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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Apraxia--neuroscience and clinical aspects. A literature synthesis].

Apraxic phenomena occur in various neurological conditions. Selective motion control is viewed as the basic capacity to make fine and precise, isolated or independent face or limb movements. Its deficit can indicate limb-kinetic apraxia if it is not explained by paresis, somatosensory deafferentation, or ataxia. The core deficit in ideomotor apraxia could be deficient movement representations, i.e. the combination of invariant features of intrinsic and extrinsic coding for a given movement, which are most important when movements have to be performed outside their typical context. Ideational apraxia would be defined by a semantic deficit related to action. Frontal apraxia is characterised by an action-sequencing deficit. A detailed model is proposed regarding processes relevant to praxis.

Apraxias↗
PubMed2006

[The epistemological problem in neurosciences and its effect on psychiatry].

Currently a comprehensive discipline, neurobiology is the field of examining the essence of mind in contrast to psychophysiology. It is becoming more and more apparent that this aim cannot be satisfied. Neurobiology is hampered by its deeply rooted paradigm of mechanistic materialism. Thus we learn about yet unsolved "hard problems." In order to recognize them as pseudoproblems, we must avoid unprovable metaphysical assumptions such as e.g., treating matter and mind as components of one organism rather than complementary but logically incommensurable means of description. To our physicalistically oriented university psychiatry, reintroducing the subject is of primary importance. At first glance, this would confront us again with unsolvable problems supposedly avoided by the psychiatric 'brain technicians' preferring object-oriented study (neuromaging, receptors). One such question is the 'fact' adverse to physical law of psychophysical interactions: it does not actually represent an insoluble hard problem but is a typical pseudoproblem resulting from false premises.

Germany↗
PubMed2000

[Ethical aspects of clinical neuroscience].

This paper deals with ethical implications of neuroscientific research on patients as well as with the application of its results in diagnosis and treatment for brain diseases, in which a considerable demand for research exists due to their high frequency, long duration, disabling consequences, and unsatisfactory or nonexistent treatment possibilities. Such indispensable research on patients calls forth the basic ethical tension between respect of autonomy and dignity of the sick individual (as well as the avoidance of somatic and psychic risks and burdens) and the ethically justified demand for flawless research in recognizing, preventing, reducing, or eliminating disability and suffering caused by disease. The demand for research today also results from the increasing orientation of insurance companies towards scientifically proven evidence of the efficacy and safety of medical interventions: "evidence-based medicine." This is illustrated by 3 examples: (1) use of fetal brain tissue/cells from planned abortions in patients in therapy-resistant final stages of Parkinson's disease and the effects of neurotransplantation on the recipients, (2) research with demented patients incompetent to give informed consent, and (3) predictive (presymptomatic, prenatal) testing in the genetic counseling of individuals from families with Huntington's chorea. We conclude that adherence to high ethical standards is of inestimable significance, not only for those participating in research but also for public acceptance of that research. This is particularly valid in Germany, where nonobservance and the undermining of ethical principles was grossly practiced in the first half of this century on the slippery descent into the abyss. Therefore, continued scrutiny with the increasing variety of ethical problems in medical research is demanded. However, this will be achieved not by taboos and prohibitive regulations but only through open discussion between scientists, particularly probands in research, patients' relatives, and the public. This leads to four demands: listening honestly and openly, both in single cases and in the public sector, training in recognition and consideration of ethical problems, and reducing unfavorable conditions such as complex bureaucratic regulations, negative public views, overzealous efficiency, and insufficient time. Sufficient numbers of qualified personnel are needed who are trained in listening and who will have the time to do so.

Dementia↗
PubMed2006

How silent is the brain: is there a "dark matter" problem in neuroscience?

Evidence from a variety of recording methods suggests that many areas of the brain are far more sparsely active than commonly thought. Here, we review experimental findings pointing to the existence of neurons which fire action potentials rarely or only to very specific stimuli. Because such neurons would be difficult to detect with the most common method of monitoring neural activity in vivo-extracellular electrode recording-they could be referred to as "dark neurons," in analogy to the astrophysical observation that much of the matter in the universe is undetectable, or dark. In addition to discussing the evidence for largely silent neurons, we review technical advances that will ultimately answer the question: how silent is the brain?

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1991

Applications of piezoelectric fluid jetting devices to neuroscience research.

Piezoelectric pumps or "jets" are used in industry for precise dispensing of small volumes of fluids. In the present work we have tested the feasibility of using these piezoelectric devices for dispensing fluids in neurobiological research. In one experiment, 70 picoliter (pl) droplets of histochemical reagent were jetted onto discrete targets of frozen tissue sections, and qualitative and quantitative histochemical studies were done on the small (170 microns diameter) circle of tissue wet by the droplets. In the second experiment, 70 pl droplets of neuroactive drugs were jetted onto brain tissue slices while recording single neurons extracellularly in vitro, and the effects of the drugs were found to vary systematically as a function of the number of drops and the distance between drop application and the recorded neuron. The results indicate that piezoelectric jets could have wide application for dispensing fluids in neurobiological research.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

Neuroscience in the Republic of Georgia.

The current uncertain status of the republics of the USSR poses special problems for the future development of their scientific communities. The system of Institutes within an Academy, on which most Eastern European research was modelled, was developed in the USSR. Because of the Republic of Georgia's relatively small population, its research might be especially at risk if collaborative integration with other Republics and the West is not achieved.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1991

Neuroscience in the former GDR.

Until 1945, when Germany was subdivided into four occupied territories, scientific traditions and science policy were the same throughout Germany. Then came 45 years of increasing separation and diverging development. Now, the East and West are again formally united and their inhabitants are experiencing, with an intensity that was not anticipated, just how different their countries have become.

Academies and Institutes↗