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PubMedDate not supplied

Land settlement policies and population redistribution in developing countries: performance, problems and prospects.

The author describes and compares land settlement in various developing countries, focusing on the movement of people to underutilized agricultural areas. "The purpose of this article is fourfold: first, to discuss the performance of settlement programmes, concentrating on the extent to which they have achieved their population redistribution and other objectives; second, to analyse major economic and social problems confronting them; third, to identify factors that have contributed to their success or failure; and, fourth, to assess alternative policy options." This analysis of land settlement programs "suggests that so far they have made no more than a modest contribution to the solution of the problems of population distribution, unemployment and poverty."

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

Using Gini-style indices to evaluate the spatial patterns of health practitioners: theoretical considerations and an application based on Alberta data.

The paper analyzes how Gini-style indices are optimally used in the evaluation of economic spatial models designed to predict where health care practitioners are likely to locate under competitive market conditions. At a conceptual level, the analysis establishes that Gini-style indices can be brought to bear on economic models, only if the ordering of geographic areas required to give Gini-coefficient values internal technical coherence also has meaning in terms of the conceptual predictions of the modelling. This, in turn, implies that Gini-indices are most likely to prove useful for fairly aggregated forms of economic analysis, involving relatively few and large geographic divisions. At an applied level, the analysis establishes that one particular geographic distribution of health practitioners is empirically dominant, and that is the distribution which involves the lowest practitioner:population ratio in rural areas, and the highest ratio in large urban areas, with the ratio for small urban areas in between. The empirical evidence also suggests that the spatial practitioner distributions are highly stable for most kinds of health personnel, making it problematic whether these distributions can be changed through normal types of public policy interventions.

Alberta↗
PubMed2007

Temporal trends and spatial distribution of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB in pine and spruce shoots.

In Germany, there is a lack of consistent and comparable data for the time dependent behaviour and spatial distribution of dioxin-like and indicator PCB in ambient air, deposition and plants. The aim of this study was to improve the data on PCDD/PCDF, dioxin-like PCB and non dioxin-like PCB in spruce and pine shoots from different locations and years by retrospective monitoring. The survey was conducted with archived samples of one-year old spruce shoots (Picea abies) and pine shoots (Pinus sylvestris) from the German environmental specimen bank. Two sets of samples from locations in urbanized areas in western and eastern Germany (Warndt and Duebener Heide Mitte, respectively) were investigated as time series. Additionally, spruce shoots from seven different rural locations sampled in the years 2000-2004 were analyzed in order to get an overview about the spatial distribution of PCB and PCDD/PCDF. The analytical results of the samples from the two urbanized areas clearly show that the atmospheric contamination with PCDD and PCDF has declined by about 75% between 1985 and 1997 at Warndt and about 40% between 1991 and 1997 at Duebener Heide. However, concentrations stayed virtually constant at both locations from 1997 to 2004 at a level of about 1 ng WHO-TEQ/kg dry matter (d.m.). Similarly, the investigation of spruce shoots from rural locations from 2000 to 2004 did not reveal a temporal trend at any site. PCDD/PCDF levels were between 0.1 and 1.0 ng WHO-TEQ/kg d.m. At the urbanized location Warndt the six indicator PCB as well as the 12 dioxin-like PCB according to WHO revealed a significant decline by more than 75% between 1985 and 1999. Thereafter, PCB levels stayed virtually constant. At the location Duebener Heide an overall decrease of PCB concentrations in pine shoots of about 60% was detected between 1991 and 2004. Spruce shoots from all locations showed a relevant contribution of dioxin-like PCB to the total WHO toxicity equivalent (PCDD/PCDF+PCB). In most samples, the contribution of dioxin-like PCB was between 21% and 41%. The TEQ contribution of PCB in the samples from three rural sites was higher and similar to the TEQ value of PCDD/PCDF. The investigated pine shoots from the urbanized site Duebener Heide showed a 15-28% contribution of dioxin-like PCB to total TEQ and thus lower than in spruce shoots from different locations. In all samples except one PCB 126 contributed to more than 80% to the PCB-TEQ.

Benzofurans↗
PubMed1995

The role of universal distribution of vitamin A capsules in combatting vitamin A deficiency in Bangladesh.

Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem among preschool-aged children in many developing countries. In Bangladesh, a national nutritional surveillance system was initiated in 1990 to monitor 1) the occurrence of vitamin A deficiency by history of night blindness and 2) the routine coverage of national twice-yearly prophylactic vitamin A capsule (VAC) distribution. This study comprised data collected from June 1990 to August 1994. The VAC distribution had a mean coverage rate of 48.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 48.4-49.0) in the rural areas; the coverage rate in the urban slums was 93.7% (95% CI 93.4-94.0). In the rural areas, the mean prevalence of night blindness was 0.86% (95% CI 0.81-0.91) and the bimonthly prevalence of night blindness ranged from 0.50% (95% CI 0.32-0.77) to 1.48% (95% CI 1.19-1.85), while in the urban slums the mean prevalence was 0.22% (95% CI 0.18-0.28) and the bimonthly prevalence ranged from zero to 0.62% (95% CI 0.27-1.37). The efficiency of VAC distribution was 27% (95% CI 17.6-35.3) in the rural areas and 77.8% (95% CI 61.8-87.1) in the urban slums. After adjustment for multiple potentially confounding factors, VAC receipt by individual children reduced the risk of night blindness in both rural and urban areas (rural areas: odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.87; urban slums: OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.19-0.82). Breastfeeding was a protective factor for night blindness in both rural (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.42-0.67) and urban (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.15-0.66) areas. Night blindness was inversely related to the level of routinely attained coverage, and the degree of protection was associated with the time interval between the moment of VAC receipt and the moment of data collection. Although the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in Bangladesh has been considerably lower in the 1990s than it was in the 1980s, it is still prevalent at all socioeconomic levels. Supplementation with high-dose VACs is an effective strategy for reducing night blindness, but the efficiency of the program will improve when coverage in the rural areas increases.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2006

Oviposition activity patterns and West Nile virus infection rates for members of the Culex pipiens complex at different habitat types within the hybrid zone, Shelby County, TN, 2002 (Diptera: Culicidae).

Oviposition activity and West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) infection rates were assessed for members of the Culex pipiens complex from July through December 2002 by using gravid traps placed at four ecologically different sites in the southern portion of the hybrid zone in Shelby County, TN. Molecular assays identified three members of the Cx. pipiens complex: Cx. pipiens pipiens L., Cx. p. quinquefasciatus Say, and Cx. p. pipiens-Cx. p. quinquefasciatus hybrids (hybrids). The Cx. pipiens complex accounted for 90% of mosquitoes collected in gravid traps. All 285 WNV-positive mosquitoes were Culex mosquitoes, and 277 (97%) were Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes. Infection rates among members of the Cx. pipiens complex were not significantly different. Infection rates were significantly higher at two urban sites than at a rural site, and WNV was not detected at a forested site. At urban sites, abundances of members of the Cx. pipiens complex corresponded to a simple latitude model of the hybrid zone. Cx. p. quinquefasciatus was most abundant (46.4%), followed by hybrids (34.1%) and Cx. p. pipiens (19.5%). The relative abundances at a rural site were reversed with Cx. p. pipiens (48.4%) being most abundant. This demonstrates that spatial habitat variation may profoundly influence the distribution of members of the Cx. pipiens complex within the hybrid zone. Members of the Cx. pipiens complex did not display different oviposition patterns. However, oviposition patterns assessed hourly at urban and rural sites were significantly different. At urban sites, oviposition activity of Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes was bimodal with an evening peak associated with sunset and a morning peak associated with sunrise. At the rural site, the evening peak was pronounced and the morning peak weak and similar to nighttime activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Urbanization within the Indonesian economy: a policy dilemma.

"Most Third World countries have serious problems relating to rapid urban growth but attempts to solve urban problems have generally failed. This paper looks at the urban issues of one country, Indonesia, and the attempts by the Indonesian government to control rural to urban migration. Contradictions between macroeconomic and urban policies, however, have undermined government programmes."

Asia↗