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PubMed1993

Analyzing change in short-term longitudinal research using cohort-sequential designs.

This article illustrates a method for approximating longitudinal data analysis by combining information from different overlapping age groups to form a single developmental growth curve. Using this method, hypotheses about the form of growth, the extent of individual differences in growth, and factors that affect the rate and pattern of growth are investigated. The example used to illustrate this method examines the growth of externalizing behavior and of negativity in parent-child relationships during early adolescence using assessments from multiple methods and multiple informants. These 3 dimensions changed significantly during this period, with parental negativity increasing more rapidly after age 12. However, there were substantial individual differences in the pattern of change in these dimensions. Gender of child and type of family situation (nondivorced, divorced, and remarried) were investigated as possible factors affecting change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Complementation by two non-homologous recombinant chromosomes 3.

The first example known to us of complementation by two non-homologous chromosomes 3 is present in the karyotype of a phenotypically normal brother of an inv(3)(p25q21) carrier. The normal chromosomes 3 are replaced by two complementary recombinant chromosomes 3. The longer recombinant duplicates 3q21-qter and is deficient for 3p25-pter. It is identical to the recombinant inherited by infants born with multiple congenital anomalies to inv(3)(p25q21) carriers. The shorter recombinant duplicates 3p25-pter and is deficient for 3q21-qter. This recombinant has previously been observed only in prometaphase spreads from sperm of an inv(3) carrier from the same kindred. Theoretically it is possible for the carrier of these complementary recombinant chromosomes 3 to produce sperm carrying either a normal 3, or the inversion 3, which could then fertilize an egg carrying a normal 3 followed by normal fetal development. However, the spouse of our propositus reported one first trimester spontaneous abortion, followed by no recognized pregnancy over the next 12 years of marriage.

Chromosome Inversion↗
PubMed1999

Suicidal ideation among the United States drinking population: results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Data from a national representative sample of adults was used to identify major risk factors of suicidal ideation among the U.S. drinking population. METHOD: Data from a sample of 18,352 current drinkers, 18 years of age and older, were analyzed by means of multiple logistic regression analysis. In these analyses, multivariate associations were examined between risk factors for suicidal ideation and the occurrence of suicidal ideation. RESULTS: For men and women, past year major depression and alcohol dependence were identified as risk factors of suicidal ideation, with major depression having the more sizable impact. Suicidal ideation was increased among men with a past alcohol use disorder, and elevated among women who had used drugs nonmedically and developed a drug use disorder during the past year. The occurrence of a recent physical illness and lifetime treatment for major depression among men and women increased the risk of suicidal ideation, while marriage was protective against ideation for both sexes. Unemployment and having a family history of alcoholism increased the risk of suicidal ideation among men, but not women. CONCLUSIONS: Major findings are discussed in terms of the impact of severity versus chronicity of psychopathology on suicidal ideation, gender roles and differential engagement in suicidal ideation, and the recognition and treatment of major depression as the single most important intervention in reducing suicidal behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Psychologic status of community residents along major demographic dimensions.

In a 1972 Chicago area survey of 2,299 adult community residents the prevalence of several psychologic measures were outlined along major demographic dimensions. Measures of psychologic status included a psychiatric symptom index, number of psychosomatic disorders, recent use of psychoactive drugs, and indexes of self-esteem and of self-efficacy. Results for psychiatric symptomatology showed it to be decidely higher among women, those in the lowest socioeconomic level, and those who are separated from their spouses. Blacks and whites showed no differences in symptomatology. Using multiple regression analysis, the combined effects of sex, age, marital status, and income accounted for 7% of the total variance of psychiatric symptoms. In a like manner, the prevalence of the other four psychologic characteristics has been viewed in the context of major demographic variables, with each showing a specific pattern of relationships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

[Risk behavior among blood donors: efficacy of a new questionnaire].

The clinical selection of volunteers for blood donation is essential to reduce the risk of viral transmission by blood transfusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new questionnaire for a pre-donation medical interview. This questionnaire was developed by transfusion practitioners, epidemiologists and professional investigators, and focused on risk behaviors of blood donors and their partners. Five blood banks in the French Ile-de-France region (around Paris), participated in the study from May 1995 to January 1996. All participating doctors were specifically trained by professional investigators. The sex and the age of donors, the type of collection, the duration of interviews and the reasons for exclusion from donation were recorded. The results were compared to those of a prior study dealing with a sample of 15,000 donors presenting the same characteristics, whose blood was taken of at the same collection sites in 1993. Of the 1,527 volunteers donating blood, 14% were interviewed in fixed centers and 86% by moving teams (38% in firms, 22% in towns, 13% in civil service facilities, 13% in school or academic centers). For 15.9% of the volunteers, this was the first donation (range: 7.3% in fixed centers to 41.5% in school and academic centers). The mean duration of the interview was 11 min (10 min for volunteers included, 14 min for donors excluded from donation). It decreased from 14 min at the beginning of the study to 10 min by the end of the study. The percentage of donors excluded for risk behavior (3.7% in 1995-96 vs 1.5% in 1993, P < 0.001), or medical reasons (12.2% in 1995-96 vs 8.4%, in 1993, P < 0.001) was significantly greater in 1995-96 than in 1993 (15.9% vs 9.9%, P < 0.001). In 1995-96, 35.0% of exclusions for risk behavior were related to male homosexuality, multiple partners or the risk behavior of the partner vs 12% in 1993 (P < 0.001). The risk of exclusion was 5.5 times higher for donors not living in a couple. The results obtained demonstrated the value of this new approach to the medical interview.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Risk factors for squamous epithelial carcinoma of the mouth, the oropharynx, the hypopharynx and the larynx].

This case-control-study, carried out in two University clinics, comprised 200 men (mean age 57.5 +/- 10.8 [range 33-89] years) with squamous epithelioma of the larynx (44.5%), oral cavity (23.5%), oropharynx (24%) or hypopharynx (8%) and 800 controls. Enquiries were directed at social status, life style and occupational exposure to substances such as asbestos, solvents, wood dust and cement. The peak incidence of these cancers was from 50 to 60 years of age. The proportion of unmarried or divorced men among the cancer patients was more than twice as high as in the controls (25.8% vs 11.8%; P less than 0.001). The proportion of cancer patients who had completed technical college or university education was significantly lower than in the controls (9.6% vs 24.4%; P less than 0.001). Tobacco and alcohol consumption by the cancer patients was roughly twice as great as in the controls: the cancer patients admitted to an average cigarette consumption of 43.2 +/- 27.9 pack years as compared with 20.1 +/- 26.7 pack years for the controls (P less than 0.001), and an alcohol intake of 69.2 +/- 58.1 g/d as compared with 29.8 +/- 27.5 g/d for the controls (P less than 0.001). Both these factors--drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes--acted independently of one another to raise the relative risk of squamous epithelioma of the upper respiratory or digestive tract. The effects of alcohol and tobacco on cancer risk were multiplicative rather than merely additive. Enquiries into diet failed to reveal any clear differences tending to incriminate any particular food. Long-term exposure to cement dust was linked with an increased risk of cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Enhancing conversation skills in patients with Alzheimer's disease using a prosthetic memory aid.

The effectiveness of teaching Alzheimer's disease subjects to use a prosthetic memory aid when conversing with familiar partners was evaluated. Effects of the training of three topics by caregivers was assessed in daily probes with the experimenter and twice weekly probes with a familiar conversational partner. All 3 subjects learned to use the memory aid with both conversational partners and improved the quality of their conversational content. Subjects made significantly more statements of fact and fewer ambiguous utterances after training on each topic according to a multiple baseline design. All subjects also generated novel, untrained statements in conversations with both partners. Treatment effects were maintained at high levels throughout training and at 3- and 6-week follow-up sessions. Naive judges rated baseline and posttreatment conversational samples as significantly improved on all eight conversational dimensions.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The polygyny-fertility hypothesis revisited: the situation in Ghana.

Re-examination of the polygyny-fertility hypothesis, by multiple regression analysis of the 1988 Ghana DHS data, reveals that polygyny has no effect on the number of children ever born; i.e. polygynously married women are as fertile as those monogamously married. Husband's age has no significant role in determining the number of children ever born to a woman.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reactivity to stress and psychological adjustment in adults with pituitary insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Hypopituitary adults who were affected during childhood have a below-average rate of marriage, a rate of unemployment that exceeds national norms, and often indicate dissatisfaction with their life circumstances. We undertook the present study to determine the effects of short stature versus those of pituitary hormone deficiency. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: We compared hypopituitary adults (n = 25) with normal short adults (n = 25) who were matched for height, sex, age and socioeconomic status. MEASUREMENTS: In these two groups of subjects, we compared the physiological responses to a simulated social stressor, a public speaking task, and we measured the psychometric attributes that are indicators of social assertiveness and extraversion. RESULTS: Before, during and after the stress of public speaking, patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (n = 20) had lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures than controls, while patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency (n = 5) were equivalent to controls. The reactivity to stress, assessed using delta scores based on changes in blood pressure and heart rate, was also decreased in multiple hormone deficient patients. Psychometric test results indicated that patients with multiple hormone deficiencies showed lower openness, lower assertiveness, greater neuroticism and a tendency towards less extraversion than did controls. The responses of patients with isolated GH deficiency on the psychometric tests were not statistically different from controls, but the number of subjects in this group (n = 5) was too small to draw conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: The impaired cardiovascular responses to stress in patients with multiple hormone deficiencies, compared to short control subjects and to patients with GH deficiency leads us to conclude that factors other than stature and GH are responsible for these observations. The differences might be related to insufficiency of catecholamines or cortisol in the patients with multiple hormone deficiencies. These hormonal deficiencies might also account for the socially inhibited behaviour of these patients. Our results suggest that more attention needs to be directed at preparing hypopituitary patients for the challenges of adulthood. Also, these patients may be helped by more intensive efforts at hormonal replacement in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

In-situ polymerase chain reaction: foundation of the technology and today's options.

"In situ PCR" is the marriage of two established technologies in molecular genetics, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). It is based on the amplification within intact cells or tissue sections of specific gene sequences, or mRNA species, to levels detectable by ISH and/or immunohistochemistry. Methods to achieve in situ PCR, while sharing fundamental steps, have differed between different laboratories. On the basis of our own experience, in situ PCR appears to be best suited for the detection of DNA in single cell preparations, in which fixation and pre-treatments can be optimally controlled. Emphasis is placed on the requirement for appropriate and meaningful controls at the multiple steps involved. It is instructive to the view the emergence of this new technology in perspective. In situ PCR has not developed in isolation and is just one of several creative approaches that have been employed in recent years to study nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) intracellularly. Some approaches are more suitable for detection of mRNA, or viral RNA, while others are more easily applied to chromosomal DNA. Some further techniques, such as the isothermal self-sustained sequence replication (3SR), refined in-situ transcription (PRINS), or high sensitivity histochemical detection systems, will complement or even add to the potential of situ PCR. It is highly probable that tests will emerge, based on investigation of unique genetic markers, with important roles in specialized diagnostic laboratories for the evaluation of viral diseases, as well as hematological and other malignancies.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Multiple genetic factors in the heterogeneity of thyroid hormone resistance.

Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone (GRTH), a syndrome of inherited tissue hyposensitivity to thyroid hormone, is linked to thyroid hormone receptor (TR) mutations. A typical feature of GRTH is variable severity of organ involvement among families that, surprisingly, does not correlate with the degree of T3-binding impairment of the corresponding in vitro synthesized mutant TRs. Furthermore, variations in the clinical severity among family members harboring identical TR beta mutations have been reported. We compared serum levels of thyroid hormones that maintained a normal TSH in members of a large family with GRTH divided in three groups: Group A, 8 affected subjects with a mutation replacing arginine-320 with a histidine in the T3-binding domain of TR beta; Group B, 11 first degree relatives (sibs and children of affected subjects) with no TR beta mutation; Group C, 16 controls related by marriage. TSH values were not different among the three groups. As expected, total and free T4 and T3, and rT3 levels were significantly higher in Group A vs Groups B and C. However, with the exception of T3, the same tests were also significantly higher in Group B vs Group C. The latter differences are not due to thyroid hormone transport in serum since TBG concentrations were not different. It is postulated that genetic variability of factors that contribute to the action of thyroid hormone modulate the phenotype of GRTH associated with TR beta mutations.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Stability and predictability of quality of women's marital relationships and demoralization.

This longitudinal study was motivated by cross-sectional, clinical, and survey research on marital relationships and individual well-being. Perceptions of husbands' behavior toward themselves and self-reports of demoralization were collected from 51 low-income women during their children's kindergarten year and 3 years later. Longitudinal correlations of specific components and aggregated scores of perceptions of husbands' behavior and of demoralization revealed significant stability. Both initial and later marital relationship scores had higher correlations with later than with initial demoralization scores. Longitudinal correlations and multiple regression analysis supported the hypothesis that initial marital relationship would predict later demoralization. Quality of perceived marital relationship apparently has different immediate and long-term effects on components of individual adjustment. Integrated longitudinal studies of relationships and personality and their intercorrelations are needed to understand stability and change in adult personality and well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Marital conflict and acculturation among Mexican American husbands and wives.

This study examined the relationship between acculturation and multiple dimensions of marital conflict among Mexican American husbands and wives. Participants were 151 husbands and wives who were recruited from a health maintenance organization in northern California and individually interviewed. More acculturated husbands and wives engaged in less avoidance of conflict and were more expressive of their feelings in an argument. Husbands who were more acculturated reported more conflict concerning sex and consideration for the other. Bicultural and more acculturated husbands reported that their wives were more verbally and physically aggressive, compared with mono-Mexican husbands. The findings provide evidence that more acculturated husbands and wives are involved in more direct expressions of conflict in their marriages, compared with less acculturated husbands and wives.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1984

[Description of a marital mobility model and its application to Quebec].

"The marital mobility model allows for the simultaneous study of the formation and break-up of couples in a given cohort. The model is equally suited for longitudinal and for period analysis. Its essential feature is the construction of a multiple status life table that deals either with initial status changes or with successive ones. Preliminary results obtained for Quebec indicate that, in recent generations, individuals marry less and divorce more; at the same time the prevalence of cohabitation and the number of births out of wedlock both continue to increase." (summary in ENG, SPA)

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disease prevalence among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic varies with reason for visit.

Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and selected behavioral and demographic variables were evaluated in 279 women attending a Baltimore STD clinic, using a standardized questionnaire and cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Stratified by reason for clinic visit, 102 (37%) of 279 women attending the clinic stated that they were recent contacts to men with STDs with the majority (59 out of 102, or 58%) reporting gonorrhea contact as their reason for visit. Another 124 women (44%) came to the clinic for symptom evaluation, and 53 (19%) for other reasons. Prevalence of STDs was higher among those attending as contacts than among noncontacts: 35% versus 15% for N. gonorrhoeae; 26% versus 16% for C. trachomatis; and 27% versus 15% for T. vaginalis (P less than 0.05 for each). Furthermore, multiple infections were found in 23% of those attending as contacts but only in 10% of noncontacts (P less than 0.001). In general, patients reporting contact with an infected person were also less likely to report symptoms (43% versus 34%, P less than 0.001), despite increased disease prevalence. These data suggest that multiple STDs are often present in women attending STD clinics, irrespective of reason for visit. Merely treating women for reported exposure without further evaluation will fail to identify a substantial number of women coinfected with other organisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A longitudinal study of bereavement phenomena in recently widowed elderly men.

A three-phase longitudinal design was used to study bereavement phenomena in a cohort (N = 78) of recently widowed elderly Australian men. One group of 57 widowers was compared with a second group of 21 widowers on a waiting list. A brief, interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire was used to rate the frequency of 22 self-reported bereavement phenomena. The prevalence and temporal evolution of these phenomena are described. Half of a subgroup of elderly widowers reporting high levels of bereavement phenomena at 6 weeks post-bereavement went on to exhibit persistent or chronic grief at 13 months post-bereavement. The prevalence of persistent or chronic grief throughout the first 13 months post-bereavement was 8.8%. Income, education and expectedness of the death were all negatively correlated with frequency of self-reported bereavement phenomena at 6 weeks post-bereavement. In a multiple regression analysis only expectedness of the death contributed significantly to prediction of the frequency of bereavement phenomena at 6 weeks post-bereavement. Widowers who were unable to anticipate their wife's death, even when their wife had suffered a long final illness, had a more severe bereavement reaction.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Social support and pregnancy: I. Factorial structure and psychosocial correlates of perceived social support.

In a questionnaire survey among 1329 first-trimester pregnant women, social support providers were divided by factor analysis into husband, 'premarital network' (parents and friends) and 'postmarital network' (children and mother-in-law), while social support contents were divided into 'given' (emotional, informational and instrumental support) and 'giving' (nurturing opportunity and general confiding). The husband was most frequently nominated by the woman as the support provider in both of these categories. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a husband's poor 'given' support was predicted by the presence of premenstrual irritability, a lower level of the woman's own education, her smoking habits and past experience of pregnancy termination, while a husband's poor 'giving' support was predicted by current older age, smoking habits and past experience of delivery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Multiple sources of Medicare supplementary insurance.

Estimates from the National Medical Expenditure Survey imply that in 1987 only two-thirds of elderly Medicare beneficiaries held the amount and type of insurance that is generally recommended to supplement Medicare, namely, 57.7% with private hospital/medical insurance from one source and 6.6% with only Medicaid. Of the remainder, 19.8% had more than one source of private insurance; slightly more than 1% had one source of extra-cash or disease-specific insurance as their only supplementary coverage; and 12.9% had no supplementary coverage at all. In addition, more than 500,000 Medicaid enrollees had purchased private insurance, despite the comprehensive coverage offered by Medicaid. Although the issue of multiple coverage has been dramatized by stories of poor, very elderly persons who have purchased numerous Medigap plans, beneficiaries who purchase coverage from more than one source are likely to be relatively young, more highly educated, and financially better off.

Age Factors↗