personal" and contains gas equivalent in composition to its own alveolar gas; in the other, the dead space is "common" and contains mixed gas from all gas-exchanging units. Formal algebraic analysis of tracer inert gas exchange in two-compartment models shows that values of compartmental ventilation and perfusion can be found that establish one and only one personal dead-space model equivalent for every common dead-space model. When the total dead space and distribution of blood flow and ventilation in the two models are the same, common dead space will always result in improved inert gas elimination. Under these conditions, the amount of improvement is usually greatest when the partition coefficient of the inert gas is between 0.1 and 1.0 and when there is greatest disparity in the ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q). In the inert gas elimination technique that analyzes all dead space as personal, the presence of common dead space consistently causes the recovered VA/Q distributions to be narrower than the actual distributions, but the resultant error is small.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Low urinary albumin excretion in astronauts during space missions.

BACKGROUND: Physiological changes occur in man during space missions also at the renal level. Proteinuria was hypothesized for space missions but research data are missing. METHODS: Urinary albumin, as an index of proteinuria, and other variables were analyzed in 4 astronauts during space missions onboard the MIR station and on the ground (control). Mission duration before first urine collection in the four astronauts was 4, 26, 26, and 106 days, respectively. On the ground, data were collected 2 months before mission in two astronauts, 6 months after in the other astronauts. A total of twenty-two 24-hour urine collections were obtained in space (n per astronaut = 1-14) and on the ground (n per astronaut = 2-12). Urinary albumin was measured by radioimmunoassay. For each astronaut, mean of data in space and on the ground was defined as individual average. RESULTS: The individual averages of 24 h urinary albumin were lower in space than on the ground in all astronauts; the difference was significant (mean +/- SD, space and on the ground = 3.41 +/- 0.56 and 4.70 +/- 1.20 mg/24 h, p = 0.017). Dietary protein intake and 24-hour urinary urea were not significantly different between space and on the ground. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary albumin excretion is low during space mission compared to data on the ground before or after mission. Low urinary albumin excretion could be another effect of exposure to weightlessness (microgravity).

Albumins↗
PubMed2000

Disruption of space perception due to cortical lesions.

Space control has for a long time been considered a unitary function. The structure associated with this function was the right parietal lobe. Hemispheric specialization for space appeared to make it automatically a human-specific function. However, recent primate research shows different regions of the parietal lobes to be differently involved with space control. A review of the literature, together with own cases shows that there is ample evidence of a modular organization of space control in humans on the basis of specific deficits subsequent to circumscribed cerebral lesions. Lesions influence differentially retinotopic, spatiotopic, egocentric, and allocentric frames of references. They also influence differentially the attention to far or near space, or to global or local features of space. Moreover, preattentive processes can be studied in the neglected hemispace of humans and prove to be sensible to the meaning of visual stimuli. Space representation and attentional mechanisms that seem to operate on these representations are organized in our brain in a very modular fashion, similar to the modularity of visual submodalities. There is probably not a unified space representation in the parietal lobes, but distributed functional modules. Thus, the study of visual optic recognition, either by the brain or by machines, is inconceivable without considering space, attention and awareness.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1998

Anatomical communications of the perirenal space.

There are controversies over the anatomical communications between the perirenal space and the adjacent extraperitoneal spaces. Clinical studies, mainly based on CT, show fluid collections extending into the adjacent space; into the bare area of the liver on the right, into the superior extraperitoneal space on the left, towards the midline from each perirenal space, and into the lower retroperitoneal space of the abdomen and pelvis. There are certain constant anatomical barriers limiting free extension of fluid or pathology. The pattern of fluid collection in the perirenal space and extension into the adjacent extraperitoneal space is relatively consistent although it varies with the amount and nature of the pathological fluid collection. This pictorial review illustrates anatomical barriers and CT findings of perirenal fluid collections and their extension into adjacent extraperitoneal spaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Emphasis of biological research for space radiation].

The paper summarized issues, current status and the recent topics in biological research of space radiation. Researches to estimate a risk associated with space radiation exposure during a long-term manned space flight, such as in the International Space Station, is emphasized because of the large uncertainty of biological effects and a complexity of the radiation environment in space. The Issues addressed are; 1) biological effects and end points in low dose radiation, 2) biological effects under low dose rate and long-term radiation exposure, 3) modification of biological responses to radiation under space environments, 4) various aspects of biological end points vs. cellular and molecular mechanisms, 5) estimation of human risk associated with radiation exposure in space flight, 6) regulations for radiation exposure limits for space workers. The paper also summarized and introduced recent progress in space related radiation researches with various biological systems.

Cosmic Radiation↗
PubMed2000

The effects of passive humidifier dead space on respiratory variables in paralyzed and spontaneously breathing patients.

BACKGROUND: Passive humidifiers have gained acceptance in the intensive care unit because of their low cost, simple operation, and elimination of condensate from the breathing circuit. However, the additional dead space of these devices may adversely affect respiratory function in certain patients. This study evaluates the effects of passive humidifier dead space on respiratory function. METHODS: Two groups of patients were studied. The first group consisted of patients recovering from acute lung injury and breathing spontaneously on pressure support ventilation. The second group consisted of patients who were receiving controlled mechanical ventilation and were chemically paralyzed following operative procedures. All patients used 3 humidification devices in random order for one hour each. The devices were a heated humidifier (HH), a hygroscopic heat and moisture exchanger (HHME) with a dead space of 28 mL, and a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) with a dead space of 90 mL. During each measurement period the following were recorded: tidal volume, minute volume, respiratory frequency, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, ratio of dead space volume to tidal volume (VD/VT), and blood gases. In the second group, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure was also measured. RESULTS: Addition of either of the passive humidifiers was associated with increased VD/VT. In spontaneously breathing patients, VD/VT increased from 59 +/- 13 (HH) to 62 +/- 13 (HHME) to 68 +/- 11% (HME) (p < 0.05). In these patients, constant alveolar ventilation was maintained as a result of increased respiratory frequency, from 22.1 +/- 6.6 breaths/min (HH) to 24.5 +/- 6.9 breaths/min (HHME) to 27.7 +/- 7.4 breaths/min (HME) (p < 0.05), and increased minute volume, from 9.1 +/- 3.5 L/min (HH) to 9.9 +/- 3.6 L/min (HHME) to 11.7 +/- 4.2 L/min (HME) (p < 0.05). There were no changes in blood gases or carbon dioxide production. In the paralyzed patient group, VD/VT increased from 54 +/- 12% (HH) to 56 +/- 10% (HHME) to 59 +/- 11% (HME) (p < 0.05) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) increased from 43.2 +/- 8.5 mm Hg (HH) to 43.9 +/- 8.7 mm Hg (HHME) to 46.8 +/- 11 mm Hg (HME) (p < 0.05). There were no changes in respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, carbon dioxide production, or intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that use of passive humidifiers with increased dead space is associated with increased VD/VT. In spontaneously breathing patients this is associated with an increase in respiratory rate and minute volume to maintain constant alveolar ventilation. In paralyzed patients this is associated with a small but statistically significant increase in PaCO2. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware that each type of passive humidifier has inherent dead space characteristics. Passive humidifiers with high dead space may negatively impact the respiratory function of spontaneously breathing patients or carbon dioxide retention in paralyzed patients. When choosing a passive humidifier, the device with the smallest dead space, but which meets the desired moisture output requirements, should be selected.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Microtechnology in space bioreactors.

Space biology is a young and rapidly developing discipline comprising basic research and biotechnology. In the next decades it will play a prominent role in the International Space Station (ISS). Therefore, there is an increasing demand for sophisticated instrumentation to satisfy the requirements of the future projects in space biology. Bioreactors will be needed to supply fresh living material (cells and tissues) either to study still obscure basic biological mechanisms or to develop profitable bioprocesses which will take advantage of the peculiar microgravity conditions. Since more than twenty years, the Space Biology Group of the ETHZ is carrying out research projects in space (Space Shuttle/Spacelab, MIR Station, satellites, and sounding rockets) that involve also the development of space-qualified instrumentation. In the last ten years we have developed, in collaboration with Mecanex SA, Nyon, and the Institute of Microtechnology of the University of Neuchatel, a space bioreactor for the continuous culture of yeast cells under controlled conditions. Sensors, pH control, nutrients pump and fluid flowmeter are based on state-of-the-art silicon technology. After two successful space flights, a further improved version is presently prepared for a flight in the year 2000.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of exposure to space flight on endocrine regulations in experimental animals.

This minireview summarizes the results of the observations on changes in endocrine functions of rats exposed to space flights for various periods. The results found after space flights are compared with those obtained from rats in acute or repeated restrain stress. A slight increase of plasma catecholamine levels was observed in rats after space flight of longer duration (>14 days), but no changes in catecholamine content in the activity of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes were noted in adrenal medulla and in hypothalamus. The norepinephrine content was, however, decreased in several nuclei selected from hypothalamus of flight rats. Plasma corticosterone levels were increased after space flight and morphological examination of pituitary showed elevated activity of corticotrophs. However, the plasma levels of ACTH were not increased in rats 6 hours after space flight. These changes in plasma hormone levels affected the activity of enzymes involved in metabolism of amino acids in liver and lipolysis in adipose tissue. The plasma levels of testosterone and triiodothyronine were diminished after space flight suggesting the suppression of the thyroid and gonadal activity. Increase of plasma insulin and glucose levels were found in rats after space flight, but the glucagon values were not changed. Comparing these results from flight rats with the animals exposed to acute or repeated stress indicate that long stay in microgravity do not represent very intensive stressogenic stimulus for adrenocortical and sympatho-adrenomedullar systems, and hormone alterations observed after space flight may be due to acute gravitational stress resulting from a return to Earth gravity. Therefore further studies including the inflight animal experiments on a board of International Space Station are necessary for elucidation of the effects of microgravity on endocrine functions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Space maintenance in the primary and mixed dentition.

The maintenance of arch length in the primary, mixed and early permanent dentition is important for the normal development of the occlusion. Premature loss of primary teeth can result in the loss of arch length leading to malocclusion. Space maintenance can often prevent space loss and either prevent the development of a later malocclusion or reduce its severity. The pattern of space loss depends on many factors including age, stage of development, which teeth have been lost, the presence of crowding or spacing, and occlusal relationships. Careful consideration of many factors is required when deciding whether space maintenance is indicated. Radiographs and space analysis can be helpful. Space maintainers can be fixed or removable. Band and loop space maintainers have fewer problems than other types. Frequent follow-ups to check for any problems following space maintainer insertion is recommended.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Use of animal models for space flight physiology studies, with special focus on the immune system.

Animal models have been used to study the effects of space flight on physiological systems. The animal models have been used because of the limited availability of human subjects for studies to be carried out in space as well as because of the need to carry out experiments requiring samples and experimental conditions that cannot be performed using humans. Experiments have been carried out in space using a variety of species, and included developmental biology studies. These species included rats, mice, non-human primates, fish, invertebrates, amphibians and insects. The species were chosen because they best fit the experimental conditions required for the experiments. Experiments with animals have also been carried out utilizing ground-based models that simulate some of the effects of exposure to space flight conditions. Most of the animal studies have generated results that parallel the effects of space flight on human physiological systems. Systems studied have included the neurovestibular system, the musculoskeletal system, the immune system, the neurological system, the hematological system, and the cardiovascular system. Hindlimb unloading, a ground-based model of some of the effects of space flight on the immune system, has been used to study the effects of space flight conditions on physiological parameters. For the immune system, exposure to hindlimb unloading has been shown to results in alterations of the immune system similar to those observed after space flight. This has permitted the development of experiments that demonstrated compromised resistance to infection in rodents maintained in the hindlimb unloading model as well as the beginning of studies to develop countermeasures to ameliorate or prevent such occurrences. Although there are limitations to the use of animal models for the effects of space flight on physiological systems, the animal models should prove very valuable in designing countermeasures for exploration class missions of the future.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Novel application of FTIR to the analysis of sweet pepper seeds and tomato seeds with space mutation].

Comparative study of the sweet pepper and tomato seeds lines with space mutation and corresponding conventional seeds was carried out with FTIR, in an attempt to search for the influence of space environment upon mutation. The similarities among space seeds lines are: the absorbance at near 1,160-1,061 cm(-1) increased. This result shows that the stretching vibration of C-O on the structure of carbohydrates was enhanced by space mutation. The special mutations are: (1) The absorbance at 2,854 cm(-1) of space sweet pepper was enhanced, showing that the stretching vibration of CH2 was stronger; (2) The absorbance at 1,160 cm(-1) of cherry tomato seeds lines was increased notably, indicating that the stretching vibration of C-O on the structure of carbohydrates was stronger. The results show that the space environment could notably increase the carbohydrates in the tomato seeds. The space sweet pepper and tomato seeds lines, which produced similar mutation, could be influenced by microgravity in space. The special mutations are the results of the influence of universe radiation in space.

Capsicum↗
PubMed1990

[Relationship between bronchial reactivity to inhaled acetylcholine, eosinophil infiltration and a widening of the intercellular space in patients with asthma].

The hypothesis that epithelial damage is related to the development of bronchial hyperreactivity has been supported by many studies. Therefore, we further examined whether or not subjects with bronchial epithelium damage showed increased bronchial responsiveness. We took biopsy specimens of the airway mucosa from 20 asthmatic patients with various degrees of disease severity and bronchial hyperreactivity by using a bronchofiber scope. The morphology of the biopsy specimens was studied by electron microscopy. Bronchoscopy was carried out after local anesthesia. Specimens of bronchial mucosa were obtained from 20 asthmatic patients (14 males, 6 females) in remission. The electronmicroscopic studies showed widening of the intercellular space between the epithelial cells and openings of the tight junctions, as well as infiltrations of eosinophils and their granules beneath and between epithelial cells. The tight junction refers to the space between epithelial cells exposed to the airway surface, leading down to the intercellular space. The intercellular space refers to the space between epithelial cells, below the tight junction. Interestingly, eosinophils and their granules were found mainly in the widened intercellular space. The incidence of a widening of the intercellular space was higher in specimens showing eosinophil infiltration than in those not showing eosinophil infiltration. A significant correlation was found between the respiratory threshold to acetylcholine and the percentage of opened tight junctions (r = -0.47, p less than 0.05) and/or the widening of the space between epithelial cells (r = -0.65, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that widening of the intercellular space may be caused by infiltrations of eosinophils and that this widening increases bronchial reactivity.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1993

Effect of space flight on the development of endocrine functions in rats.

The effects of the exposure to space flights on plasma hormone levels were studied in adult male rats, in pregnant females and in their progeny. An increase of plasma corticosterone (CS) and insulin (I) levels was found in male rats after space flights for a period of 7, 15, 18 and 20 days. Plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) were decreased and those of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) were elevated in rats exposed to longer space flights (18 or 20 days). In pregnant female rats no significant changes of plasma concentrations of CS, GH, I, E and NE were noted after short term space flight (5 days). However, the plasma prolactin levels were elevated. In young animals exposed to space flight during fetal development no changes of plasma I and prolactin levels were noted during the period of postnatal growth. However, the plasma CS levels were elevated in these rats and no gradual increase of CS plasma concentration was observed during the postnatal period. The plasma GH levels were reduced in rats exposed to space flight and the levels of catecholamines in plasma and in adrenal glands were elevated in 30 and 100 day old rats exposed to microgravity during the fetal development. These results demonstrated: 1. that exposure of rats to space flight is followed by changes in I and CS plasma levels, but the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system is only slightly activated by longer space flights; 2. that a short term space flight is only a mild stressor for pregnant rats and slightly affects the activity of adrenocortical and sympathetic-adrenomedullary systems during the development of their offsprings.

Animals↗