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PubMed1999

Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants: a population based, prospective study of visual acuity and strabismus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prematurely born infants are known to have an increased rate of ophthalmological morbidity. The aim of the present study was to investigate visual acuity and ocular alignment in a population of preterm infants in a geographical area, in infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: A prospective population based study of ophthalmological status of preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less was performed during 3.5 years, with examinations at 6, 18, 30, and 42 months of corrected age. Visual acuity was tested using linear optotypes. Multiple regression analyses were used to analyse independent risk factors for poor vision and strabismus. RESULTS: Poor vision (< 0.3) was detected in 2.5% (6/237) of the children. Of these, only two (0.8%) had a severe visual impairment (< 0.1). Strabismus occurred in 13.5% (31/229). Children with cryotreated ROP and neurological complications ran the highest risk of poor vision and strabismus, according to multiple regression analysis. Among children without a history of ROP or neurological complications, 34% had a visual acuity < 0.7 and 5.9% had strabismus, compared with 61% and 22%, respectively, among the children with ROP or neurological complications. CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of subnormal vision and strabismus in children born prematurely was higher than in a full term population of the same age. On the basis of this study, follow up of all preterm infants screened for ROP is recommended and general guidelines are suggested.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1968

Chloroquine: ophthalmological safety, and clinical assessment in rheumatoid arthritis.

272 patients on long-term chloroquine therapy were assessed with respect to ocular toxicity and clinical benefit. A simple scheme for rendering patients ophthalmologically safe is presented, employing the recording of central fields to red targets. Under this it was possible to diagnose a state of premaculopathy, which was reversible on stopping treatment. The incidence of premaculopathy was 41% in 143 patients who otherwise displayed no abnormality of the fundus oculi and who had received a mean total dose of 410 g. of chloroquine phosphate or the hydroxychloroquine sulphate equivalent. Under this joint ophthalmological and rheumatological supervision it was considered that the minor side-effects that may be caused by chloroquine are outweighed by its therapeutic value.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Cardiac, skeletal and ophthalmologic abnormalities in relatives of patients with the Marfan syndrome.

Nine patients with the Marfan syndrome and 40 of their first degree relatives were evaluated for the presence of cardiac, skeletal and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Aortic root dilatation and mitral valve prolapse were sought by echocardiography, and the metacarpal index was calculated from hand X-rays. Abnormalities of all the tests performed were present in all nine index cases, except for one normal eye exam. Mitral prolapse was present in thirteen relatives (33%) and aortic root dilatation in seven (18%). At least one cardiac abnormality was present in nineteen (47%) relatives. Aortic root dilatation was more common in male relatives; the incidence of mitral prolapse was approximately equal in the two sexes. Abnormal metacarpal index (greater than 8.0) occurred in fifteen of twenty-six relatives examined (58%). Ophthalmologic abnormalities were found in only four relatives. Two relatives had abnormalities of all three organ systems evaluated, five others had abnormalities of two systems, and fourteen had abnormalities of one system. We conclude that cardiac and skeletal abnormalities are demonstrable in a high percentage of first degree relatives of patients with the Marfan syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ophthalmologic findings in fifteen patients with Wolfram syndrome.

PURPOSE: To look for ophthalmologic abnormalities in 15 patients with Wolfram syndrome, also known as DIDMOAD syndrome (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness). METHODS: Fifteen patients from four inbred families diagnosed as having Wolfram syndrome at the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, in Amman, Jordan, were evaluated ophthalmologically. Their examination included best-corrected visual acuity, color vision testing, pupillary light reflexes, slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundus examination. Fundus fluorescein angiography was done in all patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of optic atrophy was (93.3%), colordefect (92.9%), cataract (66.6%), pigmentary retinopathy (30%) and diabetic retinopathy (20%). Abnormal pupillary light reflexes and nystagmus were also reported. CONCLUSIONS: Although ourgroup of patients was genetically heterogeneous, the ophthalmic findings are consistent with those reported in other series, except for cataract which was highly prevalent but mild and did not contribute significantly to loss of vision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Ophthalmologic follow-up of premature twins and triplets.

PURPOSE: To assess the influence of multiple gestation on the visual apparatus and on the general state of health of premature infants and to investigate the condition of the twin or triplet with the lowest birth weight compared to multiple gestation siblings. METHODS: Seventy-seven premature twins or triplets (8 to 54 months of age) were monitored at the Verona University Ophthalmology Department from November 1995 to November 1999. In another 12 subjects (younger than 8 months), only the neonatal disease records were examined; these subjects were excluded from the ophthalmologic follow-up because they were too young to be tested reliably. The study sample was compared with 120 premature singletons monitored from January 1996 to March 1998. Visual acuity, ocular motility, strabismus, refraction defects, dioptric media, and fundus oculi were assessed. RESULTS: The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity, refraction defects, or strabismus was not significantly different between premature twins or triplets and premature singletons. The twin or triplet with the lowest birth weight was more frequently affected by eye morbidity and the diseases typical of prematurity. This difference, however, was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Premature infants are at a disadvantage compared to those born at term, irrespective of multiple birth status; multiple gestation adds no risk beyond that due to prematurity.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2001

Tele-ophthalmology for the treatment in primary care of disorders in the anterior part of the eye.

Desktop videoconferencing at 384 kbit/s was used for a trial of tele-ophthalmology consultations between a general practitioner (GP) and an experienced ophthalmologist. Forty-two consecutive patients from St Erik's Eye Hospital emergency ward with disorders in the anterior part of the eye were examined. There was an excellent correlation between the diagnoses made with telemedicine support and those made by the ophthalmologist directly. Subsequently, the GP made 121 eye examinations in two years out of a total of approximately 300-400 examinations at the health-care centre. In the first year the GP examined and treated 45-50% of the cases on his own and 30-50% with telemedicine support. In the second year he treated 55-80% of the cases on his own and 5-35% with telemedicine support. Tele-ophthalmology in primary care appears to be reliable and is likely to be valuable in rural areas, where the distance to an ophthalmologist can be a significant obstacle to satisfactory diagnosis and treatment.

Anterior Eye Segment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ophthalmologic findings as predictors of carotid artery disease.

Vascular events that occur in the brain also occur in the eye, giving rise to different ophthalmologic manifestations that range from amaurosis fugax to complete blindness due to central retinal artery occlusion. The objective of this study was to ascertain the relative frequency and predictive value of ocular findings suggestive of carotid occlusive disease in patients being investigated for carotid endarterectomy. The charts of 366 patients undergoing carotid angiography for evaluation of cerebrovascular or visual symptoms over a 5-year period were reviewed. The presence of eye symptoms, neurologic symptoms, cervical bruits, and ophthalmologic findings on admission was recorded and correlated with the presence of significant carotid artery stenosis (>or=50%). Positive eye findings included retinal plaques, rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma, venous stasis retinopathy, central and branch retinal artery occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy, and asymmetric hypertensive retinopathy. Seventy-five patients (21%) presented with amaurosis fugax; 41 patients (11%) were found to have one or more ocular findings consistent with carotid artery disease. All patients with positive eye findings were diagnosed by ophthalmologists, who were consulted in 94 cases. Of these 41 patients, 29 (70.3%) were subsequently shown to have greater than 50% stenosis of the common or internal carotid artery. Ten patients had amaurosis fugax, a carotid bruit, and positive eye findings. All were shown to have a significant carotid stenosis. This study shows that ocular pathology, if diagnosed, is correlated with carotid stenosis, especially if other contributing history and physical findings are also considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of benefit in tele-ophthalmology using a consensus panel.

A videoconferencing link was established from a hospital in South Africa to Moorfields Eye Hospital in London. A clinician in South Africa used a video slit-lamp and videoconferencing equipment to capture images and communicate with a specialist in London. Over 12 months, 113 cases were discussed in teleconsultations. Case-notes were subsequently obtained for 90 cases (80%). Three consultant ophthalmologists took part in the consensus process, one from the UK and two from South Africa. The consensus panel achieved on average 78-96% agreement on the items rated. In approximately half the cases, the panel judged that teleconsultation had had an effect on diagnosis. In nine cases (10%) there was potential for definite improvement in visual health as a result of tele-ophthalmology and in a further 48 cases (53%) there was potential for possible improvement in visual health. The consensus process identified 35 cases (39%) where there was potential improvement in general health as a result of tele-ophthalmology. Despite the methodological limitations of our approach, it was possible to learn a great deal about the effectiveness of the telemedicine intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Feasibility of tele-ophthalmology for screening for eye disease in remote communities.

We assessed the feasibility of tele-ophthalmology in a remote location, Tungyin, an island 200 km from Taiwan, which has no ophthalmologist. Screening for eye diseases was carried out among residents aged 40 years or more. A total of 113 subjects, approximately 31% of the whole population, were enrolled in the screening programme. Images were transmitted (via ADSL) to a retinal specialist in Taiwan for diagnosis. The average processing time, excluding the time for copying files, was 6.4 s (SD 2.1) per subject. Transmission took 60-90 s for most of the images (83%). The average time required to make a diagnosis for each subject, including data entry, was approximately 34 s (SD 18). In screening for retinopathy, the detection rate with digital imaging (8.8%) was two times higher than with indirect ophthalmoscopy (4.4%). In 12% of cases macular degeneration was identified, and in 6% there were mild or moderate problems with the optic disc. Community-based screening for four categories of eye disease was successfully demonstrated using store-and-forward tele-ophthalmology.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Usefulness of post-mortem ophthalmological endoscopy during forensic autopsy: a case report.

Post-mortem intraocular findings in two autopsy cases with traumatic intracranial haemorrhage were obtained using an ophthalmological endoscope. The endoscopy results clearly revealed the presence of intraocular haemorrhages and papilledema caused by intracranial haemorrhage. Post-mortem ophthalmological endoscopy offers several benefits. First, post-mortem intraocular findings can be directly observed in corpses with post-mortem clouding of the cornea. Secondly, the endoscopy only requires a 0.9 mm incision in the sclera and does not require the removal of the eye from the corpse, a procedure that should be avoided for ethical and cosmetic reasons. Thus, post-mortem opthalmological endoscopy is a useful method for obtaining intraocular findings in autopsies.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebral midline developmental anomalies: endocrine, neuroradiographic and ophthalmological features.

BACKGROUND: Hypopituitarism may occur in patients with midline cerebral defects (MCD), including septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). HESX1 gene mutations have been associated with SOD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the endocrine, ophthalmological and neuroradiographic abnormalities in 18 patients with MCD and SOD without mutations at the HESX1 locus. STUDY DESIGN: The diagnosis of hypothalamic and pituitary abnormalities was confirmed by clinical findings and basal hormone values or functional tests. All patients underwent ophthalmological examination and neuroradiologic studies by MRI. RESULTS: The diagnosis of hypothalamic and pituitary abnormalities varied from 3 days to 13 years. Endocrine abnormalities were found in 88% of the patients: GH deficiency (72%), hypothyroidism (66%), hypogonadism (45%), diabetes insipidus (27%), adrenal insufficiency (10%), and precocious puberty (5%). Psychomotor retardation was observed in 55% and seizures in 22%. Visual status varied from normal to blindness. MRI confirmed heterogeneous intracranial malformations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the need for systematic and periodic endocrine evaluation of patients with MCD using a multidisciplinary approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Age-related macular degeneration: analysis in two ophthalmological centers in Pernambuco-Brazil].

PURPOSE: To evaluate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) prevalence and its risk factors in two different populations, with distinct socioeconomic conditions, at two ophthalmological centers in Pernambuco state, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 200 volunteers aged 55 years or older. One hundred were cared for by the Public Health System (in the Fundação Altino Ventura FAV-SUS) and 100 were cared for at a private hospital (Hospital de Olhos de Pernambuco-HOPE). There were 400 eyes altogether. Age-related macular degeneration was graded using fundoscopic examination using AREDS classification (Age-Related Eye Disease Study). RESULTS: Presence of age-related macular degeneration was observed in 61 eyes (30%) of the patients of the Fundação Altino Ventura and in 46 eyes (23%) of the patients of the Hospital de Olhos de Pernambuco. The age-related macular degeneration frequency difference between these populations, that are not similar regarding their socioeconomic level, was not significant (p=0.113). There was a positive association between aging and the age-related macular degeneration frequency (p<0.0001). This association was also present in the female gender (p=0.0451), the presence of cataract (p=0.0447), cataract surgery (p=0.0432) and obesity (p<0.0001). No age-related macular degeneration association with race (p=0.1367), hypertension (p=0.1985), diabetes (p=0.6712), smoking (p=0.6374), alcohol intake (p=0.7359), ocular sunlight exposure (p=0.9399), light-colored iris (p=0.1691), hyperopia (p=0.5098) and the usage of antioxidants (p=0.8251) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The age-related macular degeneration frequency in the two studied ophthalmological centers varied from 23 to 30%. Age-related macular degeneration association with age; female gender; cataract; cataract surgery; and obesity was observed. No age-related macular degeneration association with socioeconomic level was found in this study.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of economic viability of a mobile eye clinic of a referral Ophthalmology Service].

PURPOSE: To analyse the economic viability of a mobile eye clinic of a tertiary referral Ophthalmology Service. METHODS: The amount of money spent with the purchase and construction of the unit in 2000, and the expenses with its maintenance and operation in 2001 were considered, comparing these expenses with the income obtained from appointments, supplementary tests and eye surgeries through the "Sistema Unico de Saúde" (a health care service provided by the government), in 2001. In order to make an economic analysis, an interest rate of 10% per year and a period of depreciation of 10 years were stipulated. RESULTS: The total amount spent to buy and set up a mobile unit of "Hospital Oftamológico de Sorocaba" was R$ 184,140,00. The amount spent with its maintenance and operation during 2001 was R$ 28,000.00. The unit was used on average during 2 days each week in 2001 and 6492 appointments were made in this period, generating an income of R$ 32,460.00. The appointments generated complementary tests and eye surgeries making up R$ 51,540.00. Therefore, the total amount received directly with the appointments, complementary tests and eye surgeries during 2001 was R$ 84,000.00 paid by the "Sistema Unico de Saúde", according to values established beforehand. Using these values it is possible to make an economic analysis of this enterprise and this was done with and without money savings for depreciation, taking into account the income and the expenses. CONCLUSION: Besides attending poor communities that are located in distant neighborhoods, a mobile eye clinic can be a source of income for ophthalmologic services.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1995

The ophthalmologic manifestations of mitochondrial disease.

The cardinal eye manifestations of mtDNA diseases are ophthalmoplegia, optic neuropathy, and pigmentary retinopathy. A number of other eye structures may also be affected in these disorders and the ophthalmologist is in a unique position to detect and interpret these findings. The presence of these ophthalmologic manifestations may be the first clue that the patient has an underlying mitochondrial disease with the eye as the initial or most prominently affected organ. The phenotypic manifestations of mitochondrial disease are protean and variable, and there are no clear-cut, minimal features that define these disorders. The possibility of a mitochondrial disorder should be raised when any of the mitochondrial eye manifestations (Table 1) are present, either alone or in concert with the neurological and systemic (Table 2) manifestations of mitochondrial disease. A maternal family history of an ophthalmologic, neurological, or systemic illness is also compatible with a mitochondrial disorder. The ophthalmologist should not loose sight of the fact that mitochondrial disorders have systemic manifestations and implications, even when the primary manifestations are ocular. Detection of and proactive intervention into comorbid features (eg, diabetes mellitus, hearing loss, heart block) is an important component.

DNA Mutational Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory and ophthalmological findings in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The audiological and ophthalmological function in 59 children in continuous complete remission for at least 2 years since the completion of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia was evaluated. Three of 42 tested had abnormal hearing assessments, but none was attributed to the leukemia or its treatment. Four of 54 patients had visual abnormalities: 3 had mild refractive errors and 1 patient had mild subcapsular cataracts consistent with steroid-induced cataracts. We conclude that as the frequency of visual and hearing impairment in these patients is low, it is not necessary to perform audiological or ophthalmological assessment during routine follow-up unless clinically indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Ophthalmologic findings in Usher syndrome type 2A.

Thirty-seven patients, comprising 24 familial cases and 13 isolated patients with Usher syndrome type II (USH2), underwent ophthalmologic examination. Based on the degree of hearing loss, normal vestibular function, and gene-linkage analysis, familial cases were assumed to have USH2A. An analysis of genetic heterogeneity failed to reveal the presence of a second locus in the Dutch population. Although the patients appear to belong to a genetically homogeneous group, remarkable ophthalmologic variability was found. Corrected visual acuity decreased with age and remarkable differences in visual acuity were found within one family. Fundoscopic findings were classified as type A if attenuated vessels and bone corpuscles in all quadrants were found or as type B if findings other than these were found. The prevalence of type A significantly increased with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Neuro-ophthalmological function of patients with pineal region tumors approached transtentorially in the semisitting position.

To optimize orientation and operative exposure for aggressive resection, the authors approached pineal region tumors transtentorially with the patient in a semisitting position. In the current report, 12 consecutive patients were evaluated to document operative ocular morbidity referable to the brain stem as well as visual deficits secondary to occipital lobe retraction. Before craniotomy, ophthalmological findings related to dorsal midbrain dysfunction were evident in four of the 10 patients who had previously undergone ventricular shunting. The other patients developed a partial or complete Parinaud's syndrome in the early postoperative period and some suffered additional deficits such as cranial nerve palsies. These deficits improved to varying degrees in all patients. Although each had full visual fields preoperatively, an absolute or incomplete left homonymous hemianopsia developed in the immediate postoperative period. Such visual field deficits fully resolved over a variable period of time in 10 of the 12 patients. One patient has a permanent left homonymous hemianopsia, while another has a left homonymous paracentral scotoma. Eight patients were able to return to preoperative pursuits. While ocular abnormalities related to dorsal midbrain dysfunction are most probably independent of operative approach, visual field deficits attributable to occipital lobe retraction were common in patients after a occipital transtentorial approach performed in the semisitting position. Reading difficulties associated with ocular motor dysfunction due to dorsal midbrain involvement represent the principal long-term neuro-ophthalmological complaint of patients who have undergone pineal region surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of the ophthalmological services during the preschool age, ocular findings and family background.

The series consists of 12,059 children followed-up since their mothers' pregnancy. Of these children, 5.2 percent had visited an ophthalmological department during their first five years. Visits were significantly more frequent among the children of social classes I to III than among those of class IV and the farmers', and thus the frequencies of the diseases based on diagnoses given in the ophthalmological departments were also higher in social classes I to III. These children clearly had the best opportunities to have their diseases diagnosed at an early age. Squint was the most common diagnosis with the prevalence being 18.4 per thousand for the children in social classes I to III and 15.9 for the total series. The second largest group consisted of children without any positive ocular finding. These were mainly risk children having some other disease. The third most common diagnosis was dacryostenosis--its incidence in social classes I to III being 9.4 per thousand and that in the total series 7.9 per thousand. Squint correlated negatively with birth weight and was more common among children with some other disease, especially some nervous or mental disease. Dacryostenosis correlated positively with gestational age. If the mother smoked during the pregnancy she was more likely to give birth to a child with squint and less likely to bear a child with dacryostenosis.

Agriculture↗