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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[CASMSP (Complex Automated system of Mass Screening of the Population) as an information basis for the evaluation of health of the population].

On the basis of the periodic medical check-up of 1385 adults carried out by means of the Computerized Automated System of Medical Aid to the Population there were calculated the integral indices, i.e., an index of deviation (ID) and a dip angle of ID, describing the health status of the population. Calculation alternatives are given along with the ID use for information supply on health status of the population according to the established aims. Simplicity of the calculation procedure and a sufficient degree of information content promote the application of the proposed indices to health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Genetic heterogeneity and population structure in eastern India: red cell enzyme variability in ten Assamese populations.

This paper is a part of the genetic study of the people of Assam (eastern India), initiated by the Anthropometry and Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India, and the Dept. of Human Biology/Physical Anthropology, University of Bremen, W. Germany. The results of 1. allele distribution of five red cell enzyme polymorphisms in ten Assamese populations, 2. heterogeneity of allele frequencies and extent of gene differentiation among these populations, and 3. standard genetic distances are presented here. A total of 1024 blood samples was screened for aP, E D, AK, ADA and LDH enzyme systems for Brahmins, Kalitas, Kaibartas, Rajbanshis, Muslims, Ahoms, Chutiyas, Kacharis, Karbis (Mikirs) and Sonowals, of which the latter three are tribes. The gene diversity (FST) is smallest (0.0035) for pa and highest (0.1604) for HbE. The total FST value (0.0399 +/- 0.0141) appears to be statistically significant. From distance analysis two major clusters with sub-clusters in each are visible, which are in conformity with the ethnohistory of these populations.

Asian People↗
PubMed1989

Association of rheumatoid arthritis with HLA in three South African populations--whites, blacks and a population of mixed ancestry.

The association between rheumatoid arthritis and HLA was studied in three South African populations: whites (N = 66), blacks (N = 33) and patients of mixed ancestry (Cape Coloureds) (N = 183). The antigens of the HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ loci were detected by microlymphocytotoxicity assay and their frequencies in the three patient groups were compared with the corresponding frequencies in normal individuals of the same population group. HLA-DR4 was significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis in whites (P less than 0.0001), blacks (P less than 0.001) and patients of mixed ancestry (P less than 10(-6]. The relative risk for HLA-DR4 was 3,2 in whites, 3,9 in blacks and 3,7 in patients of mixed ancestry. Other significant associations detected were with HLA-A2 in whites and HLA-B8 and DQw3 in patients of mixed ancestry. The constant association with HLA-DR4 seen in the different populations provides support for the suggestion that the HLA genes themselves are responsible for the genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1977

Ther persistent PHA-responsive population in the mouse thymus. i. Characterization of the population.

Using an in vitro culture technique, mouse thymus graft cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The persistent PHA-responsive thymus graft population (Elliott, 1973) was shown to be able to response to other T-cell mitogens (Con A, pokeweed mitogen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B), but not to E. coli lipopolysaccharide a known B-cell mitogen. The percentage of persistent PHA-responsive cells did not alter during 5 days in culture and was relatively unaffected by either hydrocortisone or anti-lymphocyte serum treatment in vitro. In allogeneic thymus grafts (AKR leads to CBA), persistent PHA-responsive cells could be demonstrated, which were destroyed when incubated with CBA anti theta AKR serum and complement. When thymus graft cells were allowed to sediment on a 0.2-2 per cent BSA gradient, it was seen that the PHA-responsive population sedimented faster than the bulk of thymus graft cells. Some separation could be obtained on this gradient between the persistent and non-persistent PHA-responsive cell populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The persistent PHA-responsive population in the mouse thymus. I. Characterization of the population.

Using an in vitro culture technique, mouse thymus graft cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The persistent PHA-responsive thymus graft population (Elliott, 1973) was shown to be able to respond to other T-cell mitogens (Con A, pokeweed mitogen, staphylococcal enterotoxin B), but not to E. coli lipopolysaccharide a known B-cell mitogen. The percentage of persistent PHA-responsive cells did not alter during 5 days in culture and was relatively unaffected by either hydrocortisone or anti-lymphocyte serum treatment in vivo. In allogeneic thymus grafts (AKR leads to CBA), persistent PHA-responsive cells could be demonstrated, which were destroyed when incubated with CBA anti thetaAKR serum and complement. When thymus graft cells were allowed to sediment on a 0.2--2 per cent BSA gradient, it was seen that the PHA-responsive population sedimented faster than the bulk of thymus graft cells. Some separation could be obtained on this gradient between the persistent and non-persistent PHA-responsive cell populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Incipient resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine among a semi-immune population of the United Republic of Tanzania. 2. The impact of chloroquine used as a chemosuppressant on the immune status of the population.

Decreased sensitivity and incipient resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains to chloroquine have been reported from Mto-wa-Mbu, in the north-east of the United Republic of Tanzania. In this locality the population had been exposed to chloroquine pressure for about two decades, in the form of medicated salt and through easy availability of the drug itself. In an attempt to find out whether such chemosuppression had influenced the immune response of the population, two seroepidemiological surveys were carried out in March 1981 and March 1982; the second survey was performed to confirm the results obtained in the first one. The humoral immunological response was measured by the immunofluorescent antibody technique. In the absence of information on the immunological profile that existed in the area prior to the introduction of chloroquine in 1960, the results of the present surveys were compared with those obtained in another locality in the north-east of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1967, and in the West Kiang district of Gambia in 1965. The two areas used for comparison exhibited a malaria endemicity similar to that prevailing in Mto-wa-Mbu prior to the introduction of the medicated salt. The results from Mto-wa-Mbu showed a significantly lower proportion of subjects with positive titres and a lower geometric mean titre in all age groups.A reduction in the humoral immunological response might be explained by the drug pressure that has been exerted in the area for many years. The depressed immune response found at Mto-wa-Mbu, however, was so marked that other factors may have contributed to its establishment.In view of the importance of these findings, it is recommended that further, longitudinal serological studies be conducted in the field to assess the effects of chemosuppression on the immune response of the protected populations.

Anopheles↗
PubMed1995

Both a precursor and a mature population of dendritic cells can bind HIV. However, only the mature population that expresses CD80 can pass infection to unstimulated CD4+ T cells.

Dendritic cells (DC) are the principle APC involved in primary immune responses; their major function is to obtain Ag in tissues, migrate to lymphoid organs, and activate T cells. DC are also the first immune cells to arrive at sites of inflammation on mucous membranes, the major site of sexual transmission of HIV. We have demonstrated previously that three populations of cells that can develop a dendritic morphology are present in peripheral blood. Two of these populations can express CD83, a marker of DC, and appear to be at different stages of maturation: 1) a precursor population and 2) a mature immunostimulatory DC. Precursor-derived DC express high levels of CD86 (B7-2) and HLA-DR but no CD80 (B7-1), whereas mature DC have high levels of expression of all three markers. Mature DC in peripheral blood bind HIV to their surface and induce infection when added to autologous CD4+ T cells in the absence of added stimuli, such as mitogens. These mature DC, when isolated directly from peripheral blood, appear to be conjugated to T cells, and these conjugates are infected easily and productively with HIV. These findings suggest a role for DC in early HIV infection in which they bind virus and interact with T cells locally or after migrating to a lymphoid organ, thus establishing a productive infection. Furthermore, they likely play a role in the propagation of HIV infection by activating T cells in the presence of HIV, which leads to viral replication and immune cell destruction.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1996

Controlling for variability in research on normal aging and neuropsychological populations discourse analysis and applications: studies in adult clinical populations.

There has been an increase in research during the past few years on discourse, with particular focus on normal older adults and clinical populations, e.g., aphasic and head-injured patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease. A recent edited book, Discourse Analysis and Applications: Studies in Adult Clinical Populations, reviews some of this work. Research on normal older adults and clinical populations raise a number of methodological problems, in particular, variability. Such issues are not easily resolved as we currently have no standard experimental designs for this type of research. This review seeks to point out some of these methodological issues that researchers face and provides some possible solutions.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A method for projecting the population according to size of locality. (Application to the case of Mexico's urban population in 1990)].

"In this article, a restricted components method is presented (because sex and age are not taken into account) to project the population classified according to the size of the locality.... The application is presented for urban centers (15,000 or more inhabitants) of Mexico in 1990, utilizing the trend in demographic growth for the 1960-1980 period." Data are from Mexican censuses conducted in 1960, 1970, and 1980. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed2000

Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations.

Genetic parameters widely used to monitor genetic variation in conservation programmes, such as effective number of founders, founder genome equivalents and effective population size, are interrelated in terms of coancestries and variances of contributions from ancestors to descendants. A new parameter, the effective number of non-founders, is introduced to describe the relation between effective number of founders and founder genome equivalents. Practical recommendations for the maintenance of genetic variation in small captive populations are discussed. To maintain genetic diversity, minimum coancestry among individuals should be sought. This minimizes the variances of contributions from ancestors to descendants in all previous generations. The method of choice of parents and the system of mating should be independent of each other because a clear-cut recommendation cannot be given on the latter.

Breeding↗
PubMed2026

Genome-wide SNP-based genomic diversity and population structure analysis in alpaca populations from Europe and Peru.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of alpacas in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (German-speaking regions, GSR) and to compare with that of the country of origin of the species (Peru). A total of 179 animals from GSR and 151 from Peru were genotyped with a species-specific 76k SNP array. The observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.305 and 0.311 for GSR and 0.310 and 0.312 for Peru. The mean FROH values were 0.029 for GSR and 0.023 for Peru. In general, results show that breeders in both analyzed regions efficiently maintain genetic diversity. Principal component analysis identified the GSR and Peru populations as separate from each other, but the relative proximity of both clusters indicates the shared genetic heritage. FST and XPEHH methods identified genomic regions under selection for traits such as coat color and adaptation. Genome-wide association studies comparing black and brown with white or gray alpacas identified associated genome regions containing the ASIP and KIT genes, respectively. The association of a recently identified keratin locus on chromosome 16 with differences in fleece type in alpacas was confirmed, while the putative causality of a TRPV3 variant was rejected.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Estimation of population growth or decline in genetically monitored populations.

This article introduces a new general method for genealogical inference that samples independent genealogical histories using importance sampling (IS) and then samples other parameters with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). It is then possible to more easily utilize the advantages of importance sampling in a fully Bayesian framework. The method is applied to the problem of estimating recent changes in effective population size from temporally spaced gene frequency data. The method gives the posterior distribution of effective population size at the time of the oldest sample and at the time of the most recent sample, assuming a model of exponential growth or decline during the interval. The effect of changes in number of alleles, number of loci, and sample size on the accuracy of the method is described using test simulations, and it is concluded that these have an approximately equivalent effect. The method is used on three example data sets and problems in interpreting the posterior densities are highlighted and discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

How well do antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees represent the general population? A comparison of HIV prevalence from ANC sentinel surveillance sites with a population-based survey of women aged 15-49 in Cambodia.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether HIV-1 prevalence among antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees in Cambodia provided a reasonable estimate of HIV-1 prevalence among all women 15-49 years. METHODS Antenatal clinic attendees in five HIV sentinel surveillance sites (five provinces) were selected by consecutive sampling (n = 1695). The population survey of females by household was carried out in the same five areas. Household females aged 15-49 years were selected using a three-stage cluster sampling design (n = 3066). Serum-based HIV ELISA testing was done for both ANC attendees and household females. The HIV prevalence for ANC attendees and household females were compared by age group and urban versus rural location. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HIV-1 infection among ANC attendees (1.62%, 95% CI : 1.26-1.98) was similar to the overall prevalence obtained from the general population of household females (1.24%, 95% CI : 0.92-1.55) in the same catchment areas in Cambodia. In the rural areas, the overall HIV prevalence among ANC attendees (2.18%, 95% CI : 1.59-2.77) was significantly higher than among the household females (0.86%, 95% CI : 0.49-1.23) after adjustment for age distribution and education level. In the 15-24 age group in rural areas, the HIV prevalence of ANC women was 2.71% (95% CI : 0.96-4.46) compared with 0.77% (95% CI : 0.02-1.53) in household females. CONCLUSIONS: Although ANC data can be used to estimate trends over time, it should be realized that ANC data may overestimate the actual prevalence in the younger age group in rural areas in Cambodia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Population genetics of the population of the European north of the RSFSR. IV. The level of blood relationship in 5 villages of Pinega District, Archangel Province].

Computer program "RODAN-1" is used for inbreeding coefficient estimation. The population studied consists of two communities of 5 villages. 385 marriages were computed. The coefficient of inbreeding is 0.00145 for pedigree for rural Russian population (the Arkhangelsk region). The inverse dependence between a village size and corresponding data of inbreeding coefficient is suggested. An attempt was undertaken to estimate the genealogical information value for each pedigree and average information value for a village.

Arctic Regions↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic demography of the Kuznetsk Basin population: changes in marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity and age in the Belovo city population with time].

A genetic demographic study has been performed in the city of Belovo with the use of the data on marriages contracted there in 1970 and 1994-1999. Marriage assortativeness with respect to age has been found to be the strongest and remain unchanged during the lifetime of one generation (r = 0.730 in 1970 and r = 0.801 in 1994-1999). Monoethnic marriages were substantially more frequent than interethnic ones in the Belovo population during the period studied, although the ethnic marriage assortativeness considerably decreased (K = 0.386 in 1970 and K = 0.141 in 1994-1999). Panmixia has been observed in the Russian population of Belovo. Other Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians and Belarussians) are characterized by negative marriage assortativeness and panmixia; positive marriage assortativeness has been found in other ethnic groups.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1989

[Population genealogy research on ischemic heart disease among the population of Alma-Ata].

Analysis of the results of a populational genealogical and epidemiological study into coronary heart diseases (CHD) carried out among the nonorganized male population aged 20-54 years living in Alma-Ata supports the importance of hereditary predisposition to the development of CHD as one of the leading risk factors for the illness. The rate of heart attacks (HA) in the diseases histories of the fathers and mothers of CHD persons was higher than among the parents of healthy persons. The mean values of cholesterol and triglyceride levels appeared much more significant in persons having both parents with a history of HA.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Population genetics study of the differential fertility in urban populations].

In an urban population with widespread birth control practice the distribution of the number of pregnancies, births and abortions was studied in a cohort of women of completed fertility. The mean number of pregnancies per woman was 4.03 +/- 0.08 (sigma = = 2.98); the mean number of births - 1.12 +/- 0.02 (sigma = 0.77). 7.4% of women which had completed their reproductive performance had no pregnancies and 19.5% - no births. The Crow's Index of the Opportunity for Selection and its components connected with differential fertility and differential mortality were estimated. In the population under study two components of selection - selection at the prenatal stages and selection associated with infertility - are shown to be still significant. Such type of selection is exemplified by investigation of couples suffering from repeated spontaneous abortions.

Abortion, Habitual↗