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PubMedDate not supplied

[Pensions and adjustment to retirement of employed women].

The process of women's adjustment to retirement has been widely neglected by social scientists. Compared to men, women partly experience greater difficulty in adjusting to the retirement process, as the few studies on this subject have demonstrated. Results of a qualitative study are reported. The processes of early versus normal transition to retirement have been studied in former female employees of the German Federal Postal Administration. Despite similar life-styles and work biographies, different patterns of adjustment emerge due to health status and social experiences. These results stress the importance of a biographically based approach to the process of adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The TURVA project: retirement and adaptation in old age.

The TURVA project is a longitudinal, prospective follow-up study dealing with psychosocial adaptation to retirement and, subsequently, to old age. The initial sample consisted of 389 62-year-old individuals drawn from urban and rural areas in 1982. The subjects were examined thoroughly and have been followed-up at 4 and 8 years so far. A developmental approach to the individual's adaptation to new life situations was adopted as the theoretical framework for the study. The first results of the project support the developmental theory when explaining the subject's adaptation in the early years of old age: Psychosocial adjustment can be understood on the basis of the subject's previous life. Preceding somatic and mental health were associated with the individual's actual psychosocial situation before official retirement age. Retirement from work seems not to be a stressful event; on the contrary, it was most often experienced as a positive change. Later adaptation was not so clearly associated with the initial health status.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

[Retired people and causes of their death in relation to residence and former place of employment].

Elaboration of Act on Death helped to study death causes among retired people. Levels and causes of mortality among retired people could be traced to age, mortality levels among able-bodied population, influence of the former occupational hazards and ambient air pollution in the residence area. The authors discovered that the prevalent death causes among the retired people were cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, respiratory disorders. Share of the individual causes varied in accordance with the residence area and former occupation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Elderly working women--late stages of employment and transition to retirement].

The employment of elderly women has become increasingly important. Changes in employment patterns have led to an increase in the number of working middle-aged women, especially among women with children and families. The later employment years of middle-aged women are characterized by problems at work and in the labour market which are caused by insufficient skills and poor health. The transition to (early) retirement does not follow any specific patterns. It is shaped by health and financial conditions and family concerns. A large percentage of retired women have difficulties adjusting to retirement conditions. An analysis of this status passage must include all scopes of action of elderly employed women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

["Retirement at age 58"--improvement or deterioration of living status?].

The BRD social security system contains numerous regulations concerning the smoothness of regulating social security benefits between unemployment benefit to pension benefit. Raising the retirement age for unemployed will lead to long-term unemployment or to a decreasing pension payment in the case of early retirement. In both cases the material income situation will deteriorate. Using the regulation for people who are or will be unemployed at the age 58, it can be shown that benefits were already clearly reduced before the new regulation of 14.2. 1996 come into effect-especially for those with unemployment assistance. The political objective of reducing the extent of early retirement will be paid by the unemployed themselves.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Interest in physician-buyout packages grows as more doctors contemplate retirement.

Provincial governments are turning to voluntary retirement programs, buyouts and phase-outs to help manage physician supply. Demographic data show that in 1996 nearly 27% of Canada's active physicians were aged 55 or older and that the average age of retiring physicians was 68. Although 1 goal of such programs is to give willing older physicians the financial ability to retire, provinces also hope to do away with some billing numbers.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Survival after 60 years of age among elderly retired miners].

This study analyses long term effects of working conditions at an advanced age and post retirement. A longitudinal study was done among 63,000 retired miners between 60 to 65 years old. The standardised mortality ratio (SMR) in the cohort was above that expected on the basis of concurrent mortality in the reference population (SMR = 111; 95% confidence interval (CI): 108-114). The excess mortality was observed in occupational groups with exposure to underground tasks (10 years of underground tasks: RR = 2; 95% CI: .1.7-2.5), but there was sign of a healthy worker effect after 25 underground years. The effects of modern technologies and of medical progress have changed working conditions and care has reduced mortality for retired manual workers: exposure to underground tasks before 1950: RR = 1.7; CI 95%: 1.4-2.0; after 1950: RR = 1.2; CI 95%: 1.1-1.2.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Benchmarking retirement: a best practices decision.

Making the decision to retire from active practice is a complex process with very strong psychological overtones. Successful retirement demands preplanning, and financial preplanning must begin very early in the career to achieve the time value of money. Psychological preparation requires recognition that retirement is inevitable, and an avenue of change for yourself and your spouse should be identified, anticipated, and refined over time.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed1997

Aging and retirement: a difficult issue for individual psychoanalysts and organized psychoanalysis.

Organized psychoanalysis has a long history of discussing and formulating policies on retirement, but follow-through has been lax and few analysts retire unless forced by illness. Institutes tend to avoid and deny the problem of the impaired analyst. Procedural guidelines are needed for assessing competency and imposing involuntary retirement. The authors recommend that all institute appointments be time-limited and that medical clearance specifically addressing conditions potentially impairing professional functioning be required for appointment and renewal.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Retirement and psychic investments.

An attempt has been made to investigate the effect of retirement on the amount of psychic investment in the different sections of the social field. A further investigation was made on the application of the disengagement theory and the theory of role flexibility to the present material. The results do not support either of the theories. The material consisted of 28 pensioners, who were sent 3 questionnaires: on retirement, and 3 months and 1 year later. In processing the material, factor analysis and group analysis were primarily employed. In the group analysis, the observation units (84) (each answer from each subject) were divided into three groups. The present results showed a considerable degree of stability in the subjects, irrespective of their retirement; 82% had remained in the same group for all three questionnaires.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Do residents want automated external defibrillators in their retirement home?

PURPOSE: The administration of a continuing care retirement community (CCRC), while weighing practical and ethical questions surrounding installation of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), wanted to consider resident opinions. No databased studies on this subject were found. DESIGN AND METHODS: After an information session about AEDs, CCRC residents were surveyed concerning their opinions on AED installation, their beliefs and concerns regarding AEDs, their advance directive status, and their demographic characteristics. Correlations were sought between choices about AED installation and beliefs, advance directives, and demographics. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of 107 eligible residents participated. Twenty-seven percent wanted AEDs installed, 37% were not sure, 23% were opposed, and 11% did not answer this question. Univariate analysis showed that women, the widowed or single, and those with a college degree were more likely to oppose AEDs. In the best logistic regression (LR) model the hope that "AED use could be life saving" and the fears that "AED use might lead to a very poor quality of life" and that "AEDs might be misused" were more important than any demographic variables and only education remained in the model. Those opposing AEDs supplied powerful written comments to support their choice. CONCLUSIONS: There is no consensus and great indecision about AED installation among the residents of this CCRC. The subjects were somewhat older and more affluent than the typical retirement home population, pointing to the need for replicating the investigation with a larger and more diverse study population. However, these findings suggest that AED installation in a retirement home would be premature without engaging the entire community in discussions and education in a process considerate of the wishes of all residents, which are likely to be quite diverse.

Advance Directives↗
PubMed1979

Histopathological changes of the nasal mucosa in active and retired nickel workers.

Histological examinations were made on nasal biopsy specimens from the middle turbinate in 318 active and 15 retired nickel workers and in 57 controls, to study the prevalence of nasal carcinoma or possible precancerous mucosal changes in nickel-exposed individuals. The histopathological changes were evaluated according to a point-score scale, and the results were correlated to age, smoking habits, duration and type of nickel exposure and to nickel concentrations in nasal mucosa, plasma and urine. The explanatory values of these factors on the histopathology were estimated by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Two nickel workers from the roasting/smelting department (0.6%), both employed 28 years at the plant, had nasal carcinoma. Epithelial dysplasia was found in about 12% of active and 47% of retired nickel workers. One of the controls, a male carpenter, had dysplasia. These histopathological changes may be precancerous lesions, as they are almost exclusively found in active and retired nickel workers with enhanced risk of nasal carcinoma. Loss of respiratory epithelium and development of squamous epithelium were regarded as unspecific histopathological changes. These changes were seen in all groups, even though in significantly higher incidence in the nickel-exposed groups. Duration of nickel exposure, type of nickel-refining work and tobacco consumption were the independent variable that, taken altogether, had the highest explanatory values for the histopathological changes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationships between personal PM exposures for elderly populations and indoor and outdoor concentrations for three retirement center scenarios.

Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor concentrations, and questionnaire data were collected in three retirement center settings, supporting broader particulate matter (PM)--health studies of elderly populations. The studies varied geographically and temporally, with populations studied in Baltimore, MD in the summer of 1998, and Fresno, CA in the winter and spring of 1999. The sequential nature of the studies and the relatively rapid review of the mass concentration data after each segment provided the opportunity to modify the experimental designs, including the information collected from activity diary and baseline questionnaires and influencing factors (e.g., heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system operation, door and window openings, air exchange rate) measurements. This paper highlights both PM2.5 and PM10 personal exposure data and interrelationships across the three retirement center settings, and identifies the most probable influencing factors. The current limited availability of questionnaire results, and chemical speciation data beyond mass concentration for these studies, provided only limited capability to estimate personal exposures from models and apportion the personal exposure collections to their sources. The mean personal PM2.5 exposures for the elderly in three retirement centers were found to be consistently higher than the paired apartment concentrations by 50% to 68%, even though different facility types and geographic locations were represented. Mean personal-to-outdoor ratios were found to 0.70, 0.82, and 1.10, and appeared to be influenced by the time doors and windows were open and aggressive particle removal by the HVAC systems. Essentially identical computed mean PM2.5 personal clouds of 3 micrograms/m3 were determined for two of the studies. The proposed significant contributing factors to these personal clouds were resuspended particles from carpeting, collection of body dander and clothing fibers, personal proximity to open doors and windows, and elevated PM levels in nonapartment indoor microenvironments.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2003

[The prognostic value of variables from the quality assurance program and of the rehabilitation-discharge report of the LVA Baden-Württemberg for early retirement: results of a retrospective cohort-study].

Since 1997 the LVA Baden-Württemberg pension insurance agency has implemented an instrument to measure the outcome quality of in-patient rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of various short-term rehabilitation success markers and of variables of the quality assurance program and the rehab-discharge report of the LVA Baden-Württemberg on early retirement by means of a retrospective cohort study. The analysis was based on routinely registered data of patients who underwent in-hospital rehabilitation in a hospital accredited by the LVA Baden-Württemberg between June 1997 and June 1999. Baseline data included information from medical discharge reports and from the quality assurance programme. Follow-up information with regard to disability was collected until July 2000. The prognostic value of the quality assurance programme and of 4 standardized documented items from the medical discharge report was estimated by proportional hazards regression. In this analysis 6,823 patients aged 30-59 years who underwent an in-patient rehab programme between June 1997 and July 1999 in 5 of 6 LVA rehab clinics were included. During follow-up (mean duration: 1.8 years) 908 (13.3%) patients retired because of health-related disability. The variables with the strongest prognostic values were the evaluation of the patient health status by the physician and the patients themselves and the capacity to work. The variables with the highest prognostic value were the evaluation on a 1-6 visual analogue scale; a better assessment by one mark of the health status by physician and patient himself, respectively, was associated with a 53% and 40% reduced risk of disability. Fitness for work at discharge was the most prognostic variable from the discharge report. Patients who were able to work had a 78% reduced risk of disability compared to patients unable to work. Also of prognostic relevance were a positive performance and the duration of the inability to work the year before rehabilitation. The variables of the newly developed quality assurance programme of the LVA clearly demonstrated a prognostic value in terms of risk for subsequent early retirement. It should be considered to include the ability to work at discharge in the programme to further improve its prognostic value.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Soy phytoestrogens improve radial arm maze performance in ovariectomized retired breeder rats and do not attenuate benefits of 17beta-estradiol treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Soy phytoestrogens (SPEs) seem to have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system with no adverse effects on the breast and uterus. Our objective was to examine the effects of oral estradiol alone, soy protein with phytoestrogens alone, and combinations of estradiol and SPEs on working memory of ovariectomized retired breeder female rats using the radial arm maze test. DESIGN: Eighty-four bilaterally ovariectomized retired breeder female rats were randomized into 12 groups to examine the effects of chronic treatment (10 months) with oral micronized estradiol (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/1,800 Cal), SPEs (0, 72, and 144 mg/1,800 Cal), and all combinations of these doses of estradiol and SPEs on working memory. RESULTS: Oral administration of estradiol or SPEs resulted in a dose-dependent improvement in the performance of the radial arm maze tests. In addition, at each of the three doses of oral micronized estradiol tested, the performance of the radial arm tests was not significantly different in the presence or absence of SPEs. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that SPEs may function as estrogen agonists in improving working memory in the ovariectomized retired breeder female rats and that SPEs do not antagonize the beneficial effects of estradiol on the working memory of these rats. No additional benefits on the radial arm maze test performance were observed with the tested combinations of estradiol and SPEs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Relation between locomotion impairment, functional independence in retirement, and occupational strain resulting from work carried out during working life. Study of a sample population of 350 miners in the Loire valley in France.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyse long term effects of working conditions experienced at an advanced age, and after retirement by quantifying occupational strain, impairment, and disability to establish their interrelation. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Retired miners from The French Coal Board who had worked in the coal fields of the Loire valley. From a potential population of 507 retired miners, 350 were completely evaluated. MEASUREMENT: The study examines the occupational strain experienced by each subject, measured using both auto-evaluation and evaluation by experts and the locomotion impairment and the functional independence. MAIN RESULTS: A significant relation between the evaluation of occupational strain and functional independence and locomotion impairment of the low back was found and also a significant relation between locomotion impairment of the low back and the length of time spent working at the coal face. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms other studies as regards the effects of occupation on health status and on the aging process, but it goes further to show the consequences of this relation on functional independence.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Consultants in nhs scotland: a survey of work commitments, remuneration, job satisfaction and retirement plans.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: UK consultants have reported working long hours, increased stress and reduced morale. This study set out to elicit consultants' views on flexible working and to gather data on consultants' workloads, remuneration, job satisfaction and retirement plans. As such it is the first comprehensive study of consultants in NHS Scotland. METHODS: The Information and Statistics Division of the Scottish Executive Health Dept provided a list of consultants working in NHS Scotland Focus groups and interviews informed the design of a postal self-completion, questionnaire. RESULTS: The response ratewas 61%. Almost two-thirds (65%) of respondents felt their workloads were unreasonable and unsustainable and 67% were unable to provide their desired standards of patient care. Two-thirds (67%) did not normally take meal breaks, 63% had insufficient time for outside interests, whilst 44% felt their health was being adversely affected Many (84%) believed that some of their work could be delegated to someone less qualified but 79% agreed that there were insufficient staff to make this possible. The average planned retirement age was 60 years, with 23% describing their plans as definite and 70% as quite or very likely. When asked what might induce them to postpone retirement, 50% cited reduced workload/work intensity. CONCLUSIONS: In 2003, a majority of consultants in the UK voted in favour of the new consultant contract. This will improve consultant pay and introduce a standard 40-hour working week, including worked on-call. This should address tow of the main areas of consultant dissatisfaction in NHS Scotland. However, staff shortages will require to be addressed if the contract is to be successfully implemented.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Introduction of retired breeder F344/DuCrj rats for aging research.

Male retired breeder F344/DuCrj rats of 17 months of age were purchased in three lots and maintained for aging studies until 25 months of age. These rats were compared with male virgin rats of the same strain for survival percentage, body weight and food consumption. In the retired breeders, decrease in body weight and low food consumption were noted after delivery, and one or two months were required for these parameters to return to the delivery level. After recovery, the body weight and food consumption as well as survival percentage in the retired breeders were similar to those in virgins. From our results, we consider that it takes one to two months to acclimatize aged rats.

Acclimatization↗