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PubMed1995

Regulation of breathholding time and sensation after heart-lung transplantation.

To assess whether pulmonary vagal afferents affect the duration of breathholding, the associated respiratory distress and their dependence on lung volume, we studied seven heart-lung transplant (HLT) patients with chronic pulmonary denervation and seven matched control subjects. Voluntary breathholds were performed at 20% and 80% vital capacity (VC) after rebreathing a 7% CO2-93% O2 gas mixture. Time to breakpoint, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal PCO2 were measured. All subjects were questioned on their sensations during breathholding; in addition, quantitative assessment of the sensations was obtained using a visual analog scale (VAS) in the seven control subjects and four HLT subjects. Breathholding time was comparable in both groups at each lung volume but was invariably shorter (p < 0.0005) at 20% VC (mean +/- SD; HLT versus control subjects: 68 +/- 29 versus 79 +/- 29 s) than at 80% VC (corresponding values: 92 +/- 35 versus 103 +/- 30 s). Similar results were obtained after anesthesia of intact tracheal and upper airway receptors in five HLT subjects. Six subjects from each group spontaneously reported air hunger and found it easier to perform breathholding at 80% than at 20% VC. The VAS ratings generally showed a maximum score at breakpoint, which implies that the distress increased more rapidly at low than at high lung volume. We conclude that in the absence of vagal afferent innervation from the lungs: (1) the air hunger form of dyspnea is maintained; (2) the duration of breathholding is not substantially modified; and (3) breathholding time and sensations still vary as a function of lung volume.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Upper airway sensation in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.

Previous studies indicate that upper airway (UA) sensory receptors play a role in the maintenance of UA patency and contribute to arousal in response to airway occlusion. An impairment of UA sensory function could therefore predispose to UA obstruction during sleep. We hypothesized that UA sensation is impaired in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and that sensation improves after treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We measured two-point discrimination (2PD) and vibratory sensation thresholds (VT) in 37 patients with OSA (mean [+/- SE] apnea- hypopnea index [AHI] = 39 +/- 5 events/h), 12 nonapneic snorers (SN), and 15 control subjects (CL). Sensory thresholds were determined in the UA and on the lip and hand as control sites. Both 2PD and VT were similar among the three groups at the lip and hand sites but were significantly reduced in the UA of OSA and SN subjects versus CL (p < 0.05). Values for 2PD and VT in the UA of OSA versus SN were not significantly different. Sensory measures were repeated after 6 mo in 23 OSA patients treated with CPAP as well as in 18 untreated patients. Thresholds for 2PD and VT at control sites remained identical in both groups, as did 2PD for the UA. However, VT in the UA showed a significant improvement in treated (4.4 +/- 0.2 pre-CPAP versus 3.8 +/- 0.2 mm post-CPAP, p < 0.05) but not untreated patients. These findings indicate the presence of a selective impairment in the detection of mechanical stimuli in the UA of patients with OSA and SN, which is partially reversible after treatment with nasal CPAP in patients with OSA.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of codeine on the sensations elicited by loaded breathing.

The present study examined the effect of codeine, a centrally acting opiate, on the respiratory sensations elicited in normal subjects by breathing to exhaustion against externally applied inspiratory threshold loads. Subjects were tested on two separate days following the double-blind, randomized administration of either placebo or codeine (90 mg). The intensity of the sensations of effort and discomfort experienced during two loaded breathing trials (a "high" load that was 73% of the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and a "low" load that was 63% of the MIP) was evaluated using category (Borg) scores on each day of study. To verify that the dosage of codeine administered was sufficient to produce analgesia, we also determined the effect of this dosage on the time that subjects could tolerate immersion of one hand in ice water. Codeine altered neither the perceived effort nor the sense of discomfort associated with breathing against external loads and had no appreciable effect on the time to exhaustion during loaded breathing trials. This dose of codeine did, however, increase the time that ice water immersion could be tolerated and reduced the rate at which the sense of discomfort increased over time during ice water trials. These results indicate that, provided the pressure-time index of respiratory muscle contraction remains constant, analgesic doses of codeine alter neither the sensations elicited by loaded breathing nor the total time that breathing against a fatiguing inspiratory load can be tolerated.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The relation of inspiratory effort sensation to fatiguing patterns of the diaphragm.

Tension in the respiratory muscles and the subsequent intrathoracic subatmospheric pressure swing plays a role in respiratory effort sensation. However, the role of a diaphragmatic fatiguing process in the genesis of this sensation has not been examined. Therefore, we studied the effect of fatiguing contractions of the diaphragm on inspiratory effort sensation (IES) in 6 normal male subjects during inspiratory resistive loading. Four diaphragmatic fatiguing and 4 diaphragmatic nonfatiguing patterns were developed for each subject. These 8 patterns were imposed in random order for 10 breaths (50 s) with duty cycle and tidal volume fixed. The presence or absence of a diaphragmatic fatiguing process was confirmed by analysis of the high to low ratio of the electromyographic signal from an esophageal electrode. Subjects scored their IES immediately after each run using a modified Borg scale. There was a very strong correlation between IES and esophageal pressure (Pes) expressed as a percentage of maximal inspiratory esophageal pressure (Pes/Pesmax %) (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001). However, IES was independent of the presence of a diaphragmatic fatiguing pattern. Furthermore, there was no difference in the slope or intercept of the regression lines relating IES to Pes/Pesmax % when fatiguing and nonfatiguing runs were analyzed separately. We conclude that the severity of IES during resistive loading held for 50 s is independent of the development of diaphragmatic fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sensory testing in the assessment of laryngeal sensation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease of unknown cause. Mortality in the population is frequently due to aspiration pneumonia. Although typically considered to be a disorder limited to motor neuron involvement, some investigators have indicated that decreased sensory function in ALS patients additionally contributes to the disease process. The objective of this study was to evaluate laryngopharyngeal sensation in the ALS population in order to quantify the range of sensory deficits and correlate any abnormalities with demographic data to determine which patients are at risk of having sensory deficits. METHODS: We examined the sensation of the larynx in 22 patients with ALS to determine whether a sensory deficit was present. After completion of a dysphagia questionnaire and medical history, patients underwent flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) to evaluate sensory function. Threshold values were determined and recorded for initiation of the adductor reflex. RESULTS: The results of the sensory and swallowing function assessments performed on 22 patients demonstrate abnormal sensation in 54.5% of the tested population. Asymmetric findings were noted in 75% of these patients. There was no correlation noted between the presence of sensory deficits and the severity or duration of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive dysphagia in the ALS population has typically been attributed to muscle weakness. This study points to the presence of sensory deficits in the larynx, which can further affect proper swallowing function.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Physiological factors affecting salivary flow rate, oral sugar clearance, and the sensation of dry mouth in man.

This paper discusses methods for collection of both whole saliva and individual gland secretions, the normal ranges of salivary flow rate, the effects of physiological variables which influence flow rate, and the role of saliva in oral sugar clearance. The physiological basis for the sensation of dry mouth is discussed, and a new concept is advanced which states that the sensation of dry mouth will occur when the salivary flow rate is less than the sum of the rates of water absorption and evaporation from the mouth. In a study of the effects of anticholinergic agents on salivary flow, the subjects experienced the sensation of dry mouth when the normal flow rate of unstimulated saliva was reduced by from 40 to 50%.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Sensation seeking and adolescent drug use: the mediating role of association with deviant peers and pro-drug discussions.

In this study, I examined direct and indirect influences of sensation seeking, a personality trait, on adolescent drug use. I hypothesized that some or even most of the contribution of sensation seeking to drug use by adolescents is mediated through association with deviant peers and communication with peers that is favorable toward drug use. I examined the role of additional risk or protective factors in facilitating or impeding association with deviant peers, pro-drug communication, and marijuana use as well. The results of analyzing nationally representative cross-sectional data from the evaluation of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign support the study's hypotheses and suggest that different factors may protect high sensation-seeking adolescents from using drugs or engaging in activities (e.g., association with deviant peers) that may increase their risk for drug use. I discuss the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of these findings to the design of health communication interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Age-related changes in oral sensation.

Oral sensation (including two-point discrimination, oral stereognosis, vibrotactile detection, somesthetic sensitivity, proprioception, and thermal sensitivity) was studied in 60 healthy adults in five age categories: 20 to 34, 35 to 49, 50 to 64, 65 to 79, and 80 years and above. Thermal and somesthetic sensitivity as well as proprioception did not change with age. Ability to differentiate tactile and vibratory sensation on the lip decreased after age 80 (P less than .01), but vibration detection on the soft palate did not change. Stereognostic ability remained good up to age 80, and then declined for four of the nine shapes tested (P less than .01). Two-point discrimination deteriorated on the upper lip (P less than .01), on the cheeks (P less than .02), and on the lower lip (P less than .06). Two-point discrimination on the tongue and palate did not change. It was noted that oral sensation remained good with aging, showing only a slight decline in function after age 80.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The combined sensate radical forearm and iliac crest free flaps for reconstruction of significant glossectomy-mandibulectomy defects.

The loss of motor and sensory function of the tongue following ablative surgery has a devastating effect on oral function. At the present time, there is no way to restore lost tongue musculature following partial glossectomy. The use of sensate cutaneous flaps has been shown to restore sensory feedback to reconstructed areas of the oral cavity. No single composite flap supplies a sensate soft-tissue component together with an osseous component of sufficient bone stock for functional mastication. In this article, the combination of the radial forearm free flap with the iliac crest osteocutaneous or osteomyocutaneous free flap is reported. The radial forearm free flap was used to resurface the resected portion of the tongue to provide maximum mobility and sensation. The lingual nerve was the recipient nerve for anastomosis to the antebrachial cutaneous nerves in all but one case. The iliac bone was used to reconstruct the mandible, with the iliac skin paddle or the internal oblique muscle used to reconstruct the neoridge. This combination of flaps was used in 10 patients. There was one flap failure due to vascular kinking from "piggybacking" the iliac crest to the distal end of the radial forearm flap. As a result, the use of two separate sets of recipient vessels is now advocated. Although a single composite free flap offers an excellent form of oromandibular reconstruction in most cases, it has been shown that oral function deteriorates when large areas of anesthesia are present in the oral cavity. We believe that this combination of two free flaps offers an opportunity for superior function in select patients with significant glossectomy and/or large mucosal defects.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2000

Thermal sensation and substrate utilization differs among low- and high-fat women exposed to 17 degrees C water.

OBJECTIVE: Thermal sensation and the physiological responses of women (follicular phase) exposed to 17 degrees C immersion for 120 minutes were investigated. METHODS: The subjects were divided into 2 groups by percent body fat (low fat [LF] = 21% +/- 2% [mean +/- SD] vs high fat [HF] = 30% +/- 3%). A 2-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences between the groups in metabolism, metabolism derived from carbohydrate, metabolism derived from fat, blood glucose, rectal temperature, skin temperature, and thermal sensation. RESULTS: As anticipated, pooled metabolism increased across the 120-minute immersion. Metabolism derived from carbohydrate was significantly higher in the LF than in the HF group and increased across time. Blood glucose decreased significantly across time, yet there was no group difference, suggesting that the LF group may have utilized a greater proportion of intramuscular glycogen. The HF group demonstrated a higher rectal temperature compared to their LF counterparts. Overall, rectal temperature demonstrated a group x time interaction as immersion continued. However, rectal temperature for all subjects remained above 35 degrees C. Surprisingly, the HF group perceived significantly greater thermal discomfort than did their LF counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Since intramuscular glycogen utilization is associated with shivering thermogenesis, the suspected greater utilization of this fuel by the LF group may have contributed to less thermal discomfort than in the HF group. However, since glycogen utilization was not directly measured, this speculation cannot be validated. It is also possible that the modified thermal sensation scale we used may not be an adequate marker of thermal discomfort in females with a high percentage of body fat (28% to 35%) exposed to cold water immersion.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Shock-like sensations during venlafaxine withdrawal.

Electric shock-like sensations may occur after cessation of treatment with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors but are reported in the literature only rarely with discontinuation of venlafaxine. Two patients experienced severe shock-like sensations during venlafaxine withdrawal. For both patients symptoms occurred with lowering of the dosage and persisted for 5 days after complete discontinuation of the drug. These sensations may represent significant alteration of neuronal activity in the central nervous system.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation and comparison of 50 Hz current threshold of electrocutaneous sensations using different methods.

Leakage currents, tiny currents flowing from an everyday-life appliance through the body to the ground, can cause a non-adequate perception (called electrocutaneous sensation, ECS) or even pain and should be avoided. Safety standards for low-frequency range are based on experimental results of current thresholds of electrocutaneous sensations, which however show a wide range between about 50 microA (rms) and 1000 microA (rms). In order to be able to explain these differences, the perception threshold was measured repeatedly in experiments with test persons under identical experimental setup, but by means of different methods (measuring strategies), namely: direct adjustment, classical threshold as amperage of 50% perception probability, and confidence rating procedure of signal detection theory. The current is injected using a 1 cm2 electrode at the highly touch sensitive part of the index fingertip. These investigations show for the first time that the threshold of electrocutaneous sensations is influenced both by adaptation to the non-adequate stimulus and individual, emotional factors. Therefore, classical methods, on which the majority of the safety investigations are based, cannot be used to determine a leakage current threshold.The confidence rating procedure of the modern signal detection theory yields a value of 179.5 microA (rms) at 50 Hz power supply net frequency as the lower end of the 95% confidence range considering the variance in the investigated group. This value is expected to be free of adaptation influences, and is distinctly lower than the European limits and supports the stricter regulations of Canada and USA.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

Effects of body temperature decrease on color sensation.

To investigate the effects of body temperature decrease which occurred along with cold exposure and menstrual cycle, on color sensation, differential limen (DL) and points of subjectively equality (PSE) or red, green, blue and gray colors were measured by using methods of limit in six young female subjects. also, the subjectively preferred complexion was selected. The lowest value in tympanic membrane temperature (Tty) was observed under the cold exposure condition at 15 degrees C in follicular phase. DL of gray obtained during cooling was significantly lower than that during thermoneutral condition in follicular phase. However, DL of green, red and blue were not changed by cold exposure in both menstrual phases. The Munsell value of subjectively preferred complexion selected during cooling was significantly lower than that obtained during thermoneutral condition in follicular phase. Compared with the distribution of Munsell hue of chips selected as preferred complexion in thermoneutral condition, the hue selected in cooling was not shifted to a more reddish one. These results suggest the possibility that brightness sensation rather than color sensation might be increased due to Tty decrease.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Contributions of sensation and perception studies to the design of artificial environments.

It is argued that knowledge of cognitive psychology, and hence also of sensation and perception, one of its branches, is indispensable when one aims at improving our artificial environment. Four examples of sensation and perception studies are described. Firstly, an experiment was discussed to design a postal code format that can be used accurately in terms of the capacity of short-term visual memory. The second example describes a perceptual conflict between visual and bodily (kinesthetic/proprioceptive) sensations that arises as a result of wrongly designing buildings. In the third example it is shown that vibrotactual displays should present frequencies that trigger the Pacinian system in the skin if people have to make quick and accurate decisions. Finally, a study of a simple acoustic orientation system that can promote indoor travel and activity by blind people was described.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2005

The effect of monochromatic infrared energy on sensation in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of monochromatic infrared energy (MIRE) on plantar sensation in subjects with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 39 subjects with diabetic peripheral neuropathy completed the 8-week study. Subjects received 30 min of active or placebo MIRE three times a week for 4 weeks. Plantar sensation was tested with monofilaments at the beginning of the study (M1), following 4 weeks of treatment (M2), and after an additional 4 weeks of nontreatment (M3). The number of sites that could sense the 5.07 monofilament was totaled at M1, M2, and M3. Data were analyzed using a special repeated-measures statistic followed by a post hoc Tukey-Kramer test. RESULTS: The average number of sites that patients could sense the 5.07 monofilament increased for both the active and placebo groups. There were significant gains from M1 to M2 (P < 0.002), no significant gains from M2 to M3 (P = 0.234), and significant gains from M1 to M3 (P < 0.002) for both the active and placebo groups. There were no significant differences between active and placebo groups at any measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty minutes of active MIRE applied 3 days per week for 4 weeks was no more effective than placebo MIRE in increasing sensation in subjects with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Clinicians should be aware that MIRE may not be an effective modality for improving sensory impairments in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Effects of topical application of capsaicin to human skin: a comparison of effects evaluated by visual assessment, sensation registration, skin blood flow and cutaneous impedance measurements.

A new non-invasive device, which enables local measurements of electrical impedance, has been used to evaluate the degree of irritation in human skin. The results have been compared with visual scoring, sensations and laser Doppler flowmetry. Capsaicin (50 microliters 1% solution) and control solutions (50 microliters 50% ethanol) were applied in a chamber for 30 min on the volar forearm of 7 volunteers. Values were recorded before application and during the total test period of 4.5 h. Sensations like sting/prick, burn and pain were produced by this treatment, and the flare response was observed. Using the non-invasive laser Doppler flow technique to measure blood flow in human skin, we have shown that topical application of capsaicin abolishes the vasodilator response to local heat provocation (40 degrees C). There was close agreement among values obtained using visual assessments, sensations and laser Doppler flowmetry. Results obtained using electrical impedance measurements were not consistent with the other three methods.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

A controlled study of sensation awareness and verbal disclosure for regulation of arousal and anxiety.

Interactions of attention and verbalization were investigated for effects of self-reported arousal and state-anxiety. Levels of verbalization from silence through talking-without-a-listener to disclosure were compared while self-directed attention was manipulated for sensation versus general thoughts and feelings. Following a stimulus, disclosure of sensations was expected to reduce state anxiety and increase energetic arousal significantly more than disclosure of thoughts. Based on a randomly assigned sample of 120 men, a 3 x 2 x 2 multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction in the predicted directions. A significant interaction was also found for the 3 x 2 interaction for energetic arousal. For state anxiety means were in the predicted direction. Results indicate that verbalization of sensations is more energizing and calming than silence, while for general thought, silence is more energizing and calming than verbalization. The results suggest efficacy in reframing self-talk to quiet awareness and in communicating sensed distinctions as they emerge.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The Schalling Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity Scales: their relationship to time perspective and time awareness, a preliminary report.

This study reports use of two scales developed in 1983 by Schalling, Edman and Asberg, Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking and their association with Time Perspective. 102 first-year university students completed both scales, a time perspective questionnaire, and a time awareness scale. The convergent validity, test-retest, and split-half reliability for both the Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity scales were high. Both sensation seeking and impulsivity showed strong relationships with time awareness but not with time perspective.

Adult↗