Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ORTHODONTICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Studies on the need and demand for orthodontic treatment.

The purpose of the present thesis was to analyze the complex factors which are involved in evaluating the need and demand for orthodontic care among school children. In the first section functional disturbances in 43 children with postnormal and 55 children with normal occlusion are studied. Data were obtained from an examination of mandibular function as well as palpation of the temporomandibular joints and masticatory muscles. In addition, the EMG activity of jaw muscles with and without palpatory tenderness respectively was studied in 8 children. In general, the results do not clearly support the hypothesis that postnormal occlusion is associated with functional disturbances that accentuate the need of orthodontic treatment. The next study concerns the precision of evaluating the objective need of orthodontic treatment in accordance with instructions given by the National Swedish Board of Health & Welfare and with similar instructions modified by a panel of dentists. The proposed instructions were related to a decision about whether or not to recommend treatment. Several dentists undertook independent assessments of the need of treatment in the same patients. In general, the results show that the greatest reliability in gradings of the objective need of treatment is achieved when dentists have trained together. Such training has more of an effect on the reliability in gradings than the content of the instructions. The last section of the thesis concerns the reliability of assessments of the subjective demand for orthodontic treatment. It is based on questionnaires and on independent evaluations of this demand by two orthodontists. The most common reason given by parents for seeking treatment for their child was that the malocclusion affected the child's appearance; other factors were of secondary importance in most cases. The duration of treatment does not appear to be of decisive importance for most patients and parents when deciding whether or not to accept treatment. Further, the results show that when two specialists assessed the demand for treatment of 144 patients on the same occasion but independently, they graded this demand very differently. A fixed-choice questionnaire given to children (11 items) and parents (17 items) who apply for treatment has also been evaluated. A proposal for the design of a questionnaire for estimation of the subjective demand for orthodontic treatment is given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Long-term evaluation of a SnF2 gel for control of gingivitis and decalcification in adolescent orthodontic patients.

The purpose of this paper is to review two recently reported, long-term studies of several chemical methods to control gingivitis and decalcification in in adolescent orthodontic patients. The first study (gingivitis study) was designed to determine whether conventional toothbrushing and twice daily use of a brush-on 0.4 per cent SnF2 gel containing more than 90 per cent available Sn2+ would be more effective for controlling plaque accumulation and gingivitis in the presence of orthodontic appliances than conventional toothbrushing alone. The second study (decalcification study) was designed to compare the effectiveness of controlling decalcification in orthodontic patients with either a 1100 ppm F toothpaste used alone, this same toothpaste and a 0.05 per cent NaF rinse or this toothpaste and a 0.4 per cent SnF2 gel. In the gingivitis study, sixty-five consecutively treated adolescents who were to receive full-mouth fixed orthodontic appliances were assigned to two groups according to age and sex criteria. In the decalcification study an additional 30 subjects (95 total) were similarly assigned to a third group. The first group (control, n = 35) used only toothbrushing with a standard fluoride (1100 ppm F) toothpaste. The second group used toothbrushing with a similar dentifrice supplemented with a 0.4 per cent SnF2 gel (SnF2 gel group, n = 30) used twice daily for the entire 18-month study period. The third group (in the decalcification study only) used a similar toothpaste and 0.05 per cent NaF rinse (NaF rinse group, n = 30). Clinical assessments of plaque accumulation using the Plaque Index, gingival inflammation using the Gingival Index, and coronal staining were completed single-blind before appliances were placed and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after appliances were placed. Decalcification was assessed single blind on all labial surfaces of all erupted teeth before appliances were placed and 3 months after appliances were removed. The results of the gingivitis study indicated that the SnF2 gel group had significantly lower scores for the Plaque Index (p < 0.01) and the Gingival Index (p < 0.001) at all examinations during orthodontic treatment than did the control group. In the SnF2 gel group, one subject developed mild coronal staining and two subjects developed moderate staining. In the decalcification study, when pre-treatment levels of decalcification were subtracted from post-treatment values, significantly lower decalcification scores (p < 0.05) were found for both whole mouth and first molars in the NaF rinse and gel groups as compared with the control group (toothpaste alone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A ten-year evaluation of the quality of orthodontic treatment.

A 10-year evaluation of the quality of orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry in Malmö, University of Lund, showed that in approximately 3 cases out of 4 (73%) successful results were noted in the malocclusions under treatment. In approximately half the cases the ideal treatment goal, normal occlusion, was achieved. The treatment was unsuccessful in 12% and in a large group of patients (15%) the treatment was discontinued due to lack of motivation or compliance. More accurate study and documentation of subjective need of treatment (motivation, cooperation and social sufficiency) would improve the quality of orthodontic care and make it more efficient. Some sort of penalty due to distinct lack of patient cooperation might improve orthodontic care. Root resorption occurred frequently during orthodontic treatment with multiband fixed appliances, but the apical shortening was small and without clinical significance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Developmental occlusion, orthodontic interventions, and orthognathic surgery for adolescents.

This article addresses issues in orthodontics such as timing of treatment, expansion in the absence of a posterior crossbite, serial ex-tractions, treatment of Class II and III malocclusions, treatment of open bites, extraction versus nonextraction, preservation of E-space to resolve crowding, orthodontics and temporomandibular disorders, orthognathic surgery, and current trends in orthodontics. Although much information is presented on these topics, many controversies still exist. When more data from evidence-based systematic reviews become available, more predictable and standardized orthodontic treatments may develop.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dentoalveolar and skeletal changes associated with the pendulum appliance followed by fixed orthodontic treatment.

INTRODUCTION: This prospective clinical study analyzed the distalization of maxillary molars achieved by the pendulum appliance and its effect on the anchorage teeth during and after fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Lateral cephalograms of 22 adolescents (15 girls, 7 boys) taken pretreatment, after distalization, after leveling and aligning, and after fixed orthodontic treatment were evaluated. The initial mean age was 14.5 years (SD = 1.80). The mean time for distalization of the maxillary molars was 5.85 months (SD = 1.82), and the total treatment time was 3.61 years (SD = 1.83). RESULTS: The pendulum appliance moved the maxillary molars distally, but with significant distal inclination, protrusion of the anterior teeth, and increase in lower anterior facial height (LAFH) due to the clockwise mandibular rotation. After fixed orthodontic treatment, the maxillary incisors and the maxillary first premolars and first molars were returned to their pretreatment anteroposterior positions. Thus, at postdistalization, there was 2.1 mm of protrusion of the maxillary first molars, despite the anchorage reinforcement (Nance button and cervical headgear worn at night during fixed appliance therapy). However, at the end of treatment, all patients had Class I molar relationships. CONCLUSIONS: The pendulum appliance followed by fixed orthodontic treatment corrected the Class II sagittal relationship, especially due to the dentoalveolar changes secondary to the spontaneous mandibular growth in the anterior direction during fixed appliance treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Orthodontic auxiliaries--a pilot project.

AIM: To undertake a pilot study to determine a possible training programme for orthodontic auxiliaries. DESIGN AND SETTING: Trainee hygienists who had been accepted onto a 2-year programme were asked to attend the Bristol Dental School well before their course was due to begin in order to participate in a pilot orthodontic assistant auxiliary training programme. METHODS: A modular course of one month's duration was constructed based on the programme at the University of British Columbia. This aimed to teach skills such as impression taking, bond placement, debracketing, band cementation as well as core knowledge relevant to these procedures. RESULTS: At the end of the course all participants were judged to be performing the tasks they had been taught competently and safely. CONCLUSION: UK dental nurses can be trained to fill the role of an orthodontic auxiliary. It would appear that an introductory clinical skills course of one week followed by an orthodontic skills training of three weeks is sufficient for a qualified dental nurse of above average abilities such as typifies those who are currently applying for places on UK dental hygiene courses. It is estimated that a further period of nine months supervised training will be necessary for those who have successfully completed such a training to develop clinically useful speeds when delivering these skills.

Cementation↗
PubMed2000

In vitro cytotoxic effects of orthodontic appliances.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an orthodontic appliance and of its components (brackets, bands, and arch wires) on some cell functions. Fibroblasts were cultured either in the presence of one unwashed orthodontic appliance, or one orthodontic appliance immersed in MEM for 28 days before use (washed appliance), or in the presence of MEM in which the appliances had been immersed. At the end of in vitro maintenance, morphological studies were carried out with SEM and TEM. Cell proliferation and GAG synthesis and secretion by radio-labeled precursors were assessed. The data indicated that unwashed appliances were more cytotoxic than washed ones. Moreover, the arch wire was the most biocompatible component of the orthodontic appliance, and the bracket was the least biocompatible. A comparative study into the effects on cell proliferation of the most common metal ions released by the appliances was also carried out. At the concentration released by one orthodontic appliance immersed for 28 days, the highest reduction in DNA synthesis was observed in the presence of Cu(++).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Adhesives for fixed orthodontic brackets.

BACKGROUND: Bonding of orthodontic brackets to teeth is important to enable effective and efficient treatment with fixed appliances. The problem is bracket failure during treatment which increases operator chairside time and lengthens treatment time. A prolonged treatment is likely to increase the oral health risks of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances one of which is irreversible enamel decalcification. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of different orthodontic adhesives for bonding. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE. Date of most recent searches: August 2002 (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2002). SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials were selected if they met the following criteria: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing two different adhesive groups. Participants were patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. The interventions were adhesives that bonded stainless steel brackets to all teeth except the molars. The primary outcome was debond or bracket failure. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were recorded on decalcification as a secondary outcome, if present. Information regarding methods, participants, interventions, outcome measures and results were extracted in duplicate by pairs of reviewers (Nicky Mandall (NM) and Rye Mattick (CRM); Declan Millett (DTM) and Joy Hickman (JH2)). Since the data were not presented in a form that was amenable to meta-analysis, the results of the review are presented in narrative form only. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials satisfied the inclusion criteria. A chemical cured composite was compared with a light cure composite (one trial), a conventional glass ionomer cement (one trial) and a polyacid-modified resin composite (compomer) (one trial). The quality of the trial reports was generally poor. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: It is difficult to draw any conclusions from this review, however, suggestions are made for methods of improving future research involving orthodontic adhesives.

Dental Cements↗
PubMed1999

Simulation of orthodontic tooth movements. A comparison of numerical models.

Orthodontic tooth movements are based on the ability of bone to react to mechanical stresses with the apposition and resorption of alveolar bone. Currently, the underlying biophysical, biochemical, and cellular processes are the subject of numerous studies. At present, however, an analytical description of orthodontic tooth movements including all components of the processes involved seems to be impossible. It was the aim of the present study to develop a mechanics-based phenomenological model capable of describing the alveolar bone remodeling. Thus, 2 different models were developed. The first is based on the assumption that deformations of the periodontal ligament (PDL) are the key stimulus to starting orthodontic tooth movement. The second supposes that deformations of the alveolar bone are the basis of orthodontic bone remodeling. Both models were integrated into a finite element package calculating stresses, strains and deformations of tooth and tooth supporting structures and from this simulating the movement of the tooth and its alveolus through the bone. Clinically induced canine retractions in 5 patients as well as force systems were exactly measured and the tooth movements were simulated using both models. The results show that the first model allows reliable simulation of orthodontic tooth movements, whereas the second is to be rejected.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed2000

Pain in orthodontics. A review and discussion of the literature.

This literature review focuses on previous studies of pain and pain perception in dentistry with special emphasis on orthodontic treatment. The prevalence of pain and background factors such as age, gender and culture/society, in addition to pain physiology and the influence of concomitant emotional and cognitive factors, is examined. Pain during orthodontic tooth movement is reported from the point of view of its physiology and character and different assessment methods. These aspects are described both generally and specifically in relation to the type of orthodontic forces and to the experience of discomfort other than pain. Since the orthodontic treatment may cause some degree of suffering for the patients, it is important for orthodontists to handle this situation in the best possible way. Some ideas about the possibilities of avoiding, reducing or alleviating pain in orthodontics are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Long-term development in the mandible and incisor crowding with and without an orthodontic stabilising appliance.

In children with dentoalveolar Class II malocclusion with proclined upper incisors treated with extraction of the maxillary first premolars and appliance in the upper jaw only has been reported to increase the lower arch crowding when compared with children with untreated normal occlusion. Stabilising orthodontic appliances might therefore be useful in the lower jaw. A comparison was made of Class II: 1 malocclusion with extraction in the upper arch in 35 individuals in whom a fixed orthodontic appliance was used in the upper arch only and 26 individuals with fixed appliances in both jaws. The mean age at the start of treatment was 12.9 and 12.8 years, respectively. Treatment effects and post-retention changes up to 4 to 5 years out of retention at the age of 20 to 22 years were evaluated from lateral head films and plaster casts. During treatment the orthodontic appliance in the lower arch relieved crowding. The available lower anterior space increased from -0.6 to +0.2 mm, compared, to a decrease from -0.4 to -1.3 mm in the group without mandibular appliances. After 4 to 5 years out of retention the lower arch available space had decreased in both groups, to -1.4 mm in the group where orthodontic appliances had been used in both jaws and to -2.5 mm in the group without an orthodontic appliance in the lower jaw. This difference was significant. But the subjective ranking of the amount of crowding in the lower jaw models showed no significant difference between the 2 groups at the age of 20 to 22 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Standardization of orthodontic products--does it make sense?

Since 1994, the DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.) has had a German working group named "Orthodontic Products" working toward establishing standardized norms for orthodontic products. In the USA, a similar working group called "Orthodontic Materials" was established in 1996 at the ADA (American Dental Association). Working at the ISO level since 1997, an international team has been in charge of unifying the standards already set at national levels. It is the aim of this article to report on the current state of standardization in Germany and internationally. The standards already published for wires (DIN 13971, ADA Spec. 32), for brackets and tubes (DIN 13971-2, ADA Spec. 100) and for elastomeric elements (DIN 13901) have been considered, as have problems occurring with ISO standards (ISO/CD 15841 and ISO/CD 15841-2) and DIN 13904-1. We demonstrate that the demands made of these products by the orthodontists who use them have lead to reasonable quality standards. Thanks to clearly-defined testing methods, orthodontic products can now be tested and their compliance with these minimum standards can be compared. In fact, the standards that have been agreed upon help both the product manufacturers and their users to improve product quality and, ultimately, the success of orthodontic treatment.

Dental Materials↗
PubMed2006

Incisor trauma and the planning of orthodontic treatment.

Because of the frequency of dental injuries during infancy and adolescence, traumatized teeth with variable long-term prognoses present a problem for orthodontic treatment planning. Orthodontic therapy can remain unaffected, or be complicated, by traumatized teeth. In some cases, following dental injury, orthodontics can also be used to enhance (prosthetic and) restorative treatment results. The orthodontic challenges involved in treating patients with a history of dental trauma are complicated by the consequences of trauma on dentition development and the different treatment options that must be considered. In this paper, we provide actual examples of the effects dental trauma can have on orthodontic treatment planning.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Contribution to the biological assessment of orthodontic acrylic materials. Measurement of their residual monomer output and cytotoxicity.

The acrylic materials used in orthodontics for the fabrication of removable appliances are subjected in the oral cavity to processes of change which influence their physical, mechanical and biological properties. It is therefore essential that every newly developed material must be judged in terms of its clinical value. In the present study, 2 orthodontic cold-cure acrylics, Orthocryl and Forestacryl, and 4 orthodontic photocure acrylics, Triad, Wil-O-Dont, Odontolux and Lux-A-Tech, were investigated and compared with 2 prosthetic acrylic materials: the cold-cure acrylic Palapress and the hot-cure acrylic Paladon. The quantity of residual monomers from methyl methacrylate (MAA) or urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) eluted from the sample in a given time after the processing was estimated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The cytotoxic properties of the materials were examined by Mosmann's proliferation-inhibition test with an established culture of fibroblasts (= MTT test). The hot-cure acrylic Paladon produced by far the smallest amount of eluted residual monomer and the least growth inhibition in the MTT test. The prosthetic cold-cure acrylic Palapress achieved significantly better results than the orthodontic cold-cure materials Orthocryl and Forestacryl. The photocure acrylics released less UDMA than did the cold-cure acrylics MMA. In the cell culture test, all the orthodontic materials examined were assessed as "slightly cytotoxic"; the prosthetic acrylics were graded under ISO-standard 10993-5 as "noncytotoxic". After soaking the plastic material in water for 3 days its cytotoxic properties, as exemplified by the cold-cure acrylic Forestacryl and the photocure acrylic Triad, were reduced, and during the following investigation no more inhibition of growth was observed. It was possible to confirm with the tests used that, for Triad, it is necessary to carefully remove the oxygen-inhibition layer of the photocure acrylic in order to improve the biological properties. The influence of the plastic material on fibroblast cultures was assessed, among other methods, by the quantity of residual monomers liberated. These were significantly reduced after soaking the manufactured substance in water for 3 days. Careful laboratory treatment of the photocure acrylics is necessary in order to improve their biological properties.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of dentofacial characteristics in a belgian orthodontic population.

The aim of this retrospective study was to provide quantitative information on the prevalence of dentofacial characteristics to find correlations between them and to determine the orthodontic treatment need in a Belgian orthodontic population. Data were acquired from 1,477 patients who had initial records made at the Department of Orthodontics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium between February 1983 and June 1997. The prevalence of Angle Class I, Class II div. 1, Class II div. 2 and Class III malocclusions was, respectively, 31%, 52%, 11% and 6%. The male-to-female ratio was 4:6. Spacing and trauma to teeth occurred more in males than in females. The prevalence of the following dentofacial characteristics was significantly different between the Angle classes: segmental crossbite; crossbite of one tooth; facial asymmetry; protral and lateral mandibular shift; horizontal and vertical growth patterns, impacted teeth; traumatised teeth; ectopically erupting canines; age at first records. No significant difference in the prevalence of the Angle classes between the sexes was found. Several clinically relevant correlations were found between the examined dentofacial characteristics. This Belgian orthodontic population from the Leuven region seems to be comparable to other orthodontic populations in Europe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Incidence of canal calcification in the orthodontic patient.

References in the endodontic literature specifically warn that orthodontic treatment may initiate the formation of secondary dentin deposition within a tooth to the extent of obstructing the entire root canal. Comparison of forty-six orthodontically treated patients with a control group of age- and sex-matched patients who had not undergone orthodontic treatment revealed two orthodontically treated patients with a total of three teeth that showed evidence of canal calcification. Although this incidence is not statistically significant, the clinical significance of canal calcification in the orthodontic population is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

An endodontic-orthodontic technique for esthetic stabilization of externally resorbed teeth.

Previous studies reveal that external root resorption is often coincident with orthodontic therapy. Some investigators have reported that root resorption ceases when orthodontic therapy is terminated. However, this is not always the case. The purpose of this article is to present an 11-year history of an unusual case in which root-resorptive processes continued for 3 years after orthodontic treatment had been discontinued. The article also describes and discusses a combined endodontic-orthodontic approach to halt external root resorption and stabilize mobile maxillary anterior teeth. Calcium hydroxide therapy was instituted to inhibit inflammatory apical root resorption. A rectangular orthodontic wire was adapted and inserted intracoronally to splint the teeth esthetically. The advantages and disadvantages of this intracoronal splinting technique are compared with other extracoronal splinting methods. Examination of one-year recall radiographs suggested inhibition of the root resorption. Masticatory function was restored for the patient. Considerations for monitoring patients with this problem are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of fixed-appliance orthodontic treatment on DMF indices.

An investigation was conducted to clarify the relationship between orthodontic treatment and caries incidence. DMF indices from 308 orthodontically treated and 305 untreated naval recruits were compared. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence that orthodontic treatment increases caries experience. Orthodontically treated subjects had significantly fewer diseased surfaces--a difference averaging one less diseased surface per patient. Treatment status did not generally affect the number of filled surfaces. Treated subjects had more missing teeth if first premolars were considered, but untreated subjects had more missing teeth if first premolars were not considered. No significant correlation was found between caries incidence and duration of orthodontic treatment. The epidemiologic basis and significance of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗