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PubMed1975

The molding of personality: a newborn's innate characteristics in interaction with parents' personalities.

This report describes a girl who was studied by means of the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale from her 1st until her 28th day of life, observed at the age of 1 year, and, at the age of 1 1/2 years, was seen in a psychiatric family interview. The examinational data and history (obtained from the parents) present a picture of deviant development with exceptionally low orientation responsiveness and high excitability from the first hours of life. Carmel showed little ability to quiet herself and little response to soothing attempts. Motor development was normal throughout, physical health and growth were satisfactory, and intellectual development (assessed on the Vineland scale) was average. Carmel's continuous, inconsolable crying and lack of responsiveness led to a family adjustment with the passive, somewhat disorganized mother moving into the background and the anxious father taking over. He developed a way of keeping activity. This physical stimulation, coupled with overprotection (the father's tendency to interpose himself between the girl and other people) as well as controlling all frustration, resulted in a precarious balance at the price of Carmel's reduced autonomy, delay in adaptive ego functions, and severe stranger anxiety. The case illustrates the interaction between innate characteristics and parental attitudes, and the need for preventive counseling based on understanding a child's idiosyncratic behavior patterns.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed2001

Marital interaction, family organization, and differences in parenting behavior: explaining variations across family interaction contexts.

Family systems theories remind us that, in two-parent families, children encounter their parents in multiple family configurations, including parent-child dyads and mother-father-child triads, or whole families. There are, however, relatively few empirical investigations of differences in parenting behavior which tend to emerge when a dyad is transformed into a whole family unit. Using a sample of 82 families with a kindergarten-age child, the present study offers support to earlier studies reporting that mothers' and fathers' parenting behavior differs when observed in dyadic and whole family interaction sessions. The present study then turns to examining explanations for these differences in parenting behavior. Limited support was found for the hypothesis that observations of marital interaction are associated with differences in parenting behavior across family interaction contexts. Family level assessment of adaptive organization was found to explain differences in fathers' parenting in the dyad and when the entire family is together, but not differences in mothers' parenting behavior. The clinical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

What do parents expect antenatally and do babies teach them?

Antenatal inquiry of 658 parents in the North Staffordshire District Health Authority showed at least 13% to lack knowledge about a baby's potential for personal interaction when under 1 week old. Mothers and fathers varied significantly, independent of parity. Experienced parents expected later smiles. Two hundred and seventy eight of the same families were questioned three to four months after birth. Most parents had observed their baby's early responsiveness. Specific responses (Looking, listening) were noted earlier when anticipated and looked for. Significant among postnatal non-responders was their antenatal selection of predominantly impersonal stimulation for a baby. The greatest degree of warmth noted in postnatal observations correlated notably with a father's antenatal interest and postnatal support from him and their friends, a mother's commitment to breast feeding and her knowledge that a very young baby can see, like faces, and cries for emotional reasons. This highlights areas for antenatal tuition and postnatal encouragement, aiming to enhance warm early mutual regard between parents and child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Parenting: a genetic-epidemiologic perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relation between parenting and later psychopathology, it is important to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in both the elicitation and the provision of parenting behavior. METHOD: A 16-item version of the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to 1) 606 fathers and 848 mothers of an epidemiologic sample of adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on their parenting of their twins; 2) the twins (both members of 546 monozygotic and 390 dizygotic pairs), who reported on the parenting they had received from their father and mother; 3) co-twins from these pairs, who reported on the parenting provided by their father and mother to their twin sister; and 4) members of the adult twin pairs (145 monozygotic and 117 dizygotic) who both had children, who reported on the parenting they provided to their offspring. The data were subjected to model fitting decomposing three sources of variance: additive genetic factors; family, or common, environment; and an individual's unique environment. RESULTS: Responses to the Parental Bonding Instrument produced three factors: parental warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. According to parents, these factors were largely a common environmental experience for their children. Responses from twins, however, indicated that genetic factors played a substantial role in the elicitation of warmth from parents and a more modest role in influencing parental protectiveness and authoritarianism. While reports of twins and co-twins on protectiveness and authoritarianism yielded similar results, analysis of responses from co-twins indicated a degree of importance of genetic factors in eliciting parental warmth which was midway between that from parents' reports and twins' reports. Answers from twins as parents indicated that provision of warmth was substantially heritable, while resemblance between twins in providing protectiveness and authoritarianism was due to family environment. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of parenting is influenced by attitudes derived from the parent's family of origin as well as by genetically influenced parental temperamental characteristics. The elicitation of parenting is influenced by temperamental traits of the offspring that are, in turn, under partial genetic control. Genetic factors in both parent and child are more important for warmth than for protectiveness or authoritarianism.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Parents of homosexuals--not guilty? Interpretation of childhood psychological data.

Data obtained in a study of 200 Dutch male homosexuals in treatment contradict the idea that parents are not causing homosexuality in their sons. Notably, the combination of overconcernedness of the mother and detachment and hypercriticism of the father push the boy into avoidance of "masculine" behavior, which in turn is leading to a feeling of inferiority because the boy considers himself as lacking in manliness. The homosexual urge is an expression of an infantile longing for acceptance to counteract the loneliness and self-pity of not belonging and must be seen as a specific neurotic manifestation.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

Homovanillic acid and monoamine oxidase in sons of substance-abusing fathers: relationship to conduct disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Children of substance-abusing (SA) fathers have been found to have increased rates of conduct disorder (CD). Substance abuse and antisocial behavior have been linked to alterations in dopaminergic regulation and to monoamine oxidase (MAO) in adults. This study assessed the relationship between homovanillic acid (HVA), the metabolite of dopamine (DA), and MAO, the enzyme facilitating the conversion of DA to HVA, with CD in boys of SA and non-SA fathers. METHOD: Male youths (N = 65), between the ages of 6 and 15 years, admitted to a residential setting because of behavior problems, were studied through peripheral blood samples and structured interviews. RESULTS: The findings indicated that MAO activity was significantly higher in boys of SA fathers with CD than (1) in boys of non-SA fathers with CD and (2) in boys of SA fathers without CD. HVA levels did not differ significantly among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of previous studies, the findings support the concept of dopaminergic dysregulation in sons of SA fathers, manifested by alterations in MAO activity levels in those youths with CD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) as a model for ethological research.

The uses and advantages of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) as an animal model for ethological research were examined. It was found that this species had advantages over Old World primates for work on social behavior as a nearer approximation to the group structure occurring in natural conditions could be obtained in the laboratory. The small size of the common marmoset also made it easier to handle and cheaper to maintain. The adult female gave birth at five-month intervals and usually reared twin offspring. This, and the short generation time, made it an ideal model for mother-infant behavioral studies. The common marmoset was also shown to be a useful model for studies of social play, especially for categorizing the changes in playful behavior with age, and the relationship of the patterns seen in play to other behaviors. It was also suggested that it may be an ideal model for experimental studies of play. Other suggested uses included studies of the relationship of food supply and feeding habits to territory size and group structure, and of the advantages to elder offspring of helping to rear younger siblings. As a result of these observations the common marmoset was considered to have great potential as a model for ethological research, both in its natural habitat and in the laboratory.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Behavioral neuroendocrinology in nontraditional species of mammals: things the 'knockout' mouse CAN'T tell us.

The exploration of many of the fundamental features of mammalian behavioral neuroendocrinology has benefited greatly throughout the short history of the discipline from the study of highly inbred, genetically characterized rodents and several other "traditional" exemplars. More recently, the impact of genomic variation in the determination of complex neuroendocrine and behavioral systems has advanced through the use of single and multiple gene knockouts or knockins. In our essay, we argue that the study of nontraditional mammals is an essential approach that complements these methodologies by taking advantage of allelic variation produced by natural selection. Current and future research will continue to exploit these systems to great advantage and will bring new techniques developed in more traditional laboratory animals to bear on problems that can only be addressed with nontraditional species. We highlight our points by discussing advances in our understanding of neuroendocrine and behavioral systems in phenomena of widely differing time scales. These examples include neuroendocrine variation in the regulation of reproduction across seasons in Peromyscus, variation in parental care by biparental male rodents and primates within a single infant rearing attempt, and circadian variation in the regulation of the substrates underlying mating in diurnal vs. nocturnal rodents. Our essay reveals both important divergences in neuroendocrine systems in our nontraditional model species, and important commonalities in these systems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of the care delivered to hospitalized newborns according to the Winnicottian perspective].

This work aimed to analyze the holding provided by nurse aides, nurses, mothers, and fathers to infants newborn hospitalized at the middle risk neonatal unit of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo. This is a qualitative descriptive study based on Winnicott's theoretical framework. Data were collected by means of videotaping. Results demonstrated that there are some professionals who fail in providing holding, whereas others provide it satisfactorily. Although parents provide adequate holding, at times they fail to do so. We believe that it is necessary that the caring practice must be reevaulated, so that all members of the team, and also mothers and fathers are able to provide adequate holding for the infant's development.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social interactions of children with autism in father-child and mother-child play sessions.

Autism, or the broader category of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), is a complex developmental disability characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior. Specific aims of the investigation reported here were to (a) compare autistic child behaviors in clinic versus home settings, (b) compare father and mother behaviors in clinic versus home settings, and (c) characterize interactions of fathers with their autistic children and compare these with mother-child interactions. While results indicated that there were no statistically significant group differences between child behaviors in clinic versus home settings or in father versus mother behaviors, there was wide behavioral variability in each setting and differences when comparing individual cases. These findings are consistent with the clinical impression that autism is a syndrome with various symptom configurations and individual differences in behaviors.

Adult↗