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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Palatability of bird repellents to Rattus norvegicus.

The palatability to captive, mostly laboratory-bred, Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) of cereal-based baits containing 0.02 g kg-1 brodifacoum, with and without bird-repellent additives, was compared in a no-choice experimental design. Methyl anthranilate (25 g kg-1), dimethyl anthranilate (25 g kg-1) and cinnamamide (2.5 g kg-1) reduced bait consumption by the rats, but all except one rat ate enough bait to receive a lethal dose. Cinnamamide (1 g kg-1), ortho-aminoacetophenone (0.1 g kg-1) and tannic acid (20 g kg-1) did not reduce bait consumption and all rats died after eating baits. The concentration of cinnamamide palatable to rats has only a low and short-lived repellency to birds, so it does not warrant further investigation. However, ortho-aminoacetophenone and tannic acid should now be field-tested for palatability to all three rat species in New Zealand and for repellency to native New Zealand birds.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed2002

An index technique to monitor broadcast calibration and bait pick up, plus rodent and avian sign under arid conditions.

As part of product-performance and wildlife-hazards studies of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) steam-rolled-oat baits (11.2 kg ha-1) to reduce vole populations (Microtus spp) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), we used randomly located, brushed-dirt plots (eight approximately 930-cm2 plots per 0.2-ha enclosure) to monitor bait-broadcast and -removal patterns, as well as to index vole and avian sign. Research was conducted in 18 x 0.2-ha enclosures containing 2.5-year-old stands of alfalfa; a 2-day pre-bait (placebo baits broadcast in all enclosures) period followed by a 14-day test-bait period (placebo and 2% Zn3P2 baits in nine enclosures each) characterized the bait exposures. Baits were broadcast manually by two certified pesticide applicators (CPAs) using Spyker Model-75 spreaders. Baits that fell onto plots were counted < 30 min later to assess the uniformity of bait distribution. The main statistical design was a 2 (placebo or Zn3P2 baits) x 3 (vole-only, vole-pheasant, vole-quail exposures) x 14 (days) factorial, with days considered repeated measurements. In the six vole-only enclosures, baits were removed from the brushed-dirt plots and replaced with four 0% or 2% Zn3P2 baits (one per 232.6-cm2 quadrant; 32 per enclosure); these 'placed' baits were then monitored daily for removal, while the surfaces of all plots were monitored daily for the presence:absence of animal/bird sign. Key results were: (a) 3.51 (+/- 2.66) and 3.39 (+/- 3.52) mean (+/- SD) baits were found on plots after pre-bait and test-bait broadcasts, respectively--less than the predicted 4.52 particles per 930-cm2 plot; (b) baits 'placed' on plots in placebo-baited enclosures were removed earlier than those in Zn3P2-baited enclosures--data in agreement with observed vole mortality; and (c) species x bait interactions occurred for both the vole- and pheasant-sign counts, but not quail-sign counts--data also indirectly confirming Zn3P2-induced mortality effects on voles and pheasants. This technique has utility for a variety of wildlife biology and chemical registration studies; although limited to arid conditions, the technique affords useful indices of broadcast calibration, bait pick-up, as well as target and non-target species mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of diphacinone on blood coagulation in Spermophilus beecheyi as a basis for determining optimal timing of field bait applications.

The effect was determined of a single dose of 2 mg kg-1 diphacinone on three blood-clotting parameters [Prothrombin Time (PT), Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), and Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonists (PIVKA)] over a 120-h period in California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi. Diphacinone resulted in elevated PT, PTT and PIVKA within 24 h of squirrels receiving the dose. The most significant change was observed 72 h after dosing. As time following diphacinone dosing increased, there was higher individual variation in blood-clotting time. We suggest that increasing the interval between field bait applications should still result in squirrel mortality but reduce the potential for secondary hazards that may occur when squirrels have the opportunity to consume more than one lethal dose of diphacinone.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of the effectiveness of composting for the reduction of toxicity and mutagenicity of explosive-contaminated soil.

Composting is being developed as an economical method for remediating explosive-contaminated soils and has been found to reduce the concentrations of target contaminants such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). However, whether environmental safety is improved by composting can be determined only by assessing the effects of the treated material on living organisms. In this study two bioassays, the Mutatox assay and the earthworm acute toxicity test, were used to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilotscale composting demonstration in reducing environmental hazard. Explosive-contaminated soil was collected from a military installation and amended for composting in two adiabatic reactors. The unamended soil was lethal to all exposed earthworms, as were both amended replicates, prior to composting. Serial dilutions of the finished composts with artificial soil had earthworm 14-day LC50 values of 35.7 and 100% finished compost: artificial soil. Extracts of the initial materials were also toxic to bacteria in the Mutatox assay. Dilutions of those extracts to sublethal concentrations revealed a low level of mutagenicity. Extracts of the finished composts indicated reduced bacterial toxicity, but the mutagenicity was markedly increased by composting. The reduction in lethality reflected the attenuation of explosives caused by composting, as indicated by chemical analysis. However, the increased mutagenicity was a result that would not have been indicated by chemical analysis alone and is inferred to be the result of the formation of mutagenic metabolites of explosives during composting and their incomplete degradation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Development of a soil extraction procedure for ecotoxicity characterization of energetic compounds.

The acetonitrile-sonication extraction method (US EPA Method 8330) associated with aquatic-based toxicity tests was examined to study the ecotoxicity of energetic substances in soil. Three studies were carried out: (1) toxicological characterization of different energetic substances to select a representative toxicant and to validate the choice of bioassays; (2) choice of an appropriate solvent to transfer acetonitrile extracts to the bioassay incubation media; and (3) optimization of Method 8330 using soil samples spiked with the toxicant. Initial studies indicated that pure 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was toxic to Vibrio fischeri [Microtox; IC50 (15 min) of 4.2 microM], whereas RDX was less toxic (IC20 = 181 microM) and HMX was not toxic up to its limit of water solubility (< 22 microM). Selected pure TNT metabolites were less toxic than TNT. Similar results were found using the 96-h Selenastrum capricornutum growth inhibition test. The toxicity of pure TNT in different solvents (acetonitrile, acetone, and DMSO) and that from Method 8330-extracted TNT-spiked soil samples were compared to TNT dissolved in water. Data indicated that DMSO was the most appropriate solvent to transfer the acetonitrile extracts. A modified Method 8330 may be used in conjunction with bioassays and chemical analyses to examine the ecotoxicity of soils contaminated with energetic substances.

Acetone↗
PubMed1997

Neuropsychiatric syndromes and occupational exposure to zinc phosphide in Egypt.

Eighty-six workers exposed to zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) pesticide were studied for evidence of neuropsychiatric manifestations. They were evaluated clinically, by electroencephalography (EEG), and, in some cases, by electromyography (EMG). All were males (mean age, 35.8 years; mean duration of exposure to zinc phosphide, 11.3 years). Most presented with one (or more) neuropsychiatric symptom(s), including fear of poisoning, anxiety, impotence, and easy fatigue. About half showed evidence of neuropsychiatric signs, including hyperreflexia, polyneuropathy, lumber radiculopathy, and cervical myelopathy, as well as anxious mood, impaired attention, and psychomotor stimulation. EEG recordings showed abnormal findings in 17.4% of the subjects. The mean age in that group was 39.1 years; mean duration of exposure to Zn3P2 was 15.1 years. EMG studies showed evidence of partial denervation of the anterior tibial group of muscles and flexor digiti minimi in 2 of the 30 workers (6.7%) who underwent EMG examination. Serum levels of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Ca) were significantly higher in exposed workers than in controls (P < 0.005). Serum copper (Cu), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) were significantly lower in exposed workers than in controls. Electrophoretic pattern of globulin showed that gammaglobulin fraction was significantly increased (P < 0.005); alpha2 and beta-globulin were decreased (P < 0.005) in exposed workers. Lipoprotein pattern showed that the total lipids, B-lipoprotein, and B/alpha ratio were significantly increased (P < 0.005) in exposed workers; the alpha1 lipoprotein was decreased. Triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly increased (P < 0.001), and phospholipids and phospholipid/cholesterol ratio were significantly decreased (P < 0.005) in exposed workers compared to controls. The study findings indicated that exposure to Zn3P2 not only caused mild acute and subacute liver cell damage, but also affected renal function and perhaps B-cells of the pancreas. A total of 68.6% of the exposed workers had chest symptoms; only 24.4% presented with chest or cardiac signs. Ventilatory functions were abnormal in 70% of the exposed workers; abnormal ECG findings were present in 12.8%.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Warfarin and the grey squirrel.

The anticoagulant warfarin [3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin] has been used for controlling the grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis in Great Britain. Before legislation was passed to allow for its use in Ireland, it was felt that more information on its effectiveness was required. Since the small mammal population of Ireland is low, any toxic effects on the native mammal population could greatly deplete the wildlife in Ireland. No accurate assessment of the toxicity of warfarin for the squirrel appears in the literature. The squirrel were dosed with warfarin at four different concentrations, 6.0, 1.25, 0.5, 0.01 mg per kg of body weight, by stomach tube, in order to find the least effective dose. The prothrombin times (PT) were monitored as an assessment of the action of the drug. The control prothrombin time and the standard deviation of the mean was 13.83 +/- 3.64. Animals that were treated with warfarin showed an elevated PT even at the lowest dose by the 7th day of treatment. The PT was found to be in excess of 30 s and this was statistically significant, p = 0.05. Within the group receiving 0.5 mg/kg one animal showed a very significant initial rise in PT, but after 22 days of daily dosing, the PT decreased to within the normal range of the controls. Despite continuous dosing for a total of 26 days, it remained within this range.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Toxicity of Compound 1080 livestock protection collars to sheep.

The toxicity of Compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) livestock protection collars (LPCs) to sheep was investigated. Lambs wearing punctured LPCs were observed to determine dermal toxicity, sheep were fed hay treated with LPC solution to find a lethal concentration, hay treated with a lethal concentration was subjected to sun and simulated rain to assess weathering influences, and sheep were held on pasture treated with LPC solution to evaluate grazing effects. Five lambs that wore punctured LPCs for up to seven days showed no dermal erythema or edema, but three died after ingesting 1080 from LPCs. All sheep died after eating 1.0 kg of hay treated with 3.75 ml, or more, of 1.0% LPC solution. Weathering 1.0 kg of hay treated with 3.75 ml of LPC solution in the sun for up to 12 weeks, reduced, but did not eliminate, toxicity; one inch or more of simulated rain eliminated toxicity. Survival of sheep in 250 m2 pens containing 1.1 m2 of forage treated with different amounts of LPC solution depended on the treatment and amount of treated forage consumed. LPC solution poses no dermal toxicity or irritation to sheep, and toxic effects on sheep from LPC solution on hay and forage was variable and situation dependent. Under conditions of exaggerated hazard, sheep can be poisoned by ingesting LPC solution, but adverse effects from normal LPC use are rare.

Animals↗