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PubMed2000

Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers.

We compare the effects of a moderate hypocaloric, high-protein diet and resistance training, using two different protein supplements, versus hypocaloric diet alone on body compositional changes in overweight police officers. A randomized, prospective 12-week study was performed comparing the changes in body composition produced by three different treatment modalities in three study groups. One group (n = 10) was placed on a nonlipogenic, hypocaloric diet alone (80% of predicted needs). A second group (n = 14) was placed on the hypocaloric diet plus resistance exercise plus a high-protein intake (1.5 g/kg/day) using a casein protein hydrolysate. In the third group (n = 14) treatment was identical to the second, except for the use of a whey protein hydrolysate. We found that weight loss was approximately 2.5 kg in all three groups. Mean percent body fat with diet alone decreased from a baseline of 27 +/- 1.8 to 25 +/- 1.3% at 12 weeks. With diet, exercise and casein the decrease was from 26 +/- 1.7 to 18 +/- 1.1% and with diet, exercise and whey protein the decrease was from 27 +/- 1.6 to 23 +/- 1.3%. The mean fat loss was 2. 5 +/- 0.6, 7.0 +/- 2.1 and 4.2 +/- 0.9 kg in the three groups, respectively. Lean mass gains in the three groups did not change for diet alone, versus gains of 4 +/- 1.4 and 2 +/- 0.7 kg in the casein and whey groups, respectively. Mean increase in strength for chest, shoulder and legs was 59 +/- 9% for casein and 29 +/- 9% for whey, a significant group difference. This significant difference in body composition and strength is likely due to improved nitrogen retention and overall anticatabolic effects caused by the peptide components of the casein hydrolysate.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Personality disorder and police section 136 in Westminster: a retrospective analysis of 65 assessments over six months.

Section 136 of the 1983 Mental Health Act empowers the police to detain those suspected of being mentally ill in public places. The current study is a retrospective analysis of those occurring within Westminster, London, over a six-month period. A high rate of referral was found. In those individuals assessed, schizophrenia was the commonest diagnosis, but personality disorder provided the largest number of assessments. This was due to the propensity of the latter individuals to present on multiple occasions. Those with personality disorders were significantly less likely to be placed under further sections of the Mental Health Act, less likely to be admitted to hospital and more likely to re-present under a further section 136. The inability of the current system to address these individuals' needs is a cause for concern.

Behavior↗
PubMed2001

The school-police partnership. Identifying at-risk youth through a truant recovery program.

A substantial amount of research has established that truancy is a consistent at-risk indicator of future criminality. This article studies the experiences of 178 juveniles targeted by the Truant Recovery Program, a collaborative and nonpunitive school-law enforcement effort, and considers questions regarding its impact through examination of juvenile justice and school information in the years before and after the truancy sweep. In particular, the article suggests that intensive cooperative efforts between school and police may be effective in identifying troubled youth and raises questions about appropriate school and justice system responses for children who demonstrate at-risk behavior.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1998

Illuminating crime. The impact of street lighting on calls for police service.

This study reports on an evaluation of the effects of street lights on crime in several Indianapolis neighborhoods. Crime was measured in terms of calls for police service (CFS). Using a quasiexperimental design, we performed analyses on four multiblock areas, three intersections, and two aggregated address groups. Two control areas were matched to two multiblock areas that received enhanced lighting. Of the nine target areas, six showed evidence of lower CFS volumes after more lighting. We analyzed the mean weekly CFS in the pre- and postinstallation periods. Two lighted areas had a lower mean weekly CFS after installation. The more illuminated target area experienced a greater reduction in average CFS for property and miscellaneous crimes than did the control area.

Crime↗
PubMed2003

Police corruption and psychological testing: a strategy for preemployment screening.

The prediction, control, and prevention of police corruption represent pervasive and enduring problems. Researchers have suggested that intervention at the preemployment screening stage may be the best solution. However, investigators have acknowledged that existing assessment practices are flawed. This article proposes a strategy for the preemployment screening of law enforcement personnel. In particular, it examines the utility of the Inwald Personality Inventory and the Revised-NEO Personality Inventory in relation to assessing antisocial behavioral tendencies and conscientious personality traits, respectively, and argues that their combined use, appropriately administered in a testing situation, represents a reliable and valid predictor of good job performance. The article speculatively comments on this strategy for purposes of psychological testing, future research in the field, and law enforcement administration practices.

Employment↗
PubMed2000

How sexual abuse interviews go astray: implications for prosecutors, police, and child protection services.

This article argues that child sexual abuse interviews can go astray in two different ways: (a) improper interviewing has the potential to elicit false allegations from children, and (b) clumsy interviewing does not typically produce false allegations, but may have other negative consequences, particularly for child victims. The article clarifies the distinction between the two kinds of bad interviewing and suggests that clumsy interviewing is the more common of the two. The potential negative consequences of both improper and clumsy interviewing are described, along with implications for prosecutors, police, and child protection services. In the authors' opinion, improper interviewing can probably be eliminated rather easily, but clumsy interviewing may be considerably more resistant to change.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Punitive action or gentle persuasion: exploring police officers' justifications for using dual arrest in domestic violence cases.

Mandatory and preferred arrest policies may be resulting in a backlash for victims who are arrested along with their batterers. Little prior research has explored why officers engage in dual arrests. The current study examines the rationales employed by officers to justify dual arrests in a preferred arrest jurisdiction. Content analysis of thought protocols of police officers (n=24) who reported they would arrest both parties was undertaken. Officers justified arrest of both parties, citing that such was required by law and the desire to force both parties to obtain counseling for their relationship. Implications for policy development are examined.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Contributions of leisure participation in predicting stress coping and health among police and emergency response services workers.

This study examined the extent to which frequency and enjoyment measures of leisure participation predict adaptational outcomes, over and above the contributions of general coping. Police and emergency response services workers (N = 132) participated in the study, and a repeated measures design was used. The study provides evidence that the type of leisure activity matters in predicting immediate adaptational outcomes (coping effectiveness, coping satisfaction and stress reduction) and mental and physical health. Relaxing leisure was found to be the strongest positive predictor of coping with stress, while social leisure and cultural leisure significantly predicted greater mental or physical health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Association between alexithymia and neuroendocrine response to psychological stress in police academy recruits.

Alexithymia has been associated with both posttraumatic stress disorder and neuroendocrine responses to stress. This study examined the relationship of alexithymia to salivary cortisol and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) in a sample of police academy recruits exposed to a video stress challenge. Alexithymia scores were negatively associated with catecholamine response to the video challenge but no association was found between alexithymia scores and cortisol reactivity.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2001

Effects of sarin on the nervous system in rescue team staff members and police officers 3 years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack.

Although the clinical manifestations of acute sarin poisoning have been reported in detail, no comprehensive study of the chronic physical and psychiatric effects of acute sarin poisoning has been carried out. To clarify the chronic effects of sarin on the nervous system, a cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted 3 years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Subjects consisted of the rescue team staff members and police officers who had worked at the disaster site. Subjects consisted of 56 male exposed subjects and 52 referent subjects matched for age and occupation. A neurobehavioral test, stabilometry, and measurement of vibration perception thresholds were performed, as well as psychometric tests to assess traumatic stress symptoms. The exposed group performed less well in the backward digit span test than the referent group in a dose-effect manner. This result was the same after controlling for possible confounding factors and was independent of traumatic stress symptoms. In other tests of memory function, except for the Benton visual retention test (mean correct answers), effects related to exposure were also suggested, although they were not statistically significant. In contrast, the dose-effect relationships observed in the neurobehavioral tests (psychomotor function) were unclear. None of the stabilometry and vibration perception threshold parameters had any relation to exposure. Our findings suggest the chronic decline of memory function 2 years and 10 months to 3 years and 9 months after exposure to sarin in the Tokyo subway attack, and further study is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of the biological effects of police radar RAMER 7F.

This paper presents results of experiments on the effects of electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter range (frequency 34.0 +/- 0.1 GHz, power density 20 muW/cm2) emitted by a police radar device. Considering the physical properties of the radiation in millimeter range (skin effects), the experiments were carried out on hairless mice. The main physiological parameters tested were body mass, body temperature, peripheral blood, and mass and cellularity of several important organs. Critical organs, the skin, and cornea were examined by electron microscopy. Differentiation ability of hematopoietic cells, progenitors of granulocytes and macrophages, and DNA synthesis in the cornea were compared in irradiated and nonirradiated animals. None of the parameters tested was affected to an extent that would indicate the start of a pathological process or the risk of damage to genetic material.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confidentiality. 14: Powers of the police and access to information.

Staff nurse Paula Rose was on duty in the accident and emergency (A&E) department early one Sunday morning when a police constable came in asking for details of any patient who had been brought in and for whom there was evidence of a fall from height. The constable explained that a girl had been assaulted and raped while in her bedroom by an assailant who came in through the window. Her screams brought help, but he made his escape from the window and she believed that he had fallen and may have suffered fractures or bruises.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2002

Sodomites and police in Paris, 1715.

The Archives of the Bastille in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal include hundreds of police reports, none of them currently available in English or even in print, about male same-sex relations in Paris during the first half of the eighteenth century. The documents translated here, interrogations of eight men arrested in 1715, provide information about networks and prostitution, age and class, surveillance and deception in the sodomitical subculture of the capital.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed2005

Effects of an intensive street-level police intervention on syringe exchange program use in Philadelphia, PA.

Repeated measurements and mixed-effects models were used to analyze the effects of an intensive long-term street-level police intervention on syringe exchange program use. Utilization data for 9 months before and after the beginning of the intervention were analyzed. Use fell across all categories and time periods studied, with significant declines in use among total participants, male participants, and Black participants. Declines in use among Black and male participants were much more pronounced than decreases among White and female participants.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Jacobson v Massachusetts at 100 years: police power and civil liberties in tension.

A century ago, the US Supreme Court in Jacobson v Massachusetts upheld the exercise of the police power to protect the public's health. Despite intervening scientific and legal advances, public health practitioners still struggle with Jacobson's basic tension between individual liberty and the common good. In affirming Massachusetts' compulsory vaccination law, the Court established a floor of constitutional protections that consists of 4 standards: necessity, reasonable means, proportionality, and harm avoidance. Under Jacobson, the courts are to support public health matters insofar as these standards are respected. If the Court today were to decide Jacobson once again, the analysis would likely differ--to account for developments in constitutional law--but the outcome would certainly reaffirm the basic power of government to safeguard the public's health.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1999

Mandatory reporting of intimate partner violence to police: views of physicians in California.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined physicians' perspectives on mandatory reporting of intimate partner violence to police. METHODS: We surveyed a stratified random sample of California physicians practicing emergency, family, and internal medicine and obstetrics/gynecology. RESULTS: An estimated 59% of California primary care and emergency physicians (n = 508, 71% response rate) reported that they might not comply with the reporting law if a patient objects. Primary care physicians reported lower compliance. Most physicians agreed that the legislation has potential risks, raises ethical concerns, and may provide benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' stated noncompliance and perceived negative consequences raise the possibility that California's mandatory reporting law is problematic and ineffective.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Stressful events, work-family conflict, coping, psychological burnout, and well-being among police officers.

This study examined a research model developed to understand work attitudes and emotional and physical well-being. Data were collected from 828 police officers (including 738 men and 62 women) using questionnaires completed anonymously. Five groups of predictor variables identified in previous research were considered: individual demographic and situational variables, stressful events, work-family conflict, coping responses, and psychological burnout components. Considerable support for the model was found. Work attitudes and psychological well-being were more strongly predicted than were physical health and lifestyle behaviors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Rorschach responses of police applicants.

Rorschach responses of 53 police applicants yielded information about their perceptual, cognitive, and ideational characteristics not obtained from personality inventories. Many applicants manifested personality characteristics, evident on the Rorschach only, that might reduce their ability to protect and serve the public. These findings add to the potential value of the Rorschach in selection of employees and argue against complacency about reliance upon personality inventories for screening out applicants.

Adult↗