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PubMed2002

An overview of holistic medicine and complementary and alternative medicine for the prevention and treatment of BPH, prostatitis, and prostate cancer.

An accumulating body of scientific evidence supports the notion that a holistic outlook on health and life and complementary and alternative medicine health practices can promote wellness and prevent and treat prostate disease. This overview explores some of the fundamental philosophical, diagnostic, and therapeutic differences between conventional and holistic medicine, and discusses how to integrate evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, holistic medicine, and conventional medicine for the prevention and treatment of prostate disease.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2002

Prion diseases. An overview.

Prion disease is the new designation of a group of spongiform encephalopathies, all invariably fatal, which show similar clinical and neuropathological changes. They comprise a range of distinct diseases in both animals and man, and spontaneous, hereditary and transmissible forms are recognized. Until the sudden occurrence in the mid-1980s of an epizootic of a formerly unknown disease, popularly named 'mad cow disease', in cattle in the UK, very little attention had been paid to these rather obscure diseases. Concurrently it was asserted that the disease-causing agent appeared to be a ubiquitous mammalian brain constituent, and the disease mechanism a conformational change of its structure. These events have not only led to a new understanding of these extraordinary diseases, but have also provided insight into both neurodegeneration and disease mechanisms at the molecular level. Moreover, in 1997 the prion concept earned its originator the second Nobel price for medicine within this scientific field. In this introduction and overview of prion diseases, historical and philosophical perspectives are presented along with descriptions of the diseases in both animals and man. Epidemiology, genetics and transmissibility are also covered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An introduction to spiritual psychology: overview of the literature, east and west.

This article outlines the philosophical background to spiritual psychology and selectively reviews Western and Eastern literature on the subject. The world views of theism, atheism, and agnosticism are defined and critiqued, and the boundaries of scientific knowledge discussed. The views of James, Jung, and Freud are reviewed, and the contributions of humanistic psychology noted. Contemporary spiritual psychology is then summarized with reference to recent literature on theistic psychotherapy, Buddhist psychology, mind-body medicine, and transpersonal psychology. Sri Aurobindo's work is introduced as a modern Asian perspective on theistic psychology, and his model of the relationship between the "soul" and the unconscious described. Finally, a brief clinical vignette is given.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Ethical decision-making models: a review of the literature.

A comprehensive review of the literature on ethical decision-making models in counseling is presented, beginning in the fall of 1984 through the summer of 1998. (Materials "in press" were considered.) A general overview of the literature is provided. Theoretically or philosophically based, practice-based, and specialty-relevant approaches are surveyed. The literature is rich with publications describing decision-making models, although few models have been assessed empirically, and few models seem well grounded philosophically or theoretically.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The rise, fall and rise of nurse-midwifery in America.

For most of history, the care of women, particularly childbearing women, has been delivered by healers and health care providers who were women. This article is an overview of the historical, social, political, economic, and philosophic forces that shaped the role of women, especially midwives, who care for childbearing families. As healers and health care providers, midwives (and later, nurse-midwives) have based their practice on the natural process of pregnancy and birth. Their holistic view dominated childbirth until the 18th century, when the existence of midwives began to be challenged by institutions. In the United States, the marriage of midwifery with nursing in the 1920s, followed by the consumer childbirth revolution of the 1960s, gave new strength to the profession of nurse-midwifery. Later, health economics provided additional support for nurse-midwifery practice, with demonstrated reduced costs and improved quality. At the cusp of the 21st century, internal and external political forces have now led to the inclusion of nonnurses in the profession of midwifery in the United States. Despite the ever-changing political, economic, and societal climate, midwives consistently have brought superior outcomes and family-centered caring to their practice and their patients.

Female↗
PubMed1993

The evaluation and understanding of pain: clinical and legal/forensic perspectives.

The evaluation and proper clinical and legal management of pain clients defy simple remedies. Historically, human pain has challenged the most sophisticated of philosophical, theological, and biomedical explanations. Following an historical overview of pain concepts and treatment, this paper discusses the prevalence in and influence of pain on the modern world. One perspective for viewing multifaceted pain issues is a model developed by John Loeser. This four-level model addresses not only tissue damage (Nociception), but also the patient's perception of such damage (Pain), the negative emotional reactions to such perceptions (Suffering), as well as the pain activity stemming from such damage (Pain Behavior)--all issues critical in medical management as well as in personal injury litigation. Several methods for classifying pain are discussed, including acute vs chronic pain, benign vs cancer pain, "real" vs psychogenic pain, and a multiaxial coding schema for pain which encompasses a number of professional disciplines. Clinical pain assessment is then reframed and translated into a legal format more relevant to forensic discovery and case development.

Expert Testimony↗
PubMed2005

Qualitative research in psychiatry.

This paper is an overview of qualitative research and its application to psychiatry. It is introductory and attempts to describe both the aims of qualitative research and its underlying philosophical basis. We describe the practice and process of qualitative research and follow this with an overview of the 3 main methods of inquiry: interviews, focus groups, and participant observation. Throughout the paper, we offer examples of cases where qualitative research has illuminated, or has the potential to illuminate, important questions in psychiatric research. We describe methods of sampling and follow with an overview of qualitative analysis, appropriate checks on rigour, and the presentation of qualitative results. The paper concludes by arguing that qualitative methods may be an increasingly appropriate methodology to answer some of the demanding research questions being posed in 21st century psychiatry.

Bias↗
PubMed2004

Patient capacity in mental health care: legal overview.

The discriminatory effects of categorizing psychiatric patients into competent and incompetent, have urged lawyers, philosophers and health care professionals to seek a functional approach to capacity assessment. Dutch and English law have produced some guidelines concerning this issue. So far, most legal systems under investigation have concentrated on alternatives for informed consent by the patient in case of mental incapacity, notably substitute decision-making, intervention of a judge and advance directives. It is hard to judge the way in which the law may further adapt to a more functional assessment of capacity, because the nature of law shows that legal reforms usually take place only when new methods have been accepted by the field. This is not yet the case today.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2005

An overview of medical malpractice litigation and the perceived crisis.

In this overview of medical malpractice litigation in the United States, practical and philosophic aspects of the so-called malpractice litigation crisis are addressed. After reviewing the historical, legal rationale for compensating victims of negligent conduct by others, attention is focused on the plight of physicians who are charged with medical negligence and the oppressive insurance premiums that impose a heavy burden on all health care providers, particularly those in the surgical fields. A variety of political solutions advanced to "correct" the problem is reviewed. A historical prospective of malpractice litigation in the United States is presented together with an analysis of various legislative proposals--many of which have already been enacted in various states that will ostensibly "cure" the problems that concern clinicians. Consideration of the various legislative proposals includes: arbitrary limits on pain and suffering awards (caps); elimination of joint and several liability; regulation of attorneys fees; elimination of the collateral source rule; abrogation of punitive damages; proposals for periodic payments; and statutes of repose. Various procedural changes in the processing of malpractice claims are reviewed and analyzed from the perspective of both fairness and efficacy.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed2005

The moral status of the embryo post-Dolly.

Cameron and Williamson have provided a provocative and timely review of the ethical questions prompted by the birth of Dolly. The question Cameron and Williamson seek to address is "In the world of Dolly, when does a human embryo acquire respect?". Their initial discussion sets the scene by providing a valuable overview of attitudes towards the embryo, summarising various religious, scientific, and philosophical viewpoints. They then ask, "What has Dolly changed?" and identify five changes, the first being that fertilisation is no longer required to create an embryo. Following this analysis they then ask when an embryo created other than by fertilisation begins to acquire respect. This paper explores the ethical and legal issues highlighted by Cameron and Williamson's paper.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Continuing education in South Africa.

An overview of continuing education in South Africa reveals that despite strong philosophical support a number of factors impede the developmental of an effective system of such education. Existing inadequacies have been exacerbated by the introduction in 1986 of a comprehensive program for entry into the profession, resulting in an overwhelming demand for continuing education for nurses who trained prior to that. Rural nurses in particular are disadvantaged, with nondegree continuing education being largely inaccessible. However, efforts to meet these needs are afoot, and two recent initiatives are described.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed1997

[Causality and epidemiology].

In examining the issue of causality within epidemiology, the text begins with a brief historical overview that reclaims the different meanings which the West's main philosophers have lent to this concept. It next delves into the historical roots of epidemiology as a scientific discipline and the transformations the concept of cause has undergone within this realm. With these presuppositions in place, the text goes on to analyze the 20th century development of epidemiology and the crisis it currently faces in terms of paradigm. Three alternatives are explored as ways out of this crisis: social epidemiology, Popperian criticism, and the contributions of molecular biology. Lastly, the text discusses the need for a new epidemiological theory grounded on the theory of complexity.

Causality↗
PubMed2006

Lie detection: historical, neuropsychiatric and legal dimensions.

Lying and deception are behaviors that have been studied and discussed extensively in the scientific, philosophical and legal communities for centuries. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of the literature and thinking to date about deception, followed by an analysis of the efficacy and evolution of lie detection techniques. The first part explores the definitions of lying, from animal behaviorists' perspectives to philosophical theories, along with demographics and research about the prevalence of lying and characteristics of those who lie. This is followed by a discussion of possible motivations for lying, moral arguments about the legitimacy of or prohibition against lying, and developmental theorists' explanations for the growth of a human being's capacity to lie. The first section provides an introduction for the second part, a historical and critical review of lie detection techniques. Early methods, such as phrenology and truth serums are contrasted with more modern-day approaches, such as polygraphy and functional MRIs. Conclusions are drawn about whether technology has really advanced the art of detecting deception. Finally, the article enters a discussion about the law's response to lie detection methods and to deception in general. United States landmark cases, at both the state and federal level, are critiqued with regard to their impact on the admissibility into court of lie detection methods as evidence. Just as the scientific community has been wary of embracing many of these methods, so has the legal community. Through a review of the legal, scientific and pseudo-scientific issues surrounding deception, a greater understanding is reached of the complexity of this universal and morally loaded behavior.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1989

Overview of supported employment.

This article traces the emergence of supported employment as a result of philosophical changes in expectations for persons with disabilities, based on scientific developments that challenged traditional service-delivery models. Supported employment program characteristics also are reviewed, and the influence of applied behavior analysis is outlined. Finally, areas for future research in supported employment are discussed.

Employment↗
PubMed1999

Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis.

Varying philosophical and theoretical orientations to qualitative inquiry remind us that issues of quality and credibility intersect with audience and intended research purposes. This overview examines ways of enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis by dealing with three distinct but related inquiry concerns: rigorous techniques and methods for gathering and analyzing qualitative data, including attention to validity, reliability, and triangulation; the credibility, competence, and perceived trustworthiness of the qualitative researcher; and the philosophical beliefs of evaluation users about such paradigm-based preferences as objectivity versus subjectivity, truth versus perspective, and generalizations versus extrapolations. Although this overview examines some general approaches to issues of credibility and data quality in qualitative analysis, it is important to acknowledge that particular philosophical underpinnings, specific paradigms, and special purposes for qualitative inquiry will typically include additional or substitute criteria for assuring and judging quality, validity, and credibility. Moreover, the context for these considerations has evolved. In early literature on evaluation methods the debate between qualitative and quantitative methodologists was often strident. In recent years the debate has softened. A consensus has gradually emerged that the important challenge is to match appropriately the methods to empirical questions and issues, and not to universally advocate any single methodological approach for all problems.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of psychotropic medications in eating disorder patients with personality disorders.

The use of psychotropic medications in eating disorder patients with personality disorders (PDs) is a complex topic. In this overview, we do not focus on individual studies, but rather on the philosophical issues and broader management principles of medications in this comorbid population. We review a general construct of personality and PD development, the theories that underlie how medications might work in PDs, and the target-symptom approach to treatment. We also discuss the essential elements of the prescribing context, an approach to psychotropic medication selection in the borderline personality population, and general caveats for medication use in those with eating disorders. Despite available data, significantly more research is needed in this area.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Watson's philosophy, science, and theory of human caring as a conceptual framework for guiding community health nursing practice.

Criticisms of existing nursing theories in relation to community health nursing practice are that they focus on individuals and have been developed primarily for practice within the context of infirmity and disease, making them inadequate to guide community health nursing practice. Despite being developed for individuals, Watson's theory is proposed as a nursing framework that is philosophically congruent with contemporary global approaches to community health and health promotion. An overview of her theory identifies the centrality of caring, holism, and ecology in the theory as it has evolved over the past 20 years. Concepts developed for individual-nurse interactions are extrapolated to the community in a discussion of the suitability of the theory to guide community health nursing practice. A community assessment tool based on Watson's theory is provided.

Community Health Nursing↗