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PubMed2006

[Determination of anabolic steroid hormones in animal muscle tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry].

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed for the determination of multi-residues of steroid anabolic hormones epitestosterone (ETS), testosterone 17-propionate (PTS), nandrolone (17beta-NT), 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MTS), 17beta-estradiol (17beta-ES), estriol ( EST), 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EES), estrone (ESN) and 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate (BES) in the muscle tissues of various animal species. Homogenized tissue samples were enzymatically digested in acetate buffer (pH 5.0). Consequently, methanol was added and the mixtures were extracted under ultrasonication incubation. Clean-up was carried out for at least two times with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) liquid-liquid partitioning followed by a reversed-phase solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge purification. The eluate with methanol was evaporated to dryness by N2 at 40 degrees C and derivatization was achieved with N-methyl-N-( trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide/iodotrimethylsilane/dithioerythritol (MSTFA-TMIS-DTE) at 60 degrees C for 45 min. The reaction mixture was injected into a gas chromatograph with a DB-1 capillary column coupled with a mass spectrometer. The samples were tested by different selected ion monitoring modes with electron impact (EI) source for the androgens and estrogens. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) for the above 9 hormones were in the range of 1.0 - 2.0 microg/kg. At the 2.0 microg/kg LOQ spiked level, the mean recoveries were within 62.5% - 80.5%, and the relative standard deviations were within 12.5% - 26.8%. The real sample tests showed this method can be used for the sensitive and accurate determination of multi-steroid anabolic hormones residues in biological muscle samples.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1990

A survey of paediatric prescribing and dispensing in Karachi.

In an effort to understand the paediatric prescribing practices of family physicians and dispensing of medicines from pharmacies, a survey was conducted in Karachi. Another objective was to understand the factors influencing such practices. Hundred family physicians and 55 pharmacists were surveyed. Four groups of drugs namely antidiarrhoeals, appetite stimulants, multivitamins and brain tonics were identified for assessment, these being drugs widely promoted by the pharmaceutical industry. Some of these drugs are known to have deleterious effects and therapeutic benefit of most of them is dubious. It was observed that roughly 55% of all drugs prescribed by the physicians fell into the aforementioned drug categories. These drugs also constituted nearly 60% of all sales of the pharmacies surveyed. The survey indicates that the antidiarrhoeal drugs Imodium (Ioperamide) and Lomotil (diphenoxylate) are being commonly prescribed though they have hazardous side effects and are unsuitable for use in children. Thirteen percent of physicians are still prescribing the anabolic steroid Durabolin (nandrolone phenylpropionate) as an appetite stimulant long after promotion for this purpose has been dropped. The survey indicates that 95% of the physicians relied upon industry promotional material as their main source of information about drugs. The survey highlights the need to introduce the concept of rational drug use in the undergraduate and postgraduate education.

Child↗
PubMed1978

High density lipoproteins--correlation with cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients.

1) HDL levels are low in hemodialysis patients. 2) Lipid abnormalities do not correlate with the presence of CVD in hemodialysis patients. 3) Smoking may not effect blood lipid levels in hemodialysis patients. 4) Nandrolone decanoate may not play a role in CVD in hemodialysis patients. 5) Longer time on hemodialysis does not result in a decrease in triglyceride or increase in HDL levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Osteoporosis--a review.

Osteoporosis is a major medical problem in older women. Although a variety of factors influence bone formation and resorption, ovarian failure and a reduction in adrenal androgen production are major causes of menopausal osteoporosis. The prevention of trabecular bone loss and vertebral fractures in menopausal patients is feasible. Women who are at risk, so-called "fast bone losers," can be identified by office and chemical laboratory techniques. Estrogen therapy reduces or halts osteoclastic resorption and preserves bone mass. Exercise and anabolic hormones, including progesterone, stimulate osteoblastic building of bone. The combination of estrogen and progesterone reduces the risk of uterine malignancy below that seen in patients who take estrogen alone and possibly below the incidence seen in women who take no hormones. An individual's doses of replacement hormones will vary, depending on the amount of endogenous bone-targeted hormones and the response to treatment. These doses can be determined by monitoring their effect on 24-hour hydroxyproline and calcium excretion. Another way to monitor dose effect is by observation of the FSH levels. The serum FSH levels should be reduced at least to that level considered to be diagnostic of menopause. It may be unnecessary, if not inappropriate, to strive to restore FSH levels to normal premenopausal levels. Age-associated osteoporosis is a potentially fatal disease. Osteomalacia, with the associated loss of cortical bone, is superimposed upon the trabecular bone loss due to ovarian and adrenal androgen hormone deficiencies. These hormone deficiencies continue to operate upon trabecular bone at this later stage in the continuum. In addition to estrogen therapy and progesterone replacement, patients who are fracture victims may benefit from androgen replacement to increase their bone mass. Replacing androgens using nandrolone decanoate in women may address the natural loss of their adrenal bone-targeted hormones. The identification and treatment of individuals who need vitamin D and calcium replacement will reverse this contribution to the loss of bone. Clinical experience demonstrates that monitored hormone, vitamin D, and calcium supplements reduce the frequency of fractures, especially hip fractures, which may be reduced as much as 40% to 60% over a three-year period with such treatment. Cautious fluoride supplements in addition to calcium, hormones, and appropriate amounts of vitamin D appear to reduce vertebral fracture rates. The associated suffering, disability, and death from osteoporosis-induced fractures can be dramatically altered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids on hair waves in castrated mice.

The effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate and decanoate, androstanolone and testosterone propionate, in daily doses from 3 to 100 micrograms during a month, on the diffuse hair wave seen after gonadectomy, were studied in male C 57 mice. The androgenic effects upon anterior prostate weight and the anabolic effects upon levator ani muscle and submaxillary gland weight, were also evaluated. The four steroid compounds used in these experiments had a strong inhibitory effect upon the hair growth waves which was stronger in the anabolic steroids than with testosterone propionate.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1986

Effects of sex, gonadectomy and several steroids on the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the BB rat.

The spontaneous development of the putative autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in BB rats was not affected by the following factors: (a) sex, (b) gonadectomy, (c) administration of testosterone decanoate, 11 alpha-hydroxynandrolone decanoate, ethinyloestradiol or Org OD14 (tibolone). Treatment with nandrolone decanoate lead to a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of diabetes in male rats in one experiment, but failed to do so in the second. These results and various data from the literature suggest that the influence of sex and steroids on the development of diabetes mellitus in the BB rat is different to that of autoimmune disorders in other animal models (New Zealand Black/White, New Zealand Black mice, Obese Strain chickens) and in man.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

[A quarter of a century of studies of the abuse of hormonal anabolics in slaughtering animals: no DES-illusion!].

Over twenty-five years of analytical chemical and analytical biological forensic examination for residues of anabolic agents are reviewed. Up to 1981, this review is not only representative of the research done at the National Institute of Public Health but also of any research in this field in The Netherlands. A more detailed background is presented of the situation and the model of investigation adopted in the analytical-chemical testing of bovine urine for diethylstilbestrol (DES) following legal verdicts in 1981. At the time, examination in accordance with the Meat Regulations as well as a particular method of analysis were condemned. A retrospective study showed the rejected radioimmunochemical method (RIA) to be reliable as regards false-positive results at a level of 2 micrograms or more of DES per litre of urine (2 parts per billion or 2 ppb) rather than the level of 1 ppb adopted in 1981. Extensive and large-scale screening for DES from 1984 up to the present day resulted in the almost complete disappearance of the illegal use of this anabolic compounds in the Netherlands. However, investigations of sites of injection detected in slaughtered cattle during the period from 1983 to 1984, showed that other anabolics were still being used illegally. These studies particularly revealed residues of combined anabolic compounds ('cocktails'). The most common active anabolic ingredients observed were the xenobiotic steroids nortestosterone (nandrolone) and medroxyprogesterone and the exogenous natural steroids oestradiol and testosterone.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Acquired aplastic anemia in children. Therapy using androgens and antilymphocyte gamma globulin].

Authors describe initial characteristics, clinical course and response to treatment of 13 children, aged from eight months to nine years, with acquired aplastic anaemia. Six of the children had been exposed to products with potential bone-marrow toxicity: chloranphenicol (1), pirazolones (3) and insecticides (2). Pancytopenia was severe in twelve and moderate in one. Five patients with severe aplastic anaemia were given antilymphocytic (2) or antithymocytic (3) (ATG) gammaglobulins; two of those treated with ATG responded after two and five months respectively and there was no response in the other three. Twelve patients were given androgen treatment (oxymetholone or nandrolone decanoate): four, two of whom previously had received ATG, followed a favorable course. None of the severe initial pancytopenic patients responded to androgen single agent treatment. No marrow transplant was performed in any of the children. Eight of the thirteen patients died one to 37 months after onset (median, 6 months) and five (38%) are alive after 21 months to 10 years, corresponding to two patients with moderate and three with severe initial pancytopenia. Importance of an appropriate supportive treatment during initial stages of the disease and the probable efficacy or immunosupressive treatment in certain patients must be underlined.

Androgens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The outlook for hormonal therapy in nutrition].

When the supply of energetic substrates is insufficient to slow the development of the catabolism, the next step is to focus on the neuro-endocrine mechanism which regulates the anabolism-catabolism balance. In this work, we review the endocrine response to stress and its implications in protein metabolism, in order to evaluate the different therapeutic possibilities available. Pharmacological blocking of the secretion of catabolic hormones (glucagon and catecholamines) has been unsuccessful up to now. Insulin is the only hormone which produces anabolism in all energetic substrates, but the results published about its administration with glucose and amino acids and its effects upon the nitrogen balance are controversial. The administration of anabolic steroids such as nandrolone, stanolone, and methenolone are usually associated with protein anabolism with minimum androgenizing action. The most recent works lead to the study of the effects of the use of GH and IGF-1 with clearly hopeful results. We have not yet acquired enough experience to use these methods in the habitual clinical practice. At the moment, the clinical studies are in the experimental stage and their application in nutrition is not accepted by the official authorities.

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed1994

[Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of synthetic androgen and anabolic hormone].

Esters of 17 beta position of testosterone and nandrolone gradually liberate their free forms into circulation, which are metabolized through usual androgen pathway. 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-methyl compounds, used per os as androgenic and anabolic drugs, show complicated metabolism, including saturation of A ring, degradation of substituted radicals at A ring, hydroxylation at 6 and/or 16, and epimerization at 17. These metabolites are excreted as free or conjugated forms with glucuronidate and sulfate.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed1994

[Iatrogenic demineralizing osteopathies].

Long-term corticosteroid therapy is the most frequent and most severe cause of iatrogenic osteoporosis. Hypocalcaemia, subsequent to the induced negative calcium balance, may lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Corticosteroids also affect bone itself, probably by disrupting the production of growth factors. Bone resorption increases and bone formation decreases leading to a reduction in total bone mass. The relative immobilization resulting from the corticoid-induced myopathy or the underlying disease may accelerate the process. On the average, after one year of treatment, 5% of the bone mass is lost, and loss may reach as much as 10 to 30% at certain sites. Nearly 40% of all subjects on long-term corticosteroids suffer fractures. Other iatrogenic causes include anticonvulants which perturb phosphocalcium metabolism, 1-thyroxin which leads to bone loss when administered for hormone substitution, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists which inhibit the hypophyseal-ovarian axis, tamoxifen (used in the treatment of breast cancer) which has an oestrogen-like effect, and other circumstances such as chemotherapy and long-term heparin. The gravity of iatrogenic osteroporosis thus requires preventive measures. Calcium and vitamin D supplements can compensate for impaired intestinal absorption of calcium but have no effect on bone density. One-alpha hydroxyl derivatives have been suggested but their effect remains controversial. Calcitriol can prevent bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae but hypercalcaemia occurs in one-fourth of the cases, limiting its use. Recent reports have shown that anti-oestroclastic agents may be useful. Nandrolone decaonate would have a favourable effect on bone loss but also causes virilization. In patent osteoporosis, fluorine can be combined with calcium resulting in increased lumbar bone density. Calcitonin and calcium can also be combined to induce a rise in bone density. The long-term effects of these treatments in terms of reduced fracture risk remain to be determined. A better understanding of the adverse effects of the different classes of corticosteroids is essential for optimal treatment. In cases requiring long-term therapy implicating the risk of iatrogenic osteoporosis, bone density quantitation can be a valuable means of evaluating bone loss, and of adapting preventive or corrective measures.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1993

Anabolic steroids and total parenteral nutrition.

Malnutrition develops rapidly with total starvation, especially when a catabolic stress is superimposed. The measurement of body composition provides an accurate and quantitative measurement of both the nutritional state and the response to nutritional therapy. With malnutrition there is a loss of body fat and BCM with a concomitant expansion of the ECM. With the appropriate administration of calories and amino acid as TPN, a malnourished body composition is restored to normal. However the nutritional state is restored relatively slowly, particularly when compared to the rapid rate at which malnutrition may develop, especially in the septic and starving patient. The administration of nandrolone decanoate, a potent anabolic steroid, significantly improves the efficacy of TPN, resulting in a more rapid correction of the malnourished state. However, to demonstrate this effect an accurate and precise measurement of the nutritional state is required. Furthermore it is essential to account for a number of important independent variable which influence this response; specifically the caloric intake, the nutritional state and the age.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activation of the fibrinolytic system following subcutaneous administration and inhalation of heparin].

Heparin was administered to 113 patients at risk of thrombosis classified to abdominal surgery either alone (subcutaneously or in inhalation) or in combination with anabolic steroid (nandrolone). No pharmaco-prophylaxis was used in 10 patients. On the day of surgery, heparin activated plasma fibrinolytic activity, prior to an introduction to anesthesia. Measurements of euglobulins clot lysis have shown an increase in endogenous fibrinolytic activity dependent and independent on Hageman's factor and an increase in exogenous fibrinolysis, tested after venous stasis was produced. Heparin had profibrinolytic activity, stimulating plasminogen activators in the blood plasma without the signs of hyperplasminemia. Fibrinolytic system response was the same following subcutaneous injection and heparin inhalations. Administration of heparin combined with anabolic steroid has no additional effect on plasma fibrinolytic activity.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1997

Do men suffer with osteoporosis?

Osteoporotic fractures in men are a neglected public health problem. The pathogenesis of bone loss is incompletely understood but is probably due to reduced bone formation rather than increased bone resorption. Primary or secondary hypogonadism is a common and treatable cause of osteoporosis and should be excluded in all men presenting with spine or hip fractures. Alcohol excess, with or without hypogonadism, is a most important attributable risk factor for osteoporosis in men. There is no known treatment for osteoporosis in men (as there have been no clinical trials using anti fracture efficacy as an endpoint in men) and few well designed trials examining the effects of drugs on bone mineral density (BMD). Bisphosphonates, while reducing fracture rates in women, have only been shown to increase BMD in men Calcium supplementation may slow bone loss. Anabolic agents, such as nandrolone have not been adequately studied. Fluoride therapy cannot be recommended as bone strength does not appear to increase despite the well documented increase in BMD. Risk factors such as alcohol excess and tobacco use should be corrected.

Bone Density↗
PubMed1997

The cancer cachexia syndrome.

The cancer cachexia syndrome is clinically characterized by anorexia, wasting, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, poor performance status, and impaired immune function, which are unresolved by forced caloric intake. Diminished nutritional intake, maladaptive metabolic processes, and increased metabolic expenditure all play roles in the development of this syndrome. Multiple mediators of both tumor and host cell origin are mechanistic in its etiology. Treatment is not entirely satisfactory and should be directed toward improvement in the quality of life of the patient and should often include nutritional counseling. It should take into consideration both disease and treatment related factors as well as the cachexia syndrome itself. Use of progestogens (megesterol acetate, medroxyprogesterone), corticosteroids (decadron, prednisone), metoclopramide, tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol), and possibly anabolic steroids (nandrolone decanoate, oxandrolone), melatonin, and eicosapentaenoic acid, may yield therapeutic benefit.

Anorexia↗
PubMed1997

Estrogenic and progestagenic activities of physiologic and synthetic androgens, as measured by in vitro bioassays.

Estrogenic activities of testosterone (T) and 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were detected and measured by using their specific stimulatory effects on alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells of the Ishikawa Var-1 line. These two physiologic androgens were able to induce, at microM concentrations, estrogenic effect believed to be mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER) since the antiestrogens ICI-164384 and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHTam), but not the antiandrogens hydroxyflutamide (OHFl) or cyproterone acetate (CPA), reversed that effect. By using another in vitro bioassay, based on the progestin-specific stimulation of AP activity in cells of the T47D human breast cancer line, progestagenic activity was detected and measured in T, DHT and three synthetic androgens: nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). 7 alpha-methyl 19-nortestosterone (MENT) and mibolerone (7 alpha, 17 alpha-dimethyl 19-nortestosterone) (DMNT). While progestagenic effects of T and DHT required relatively high concentrations (microM levels), the synthetic androgens stimulated AP activity at nM or pM levels. These effects seem to be mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR), since they are completely abolished by the antiprogestins RU-486, ZK-98299 and ZK-112993, but not by the antiandrogen OHFl. These simple in vitro bioassays, expressing biological effects of the test compounds in human cells in culture, revealed dual or multiple hormonal activities coexisting in a single compound and provide quantitative information of considerable pharmacological importance concerning the complex actions of drugs.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Single-agent/combination therapy of human immunodeficiency virus-related wasting.

Weight loss and wasting are significant contributors to morbidity in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The approach to the patient with HIV and weight loss needs to be proactive and comprehensive, as early intervention may be beneficial and the weight loss may be multifactorial. Evaluation for weight loss needs to be directed at any apparent contributing cause and can include dietary evaluation, treatment of intercurrent complicating infections or malignancies, and maximization of HIV therapy. Some patients will also benefit from an evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract to document malabsorption and/or opportunistic enteric infections. It is also prudent to evaluate testosterone levels in male patients. Interventions in the patient who is not able to take in sufficient calories should include dietary advice and/or nutritional supplements, as well as the use of appetite stimulants. Megace (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) has been shown to effectively increase appetite, oral intake, and body weight. For the patient with malabsorption and/or diarrhea, treatment of enteric infections should be attempted. These patients may benefit from the replacement of some dietary fat with medium-chain triglycerides, either in a nutritional product or to replace cooking oils. Other patients may benefit from the use of anabolic agents such as growth hormone, nandrolone, testosterone, or oxandrolone, which are all effective at increasing lean body mass. For select patients, agents such as thalidomide might be of benefit, although its mechanism of action is not clear. There are few data from prospective, controlled trials of combinations of these agents, but these studies are underway. It is likely that the optimal interventions for patients will be combinations of agents to improve oral intake and add lean body mass, which will permit a reduction in morbidity from weight loss and an improvement in quality of life for the HIV-infected patient.

Anabolic Agents↗