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Results for “Moral Development”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding perspectives and emotions in contract violation: development of deontic and moral reasoning.

Children between the ages of 3 and 10 years were presented with a set of pictures representing a contract with bilateral cheating options between a parent and child (Study 1) and between 2 peers (Study 2). The children had to (a) evaluate which situations violated the contract when the relevant information was presented, (b) anticipate the feelings of the violator and the victim, and (c) infer possible contract violation from 2 different perspectives when relevant information was covered. Results show that logical inferences about contract violation differ according to the type of task. Negative feelings attributed to the violator were dependent on age and type of relationship, revealing a content-sensitive codevelopment of cognitive abilities and moral reasoning in young children.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Socrates' questions: a focus for nursing.

This column focuses on the philosophical dialogue originated by Socrates. Six questions that Socrates would ask the ancient Greeks are explored in discussing a book written by Phillips entitled Six Questions of Socrates. These questions were: What is virtue? What is moderation? What is justice? What is good? What is courage? What is piety? A human becoming perspective is used as a lens to view the discussion on these questions and the question is posed, "What would it be like to frame discussions on health and quality of life around Socrates' questions?" Parse's teaching-learning processes are presented as a means of creating an environment where dialogue on these questions can occur.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

Imaginary restrictions.

The role of literature and imagination in medicine and medical ethics is currently under discussion. This paper argues that the role of literature is not to furnish generalisable examples for guidance. Rather, engagement with literature parallels moral engagement with other people. The work of the imagination, in this context, is not to hypothesise, but to grant life to the characters and world of literature. In doing this, one may develop one's moral life.

Ethical Theory↗
PubMed2002

The defining issues test and the four component model: contributions to professional education.

This article reviews studies examining the effect of professional education on ethical development. Most studies limit assessment to the measurement of moral judgement, observing that moral judgement plateaus during professional school unless an ethics intervention is present. Whereas interventions influence the shift to postconventional reasoning (the DIT P score), a more illuminating picture of change may emerge if researchers examined DIT profiles. More importantly, limiting assessment to measures of moral judgement ignores important aspects of moral functioning suggested by the Four Components Model. Assessment methods have been validated for sensitivity, role concept and ethical implementation that could be adapted to provide individuals in a particular profession with a more complete picture of abilities needed for real-life professional practice.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

Interpersonal violence at the crossroads between adolescence and adulthood: learning about partner violence from young mothers.

This article examines partner violence at the crossroads between adolescence and adulthood by talking with adolescent mothers--young women who straddle that crossroad. Drawing on ethnographic interviews conducted with 30 adolescent mothers, the accounts of 13 young mothers were analyzed to shed light on the ways in which their experiences of partner violence intersected with their developmental stage. Thematic analysis produced four general categories of themes that included physical proximity of family members, chaos at home, growing up in the shadow of abuse, and making the relationship work. Implications for future research and practice are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The method of 'principlism': a critique of the critique.

Several scholars have recently criticized the dominant emphasis upon mid-level principles in bioethics best exemplified by Beauchamp and Childress's Principles of Biomedical Ethics. In Part I of this essay, I assess the fairness and cogency of three broad criticisms raised against 'principlism' as an approach: (1) that principlism, as an exercise in applied ethics, is insufficiently attentive to the dialectical relations between ethical theory and mortal practice; (2) that principlism fails to offer a systematic account of the principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice; and (3) that principlism, as a version of moral pluralism, is fatally flawed by its theoretical agnosticism. While acknowledging that Beauchamp and Childress's reliance upon Ross's version of intuitionism is problematic, I conclude that the critics of principlism have failed to make a compelling case against its theoretical or practical adequacy as an ethical approach. In Part II, I assess the moral theory developed by Bernard Gert in Mortality: A New Justification of the Moral Rules, because Gert has recommended his approach as a systematic alternative to principlism. I judge Gert's theory to be seriously incomplete and, in contrast to principlism, unable to generate coherent conclusions about cases of active euthanasia and paternalism.

Beneficence↗
PubMed2002

Prosocial development in early adulthood: a longitudinal study.

Consistency of measures of a prosocial personality and prosocial moral judgment over time, and the interrelations among them, were examined. Participants and friends' reports of prosocial characteristics were obtained at ages 21-22, 23-24, and 25-26 years. In addition, participants' prosocial judgment was assessed with interviews and with an objective measure of prosocial moral reasoning at several ages. Reports of prosocial behavior and empathy-related responding in childhood and observations of prosocial behavior in preschool also were obtained. There was interindividual consistency in prosocial dispositions, and prosocial dispositions in adulthood related to empathy/sympathy and prosocial behavior at much younger ages. Interview and objective measures of moral reasoning were substantially interrelated in late adolescence/early adulthood and correlated with participants' and friends' reports of a prosocial disposition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The dynamics of personality. An East European view.

As the debates on fundamental issues of the human sciences have shown, actually two significant pictures of man are opposed to each other: the scientific-biological and the historicist conceptions. The second one is supported, for instance, by the Budapest School of Philosophy (with Lukács and his followers) and the Soviet School of Psychology (Vigotsky, Luria, Leontiev and their pupils). Summing up the doctrines of these two currents of thought the author argues in favour of the historicist conception and indicates, what is implied, in different fields of application (mind-body problem, linguistic theories, neuropsychic diseases, mental disorders), by the acceptance of this point of view. Moral issues, concerning psychiatric treatment, are discussed, too, and a Kantian solution of them is defended.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1990

Worker equality and adult development: the kibbutz as a developmental model.

Adults' social status, particularly their occupations, is a powerful predictor of their level of moral and ego development. This association's inevitability was tested by examining the relationship of personal development with social status among 3 groups of workers. Results showed that kibbutz workers' moral and ego development were not significantly associated with educational, occupational, or social class standing, but that Israeli city and North American workers' moral and ego development were significantly associated with all measures of social status. In further contrast, work complexity was significantly associated with both moral and ego development only for kibbutz workers, suggesting that they engage in jobs that are appropriate to their psychological development without creating social inequality. Implications for developmental theory and workplace research are considered.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The poster session: an overlooked management tool.

One approach to addressing recruitment and retention, image, and staff morale issues is through poster sessions held by local, state, and national organizations. When you and your staff communicate your projects through a poster session, you increase the visibility of your institution and nursing department, as well as your staff's professional development and morale. The authors discuss guidelines for developing poster presentations that will effectively and professionally communicate your ideas.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1985

Viability and the moral status of the fetus.

The viability of the fetus has played a significant part in the framing of abortion legislation, but the use of viability as a criterion represents a compromise which is conceptually unclear and which fails to satisfy either side in the abortion debate. Both conservative and liberal views on abortion regard fetal development as morally irrelevant. For the moderate (or gradualist) view some point in the development must be found which indicates a change in the moral status of the fetus. Since viability changes according to available techniques for neonatal care it cannot be the criterion. Alternative criteria are surveyed and it is concluded that the onset of sensation is a significant transition point beyond which abortion and infanticide cannot be morally distinguished. It is suggested that either legislation should be amended to prohibit abortion after 18 to 20 weeks, or abortion to full term should be permitted and the possibility of legislation for infanticide be envisaged.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Effects of the Castillo-Morales stimulating plate on speech development of children with Down's syndrome. A retrospective study.

Within the scope of a follow-up examination, the speech development of 2 different groups of children with trisomy 21 was compared. The patient group (n = 20) was treated with a Castillo-Morales stimulating plate in early childhood (average treatment time = 10.8 months, average age at follow-up examination: 55 months). The control group (average age 47.4 months) comprised 18 children with Down's syndrome who had ceased stimulating plate treatment after one month or had received no treatment because, although treatment proved in retrospect to be indicated, parents were not adequately informed. Two specially developed standardized forms were used, one to document parents' concepts of speech development, and the other to record relevant medical data. Other factors evaluated included motoricitiy and hearing ability, which also have an effect on speech. Follow-up examination revealed that the patient group had better results concerning oral motoricity than the control group. Within the patient group, mouth and tongue position improved in 75% of the patients compared with the first examination. Despite a poorer average general somatic development and hearing ability, the patient group had a faster speech development than the control group with respect to 1-, 2- and multi-word sentences. We therefore believe that treatment with the Castillo-Morales stimulating plate has a positive effect at least on initial speech development due to long-term improvement of peripheral conditions in the orofacial region. Thus, not only improved oral motoricity but also earlier speech development can be interpreted as a positive social factor.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1983

Moral judgment maturity of process and reactive schizophrenics.

Premorbid adjustment, paranoid symptomatology, and role orientation were examined as major predictors of moral judgment maturity in 40 male schizophrenics. In addition, control predictors included age, intelligence (block design and vocabulary), length of hospitalization, length of illness, social position (education and occupation), and severity of illness. A multiple regression equation of premorbid adjustment, block design and vocabulary combined, and education was the best predictor of moral judgment maturity. These results suggest the importance of cognitive and social skills in the development of moral judgment maturity in schizophrenics.

Adult↗