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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The presence of proprioceptive mechanoreceptors in the remnants of the ruptured ACL as a possible source of re-innervation of the ACL autograft.

This study investigated the presence of neural mechanoreceptors in the remnants of the ruptured ACL as a possible source of reinnervation of the ACL autologous graft. The remainder of the torn ACL was selected for further histological investigation from 17 patients during ACL reconstruction 3 months to 3.5 years after injury. Perioperatively two types of ACL remnant were identified. Fifteen patients had portions of ACL adapted at the PCL. In all of these patients we found mechanoreceptors (I and II). In five patients we found mushroomlike remnants which included either none or small numbers of mechanoreceptors. Free neural ends were found in both patient groups. There was a significant difference between the groups in regard to the mean number of mechanoreceptors I and II per slice. In conclusion, in patients with an ACL remnant adapted to the PCL, mechanoreceptors exist even 3 years after injury. If we accept that restoration of proprioception is the result of reinnervation of the ACL, leaving the ACL remnants as a source, if this is surgically possible without risk of Cyclop's lesion, may be of potential benefit to the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Focal reduction of intracortical inhibition in the motor cortex by selective proprioceptive stimulation.

The influence of proprioception on motorcortical excitability was assessed by muscle vibration (MV; 80 Hz, 0.5 mm amplitude) of the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) and compared to voluntary contraction and relaxation conditions. Motor thresholds, motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to single pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and the intracortical inhibition (ICI) and facilitation (ICF) after paired magnetic stimuli were studied. A control experiment using TMS inducing posteriorly directed current was performed. MEPs were recorded simultaneously from the FCR, the extensor carpi radialis, the abductor pollicis brevis and the first dorsal interosseus. In the FCR, MV led to an increase of excitability shown by a decrease of motor threshold, a facilitation of MEPs in response to single-pulse TMS, a reduction of ICI and an increase of ICF. Since especially the ICI and ICF remain unchanged in other recorded muscles, this increase of excitability is specific for the vibrated muscle. With posteriorly directed current the ICI in the FCR was reduced as well, showing an involvement of later I-waves. We suggest that MV induces a focused motorcortical activation which relies on a reduced activity of intracortical inhibitory interneuronal circuits targeting selectively the motorcortical representation of the vibrated muscle.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Is proprioception calibrated during visually guided movements?

In the present study, a visuomotor adaptation paradigm was used to determine whether proprioception is calibrated during visually guided movements. A full vision group (FV) was given vision of a cursor representing hand position and was asked to aim towards visible targets. A no vision group (NV) performed the same task without vision of the cursor and was given knowledge of results (KR) after movement completion. A directional bias was introduced between the location of the cursor and the location of the hand in an adaptation phase, which resulted in a deviation to the right of the intended target. Of interest was whether participants would still show rightward deviations in a post-test series of trials in which vision was removed (aftereffects). The NV group presented strong aftereffects. However, the FV group only showed modest aftereffects early in the post-test, which rapidly decayed over the course of the post-test. Further analyses showed that the presence of those early aftereffects was due to an offline influence of vision on movement planning.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Proprioceptive feedback in humans expresses motor invariants during writing.

Proprioceptive feedback from populations of muscle spindle afferents feeds the brain with information relating to the instantaneous velocity and direction of ongoing movements. In this paper, we investigate whether the invariant relationship between the velocity and curvature of a trajectory, i.e. the two-thirds power law, is reflected in this muscle spindle feedback. Sixty unitary muscle spindle afferents from six ankle muscle groups were recorded using intraneural microelectrodes during imposed "writing-like" movements. The movements had kinematic parameters obeying the two-thirds power law and were imposed so that the tip of the foot followed trajectories forming four different letters and six numbers. The responses of the muscle spindle afferent populations were analysed using the population vector model. The results demonstrate that the neuronal trajectories attained from populations of muscle spindles clearly depict the path and kinematic parameters and express the movement invariants, i.e. the trajectory segmentation into units of action and the two-thirds power law. The central vs peripheral origin of such constraints involved in the motor system is discussed.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Proprioceptive population coding of two-dimensional limb movements in humans: II. Muscle-spindle feedback during "drawing-like" movements.

It was proposed to study the proprioceptive sensory coding of movement trajectories during the performance of two-dimensional "drawing-like" movements imposed on the tip of the foot. For this purpose, the activity of the muscle-spindle afferents from the Extensor digitorum longus, Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus, and Peroneus lateralis muscles was recorded from the lateral peroneal nerve using the microneurographic technique. The drawing movements, describing geometrical shapes such as squares, triangles, ellipses, and circles, were imposed at a constant velocity in both the clockwise and counterclockwise directions. A total number of 44 muscle-spindle afferents were tested, 36 of which were identified as primary and eight as secondary afferents. Whatever the shape of the imposed foot movement, the primary endings from one muscle never discharged throughout the whole trajectory (on average, they discharged for only 49.2% of the length of the trajectory), whereas all the secondary endings discharged for most part of the drawing trajectories (average: 84.8%). The relationship between afferent discharge rate and direction could be described with a cosine-shaped tuning function. The peak of this function corresponded to the preferred sensory direction of the receptor-bearing muscles. The whole path of a given geometrical drawing movement was found to be coded in turn by each of the primary afferents originating from each of the muscles successively stretched. The contribution of each population of muscle afferents from each ankle muscle was represented by a "population vector", whose orientation was the preferred direction of the muscle under consideration and whose length was the mean instantaneous frequency of the afferent population. The "sum vector" corresponding to the sum of all these weighted "population vectors" was found to point in the instantaneous direction of the drawing trajectory, i.e., the tangent to the trajectory. These findings suggest that trajectory information is already encoded at the peripheral level on the basis of the integrated inputs provided by sets of receptors belonging to all the muscles acting on a given joint.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cortical representation of whole-body movement is modulated by proprioceptive discharge in humans.

Previous studies have revealed the influence of ongoing sensory discharge on modulating the central representation of muscle afferents from individual limbs. In the present study, we explored the potential for such modulatory influence on the afferent discharge arising from induced whole-body movement. Vestibular and somato-sensory inputs arise from such whole-body movement. The convergence of these two modalities is important in motor control, especially for the maintenance of postural stability. We hypothesised that transmission of proprioceptive and vestibular information to the cortex would be reduced as a result of muscle-spindle discharge in knee extensor muscles. Perturbation-evoked responses (PERs), recorded from central scalp electrodes (C3, CZ, C4), were evoked through rapid translations of subjects who were seated in a chair on a movable platform. PERs were recorded during passive linear translations alone and preceded by vibration of the patellar tendon. The PER was characterised by a slow, negative potential peaking at approximately 150 ms (N150) following displacement of the chair. The amplitude of the PER was reduced following vibration to 56% of the control. Such reduction of PERs was comparable to the attenuation of somatosensory evoked potentials and soleus H-reflex magnitudes from tibial-nerve stimulation. We conclude that muscle-spindle discharge in knee extensor muscles leads to gating of both of these afferent pathways. These results have potential implications to the understanding of the CNS control of stability during ongoing movement.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Visual object localisation in space. Interaction of retinal, eye position, vestibular and neck proprioceptive information.

Perceptual updating of the location of visual targets in space after intervening eye, head or trunk movements requires an interaction between several afferent signals (visual, oculomotor efference copy, vestibular, proprioceptive). The nature of the interaction is still a matter of debate. To address this problem, we presented subjects (n=6) in the dark with a target (light spot) at various horizontal eccentricities (up to +/-20 degrees ) relative to the initially determined subjective straight-ahead direction (SSA). After a memory period of 12 s in complete darkness, the target reappeared at a random position and subjects were to reproduce its previous location in space using a remote control. For both the presentation and the reproduction of the target's location, subjects either kept their gaze in the SSA (retinal viewing condition) or fixated the eccentric target (visuo-oculomotor). Three experimental series were performed: A, "visual-only series": reproduction of the target's location in space was found to be close to ideal, independently of viewing condition; estimation curves (reproduced vs presented positions) showed intercepts approximately 0 degrees and slopes approximately 1; B, "visual-vestibular series": during the memory period, subjects were horizontally rotated to the right or left by 10 degrees or 18 degrees at 0.8-Hz or 0.1-Hz dominant frequency. Following the 0.8-Hz body rotation, reproduction was close to ideal, while at 0.1 Hz it was partially shifted along with the body, in line with the known vestibular high-pass characteristics. Additionally, eccentricity of target presentation reduced the slopes of the estimation curves (less than 1); C, "visual-vestibular-neck series": a shift toward the trunk also occurred after low-frequency neck stimulation (trunk rotated about stationary head). When vestibular and neck stimuli were combined (independent head and trunk rotations), their effects summed linearly, such that the errors cancelled each other during head rotation on the stationary trunk. Variability of responses was always lowest for targets presented at SSA, irrespective of intervening eye, head or trunk rotations. We conclude that: (1) subjects referenced "space" to pre-rotatory SSA and that the memory trace of the target's location in space was not altered during the memory period; and that (2) they used internal estimates of eye, head and trunk displacements with respect to space to match current target position with the memory trace during reproduction; these estimates would be obtained by inverting the physical coordinate transformations produced by these displacements. We present a model which is able to describe these operations and whose predictions closely parallel the experimental results. In this model the estimate of head rotation in space is not obtained directly from the vestibular head-in-space signal, but from a vestibular estimate of the kinematic state of the body support.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A new form of congenital proprioceptive sensory neuropathy associated with arthrogryposis multiplex.

We report two siblings who presented with non-progressive marked sensory ataxia associated with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC). Deep tendon reflexes and H reflex were completely absent, but F waves were preserved. The sensory nerve conduction studies indicated the presence of relatively mild sensory polyneuropathy. The conventional somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) showed mildly prolonged latency for both the peripheral and cortical responses, suggesting a slowed conduction through the peripheral as well as central pathway. However, the 'proprioceptive SEPs' were absent, in conformity with complete loss of joint sense. Sural nerve biopsy revealed only mild thinning of myelin in the younger sister but was entirely normal in her brother. Taken together with the characteristic electrophysiological findings, the symptoms were considered to be due to predominant involvement of a selective population of somatosensory ganglions. The present cases showed no progression of the neurological deficit what-so-ever since birth, which strongly suggests a developmental anomaly or aplasia of a limited population of peripheral sensory neurons.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

The role of proprioceptive information for the production of isometric forces and for handwriting tasks.

A patient showing a total loss of all the large sensory myelinated fibers but intact peripheral motor system produced simple isometric force pulses and more complex tasks like handwriting and drawing. Overall, the patient was able to perform the isometric force task with an accuracy that approached that of normal subjects. The writing tasks, however, proved to be more challenging. In absence of vision, the different forms and cursive trajectories forming letters (morphocinetic components) were preserved but their localization within the constraints of the graphic space (topocinetic components) were severely impaired. These results demonstrate that, in absence of visual information, proprioceptive information is necessary to calibrate the hand in space.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Changes in cervicocephalic kinesthesia after a proprioceptive rehabilitation program in patients with neck pain: a randomized controlled study.

Head repositioning accuracy (HRA) after full range active motion was evaluated in 60 cervicalgic patients. The mean angular error was 7.7 degrees +/- 3.3 (mean +/- SD) and 82% were outside a threshold value of 4.5 degrees. After randomization 30 patients followed a rehabilitation program based on eye-head coupling (RG) and 30 served as a control group (CG). At 10 week follow-up, a greater gain in HRA was observed in the RG (2 degrees +/- 2.7, mean +/- SD) than in the CG (0 +/- 2.6, mean +/- SD) (p = 0.005). Clinical parameters (pain, drug intake, range of motion, and self assessed functional improvement) were also more improved in the RG than in the CG. These data emphasize the role of a neck proprioception alteration in chronic neck pain and suggest that a rehabilitation program based on eye-head coupling should be included in most medical management of cervicalgic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Termination of a separate (proprioceptive?) cuneothalamic tract from external cuneate nucleus in monkey.

The termination of a pathway recently discovered in monkey, from the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) to the thalamus, has been investigated with the degeneration method. A previous HRP study showed that the projection is crossed. The ECN fibers terminate a wedge-shaped zone located dorsally in the rostral half of the contralateral nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL). This zone occupies the dorsolateral corner of the forelimb division of the VPL. The main cuneate nucleus also projects to this zone, most of which has the cytoarchitectonic characteristics of Olszewski's VPLc24. The ECN pathway may be phylogenetically recent, and it may be a direct route for proprioceptive information to the cerebral cortex.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1982

Localization of proprioceptive reflexes in the splenius muscle of the cat.

Activity of the cat splenius muscle was modulated by sinusoidal rotation of the head around the C1-C2 joint in decerebrate cats with labyrinth intact or with all semicircular canals plugged, or, in one intact and alert cat, by rotation of the body with the head fixed in space. EMG modulation, recorded from the areas of splenius innervated by the C1-C4 nerves, was due to the cervicocollic reflex. Modulation was not uniform, but decreased with progressively more caudal recording locations; with stimuli of small amplitude it was often possible to obtain modulation of the rostral part of the muscle only. The results demonstrate localization of proprioceptive reflexes, including the stretch reflex, within the splenius muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Determination of excitability in human proprioceptive reflexes: analysis and characteristics of EMG thresholds of postural muscle.

In order to derive indirect indices of reflex excitability, human soleus (Sol) H reflex and direct M response threshold intensities (HT, MT) were determined by probit analysis of quantal responses elicited in the surface electromyogram (EMG). Within sessions, HT and MT co-varied with respect to time along a logarithmic time-course, both attaining effectively stable levels after 40-60 min of recording. The pattern of this co-variation was imposed by non-reflex factors, primarily the electrode system employed. Sampling distributions of stable thresholds were positively skewed (median values: HT, 5.20 mA, MT, 6.83 mA), and concurrently determined values were strongly correlated (r = 0.965). The Sol threshold ratio (HT/MT) was largely unaffected by non-reflex factors and was therefore stable within subjects, both within sessions (with respect to time) and between sessions. This ratio was normally distributed (mean = 0.753 +/- 0.079 S.D.). Criteria of indirect indices of reflex excitability are proposed: HT satisfies the criteria applicable to a relative index. However, the characteristics of the threshold ratio permit its use as a powerful absolute index of proprioceptive reflex excitability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The influence of joint afferent discharge on locomotion, proprioception and activity in conscious cats.

Injection of local anaesthetic into the knee joint cavity in a series of 14 cats produced obvious abnormalities of posture and gait in half the animals. However, on employing a more sensitive testing procedure, 7 out of 8 animals exhibited reduced proprioceptive acuity after knee joint anaesthesia, and all animals tested showed marked reduction in motor activity after this procedure. Control procedures revealed that these effects were due to the local anaesthetic agent, and that this remained localized to the knee joint and did not diffuse out to block cutaneous and muscle afferents. Thus, joint afferents would appear to play a significant role in the regulation of posture and movement.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1992

Basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity in the trigeminal proprioceptive and motor systems.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) isolated from the brain and pituitary, has been shown to induce cell divisions in a variety of cell types. It also acts as a potent stimulator of angiogenesis, and it is important in the survival of several types of cultured neurons. Despite considerable information on the functions of bFGF, there is incomplete knowledge about the ways in which it reaches remote tissues and its subcellular localization in the adult brain. Here we report our findings that a certain population of neurons with free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum immunoreactive for bFGF in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sends proprioceptive fibers to muscle spindles in the masseter muscle, and immunoreactive axons to the trigeminal motor nucleus to form synapses with the bFGF-containing motoneurons whose axons further constitute myoneural junctions in the periphery. Moreover, some bFGF neurons contain electron dense immunoreaction deposits in the euchromatin but not in the heterochromatin of the nucleus. These findings suggest that endogenous bFGF is transported within nerve processes and functions in mature neuronal circuits subserving the masseteric reflex arcs, and that bFGF is produced in free ribosomes and/or rough endoplasmic reticulum and is transported into the genetically active euchromatin as well.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Peripheral proprioceptive modulation in crayfish walking leg by serotonin.

In vitro serotoninergic modulation of intracellularly recorded sensory responses was examined in primary afferent terminals of a crayfish leg proprioceptor, the coxo-basal chordotonal organ (CB CO). The effects of different concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) on static and dynamic sensory responses were analysed following bath or pressure applications of the monoamine directly on the strand of the mechanoreceptor. Consequently, the reported effects result from the direct peripheral action of 5-HT on the sensory organ itself. Serotonin modulates the sensory activity by modifying the sensory discharge frequency. The firing discharge of the primary afferents is increased in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal effect is obtained with a concentration of 10(-6) M. Higher concentrations are less effective, and for 20% of the recorded cells, 10(-4) M 5-HT induces a decrease of the sensory discharge, i.e. has an inhibitory effect. Alteration in the pattern of sensory firing, resulting in bursting discharge, was observed in some units. All the recorded sensory units were responsive to the neuromodulator whatever their functional properties. The effects of 5-HT lasted as long as the amine was applied and were reversible after wash. The results suggest that 5-HT could exert a modulatory action on the proprioceptive feedback, by peripheral action on the sensory organ. The natural modalities of 5-HT action are discussed on the basis of immunohistochemistry data suggesting: (i) connections between CB CO and central serotoninergic cells, (ii) 5-HT content in sensory cells of the CB CO. Since the CB CO is involved in the control of leg movement and position, the modulation of its primary afferents might influence the organization of the locomotor pattern. The functional significance of this peripheral sensory neuromodulation was approached by the analysis of the motor reflex activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Modulation of proprioceptive transcortical reflexes in the cat with a penicillin epileptic motor focus.

Mechanisms responsible for the triggering of paroxysmal events by proprioceptive afferents, previously described in the monkey with a chronic epileptic focus, were studied in more detail in the cat with a penicillin focus. To analyse the topical organization of this reflex triggering, the focus was restricted to very small areas of the motor cortex; in this study only pericruciate areas were considered in which stimulation elicited a motor response in one of the several forelimb muscles tested, and which received afferents from that muscle. When the focus was located in the post-sigmoid gyrus, stimulation (usually by stretch) of the given (target) muscle first elicited a cortical spike following the evoked response, and secondly a late phasic EMG response (about 40 msec latency) quite distinct from purely spinal reflexes. Cortical spikes and late EMG responses were closely correlated, especially considering their probability of occurrence or their parallel latency fluctuations. In most cases, this effect was limited to the muscle whose motor area had been treated with penicillin: stretching muscles in the vicinity was ineffective, nor were these muscles activated when the target muscle was stimulated. Evidence is given for the participation of a transcortical reflex in the generation of the late phasic response and for the involvement of the pyramidal tract in this reflex.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

H-reflex changes during static stretching and two variations of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques.

The effects of 3 stretching methods on the motor pool excitability of the soleus muscle as measured by the Hoffmann reflex have been compared with the objective of revealing central nervous system influences promoting muscle compliance to lengthening. The H-wave was reduced slightly throughout the static stretch method. The contract-relax (CR) method produced profound inhibition during the first several hundred milliseconds following contraction, but gradually increased to values similar to static stretch (SS) values 2 sec following contraction. Hoffmann reflex values for the contract-relax-antagonist-contract (CRAC) method were greatly depressed throughout the stretching phase with a slight increase after 2 sec. It was concluded that several inhibitory neural influences can have an additive effect in profoundly reducing motor pool excitability. Under the assumption that greater motor pool inhibition reduces muscle contractibility and therefore allows more muscle compliance, it is suggested that the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) methods, particularly those involving reciprocal activation, provide the greatest potential for muscle lengthening. This is supported by previous studies which compared gains in range of motion using these 3 stretching methods (Holt et al. 1970; Moore and Hutton 1980; Etnyre and Abraham 1985).

Adult↗