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PubMed2002

Three years after the dutch folic acid campaign: growing socioeconomic differences.

BACKGROUND: We investigated periconceptional awareness and the use of folic acid tablets 3 years after the 1995 campaign in the northern Netherlands. We studied whether the socioeconomic differences we found in 1996 with respect to awareness and use of folic acid remained in 1998. METHODS: The present study took place in 1998. Pregnant women were asked to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 452 women completed the questionnaire in 1998. Sixty percent of the women with a lower level of education and 85% of the women with a higher level of education had heard of folic acid before pregnancy. Newspapers and magazines were the most often cited sources of information. Fifty percent of the women with a lower educational level used folic acid, while this figure was 80% for the group with higher education. CONCLUSION: Awareness and use of folic acid increased after the 1995 campaign. However, socioeconomic differences with respect to awareness of folic acid remained and even increased with respect to knowledge of the advised period. Use of folic acid is also associated with level of education more strongly than in 1996. Therefore, fortification of staple foods is an attractive option.

Awareness↗
PubMed1987

Biotechnology in Japan and other Asian countries. A computer-based approach to continuous assessment.

By combining information about Biotechnology in Japan manually retrieved from Chemical Abstracts (Biochemical Section) with information obtained from Japanese sources, Japanese scientific meetings and from appropriate magazines such as Nikkei Biotech, a basis was formed for a better understanding of the status and perspectives of this field. Through the development of a "biotechnology abstract analyzer" program, these data were further refined and prepared for continuous up-date. Thus, assessment of changes in institute structures and trends in research goals became possible. It is evident that similar procedures can be applied to any field of science in other geographic areas.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The first Civil War photographs of soldiers with facial wounds.

During the Civil War, for the first time in medical history, a large number of excellent photographs were taken of many wounded Union and (to a lesser degree) Confederate soldiers by photographers assigned by their doctors or surgeons, or by photographers employed by the Army Medical Museum. The majority of these photographs demonstrating facial, head, and neck wounds have not been published since the Civil War, except for a few minor exceptions [3, 9]. The actual art of printing photographs in medical journals, daily newspapers, and magazines did not even begin until the early 1880s--almost two decades after the Civil War [24]. Any photographs that could be found in certain rare medical and surgical books during and immediately after the War were actually pasted into those books by their printers.

Facial Injuries↗
PubMed1992

Mental illness topics in popular periodicals.

Recent emphases on educating the general public about mental illness have included the encouragement of the publication of plainly written, lay-oriented information about mental disorders and their treatment in popular periodicals. To examine the extent to which coverage of mental health topics in popular magazines is being accomplished, the present study looked at the numbers and types of articles related to mental health indexed in the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature and changes in indexed articles between 1965 and 1988. The number of articles and number of headings related to mental illness and treatment have increased significantly since 1965, particularly those describing specific disorders. In addition, many of the changes in headings used by the Readers' Guide are consistent with changes in the field (e.g., the introduction of new diagnostic categories) and with desired changes in terminology (e.g., using less stigmatizing terms). These general findings are encouraging for mental health education advocates, although more detailed analysis of the content of articles is needed to be sure that the increased periodical information available to the public is accurate and up-to-date.

Health Education↗
PubMed1990

Growth and development of biofeedback: a bibliographic update.

Computerized literature searching techniques were used to examine publication patterns in the worldwide biofeedback literature. Searches were completed in the United States and in Japan for the years 1985 through 1987. The results were used to update the results of an earlier study that covered the years from 1964 through 1984. Publication growth curves were generated for several media, including scientific journal articles, books, doctoral dissertations, and popular magazine articles. Although publication of information about biofeedback remains active worldwide, there has been a declining trend in effect for the past several years. The American database grossly underestimated the number of Japanese biofeedback articles, and it is likely that the literatures of other countries outside of North America were similarly underestimated. Possible explanations for the various trends noted are discussed.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed1985

Growth and development of biofeedback: a bibliographic analysis.

A computerized search was performed, and a bibliography was prepared on the subject of biofeedback covering the years from 1964 to 1985. Growth curves were produced for various publication media. The search produced references to 2,431 journal articles, 102 books, 79 popular magazine articles, and 551 doctoral dissertations. The journal articles were sorted according to the country of publication, language, and primary topic of the journal. Citations were found from 35 countries, written in 18 languages. All the media studied showed a period of rapid growth during the early to middle 1970s, but there was a tendency for leveling off or slight decline during the early 1980s. Publication of articles in medical journals has shown the greatest growth, and more articles are published yearly in medical journals than in journals of any other discipline or all specialty journals combined. Publication in psychological journals has shown a decline since 1977. Dental, nursing, and educational journals have shown a low rate of publication of biofeedback articles, indicating little or no growth.

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗
PubMed1992

Predictors of participation in a school-based anti-tobacco activism program.

This study investigated the predictors of participation in a school-based, anti-tobacco activism program. Subjects in this study consisted of 7th grade students participating in the intervention component of Project S.H.O.U.T., a tobacco use prevention program in San Diego County, California. In the activism component, a newsletter containing an activism contest was distributed to each student. Small prizes were awarded to contest winners at each school. "Activism" included letter and petition writing, anti-tobacco poster contests, merchant education, peer surveys and magazine subscription cards. A total of 170 students participated in the activities, with 81.1 percent participating two or more times. Of those who participated, 59 percent were female and 60 percent were White, non-Hispanic. Two sets of logistic analyses were conducted. Variables such as SES, gender, ethnicity, friends' tobacco use and parental tobacco use were used to predict participation in activism activities. The choice of variables was intended to provide information regarding activism participation in reference to known tobacco risk factors. Results of the first analysis indicated that students with a higher SES, and in an urban vs. rural location were more likely to participate in the activism activities. The second analysis used the same set of characteristics to predict "ever-use" of tobacco. Results of this analysis indicated that male gender, low grades, White, non-Hispanic ethnicity, friends' and parents' tobacco use were positively associated with tobacco experimentation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[AIDS prevention in homosexuals in Switzerland: adaptation to risks according to type of partner].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of AIDS prevention and modes of adaptation to risk among gay men. Swiss results are presented from an international study conducted in 8 European countries. METHOD: A self-administered questionnaire was published in gay magazines and distributed by gay organizations and clubs. 934 questionnaires were returned in Switzerland. RESULTS: More than 80% of the respondents report no risk behaviours in the last 12 months. Among all respondents three main modes of adaptation to risk were found: avoidance (no partner, no penetration), protection (condom use), non-use of condoms by stable couples (this assumes an agreement between partners). With casual partners 39% avoid penetration, 49% use condoms and 12% do not use them consistently. With stable partners penetration is more frequent; protection and non use of condoms are found with equal frequency. Nevertheless, 10% of those who report always using condoms say that they have been exposed to a risk, while a third of those who do not always use condoms admitted having taken such a risk. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention campaigns must continue and focus especially on factors linked to the non use of condoms in couples in stable relationships (poor communication, exaggerated trust).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

The childhood and family dynamics of transvestites.

This article reports a survey of childhood experiences and family dynamics reported by a sample of 85 cross-dressing males drawn from the readership of a magazine for transvestites. The sample had a higher percentage of only children and eldest children compared to a national sample and also a much closer relationship with their mothers than with their fathers. Their identification as nuclear or marginal transvestites or transsexuals is related to the quality of the reported relationship with the mother, to the factors they identify as associated with their cross-dressing, and to their sexual orientation. Covert cross-dressers account for over three fourths of the subjects, but those who were overt (their cross-dressing openly encouraged by female family members) show significantly different patterns and distributions on several variables. A constellation of family and parental relationships is proposed--drawn in part from the insights of object relations and family systems theory--which may contribute to the development of transvestism.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Violence and sexual violence in pornography: is it really increasing?

Literature and research on the question of the increasingly violent nature of pornography is reviewed. In addition, the paper reports the findings of a content analysis of all cartoons and pictures in Hustler Magazine from 1974 through 1987. Results indicate that sexually violent cartoons and/or pictorials constitute a relatively small proportion of the total cartoons and pictorials. Moreover, no monotonic increase was found in such depictions over the 14-year period examined. In fact, a relatively small and constant proportion of violent and/or sexually violent depictions over this period is reported. These findings are examined in relation to previous research and societal concern about alleged increases in violent pornography as an explanation for increases in rape rates.

Erotica↗
PubMed1991

Are pictures more valid than words in conveying the content of sex in the media? Studies in North Carolina and New York State.

Two studies were conducted to determine if telephone survey questions and seeing sexually explicit media materials would lead, in matched groups, to the same or different attitudes towards tolerating the materials. In North Carolina, adults (n = 40) who saw explicit films and an explicit magazine and 503 adults who answered telephone survey questions about sex materials were equally tolerant. In New York State, a group (n = 78) which saw an explicit film had similar attitudes of toleration toward it as a matched group (n = 80) which answered general questions about sexually explicit materials and a sample (n = 81) of adults who were individually interviewed by telephone about sexually explicit materials. In view of the logistic difficulties of assembling representative samples of a large geographic area, like a state, it was concluded that telephone surveys provide valid measures of attitudes toward sexually explicit materials.

Attitude↗
PubMed1985

On the prevalence and roles of females in the sadomasochistic subculture: report of an empirical study.

The existence of females in the sadomasochistic subculture has generally been denied in the theoretical, clinical, and empirical literature. The assumption that females do not exist in the subculture, or exist in such small numbers as to make analysis impossible, was tested. Questionnaires were placed in two publications that cater to sadomasochists, and additional questionnaires were mailed to advertisers whose ads appeared in a sadomasochistic contact magazine. Of 182 individuals who responded, 130 were males, and 52 were females, indicating a meaningful female presence in the subculture. An analysis of the replies revealed similarities and differences between the male and female respondents.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Contraceptive practice and attitudes in former Soviet women.

For decades, abortion has been the principal birth control method for Soviet women. As indicated by some earlier local surveys, most couples use unreliable methods. Little is known about the latest trends in contraceptive use affected by the recent general liberalization of Soviet society, including more open attitudes about sex. A survey was conducted in 1991 via a questionnaire in the popular 'Health' magazine with national circulation. A total of 8059 women returned the questionnaire. The sample is selective with an overrepresentation of young and better educated urban residents, mostly from Russia and the Ukraine. Some 81% reported use of a contraceptive method during the last 5 years. Traditional methods still prevail (41% used withdrawal, rhythm and douche). Among women younger than 25 years there is a clear trend toward use of modern methods (IUD 35% and the pill 10%), although their notion of the 'pros" and 'cons' is biased. Of the respondents, 20% used a barrier method, mainly condom. The preferred method is the IUD (51%) and the pill (18%). Abortions resulting from contraceptive failure were reported by 60% of women. Eighty-nine percent considered pregnancy termination more dangerous than its prevention. For only 12% of respondents, a physician was the main source of contraceptive information, although 49% addressed him for advice. The results indicate a gap between conservative birth control practice and preferences of Russian women, with a positive general trend in the near future.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1995

Schizophrenia in popular periodicals.

To examine what the general public is learning about schizophrenia, all articles on schizophrenia listed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature for all even-numbered years between 1964 and 1992 were read and rated. Hallucinations and delusions were the most commonly mentioned symptoms in the articles reviewed, biochemical dysfunction and heredity the most noted causes, and drugs the most cited treatment. The average yearly number of articles was relatively small, however (9.1), and only a minority of those appeared in general circulation magazines. In addition, community support was seldom included in discussions of treatment and specific misconceptions about schizophrenia were rarely addressed.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Factors predisposing to the resort of complementary therapies in patients with fibromyalgia.

This study examined the factors influencing the use of complementary therapies in patients with fibromyalgia. A postal questionnaire was sent to 90 patients who had attended a rheumatology out-patient clinic in West Yorkshire for their diagnosis or treatment of fibromyalgia. Seventy-one percent of fibromyalgia patients had used or were using complementary therapies. Patients who were using complementary therapies were of a higher socio-economic group (p < 0.001). The most popular therapy was oral supplementation. The duration of complementary therapies ranged from 3 months to 26 years (median = 3). The number of therapies used by each patient ranged from 1 to 10 (median = 3). The duration of fibromyalgia was associated with both the duration of complementary therapies (p < 0.001) and the number of therapies used (p < 0.05). The most popular source of advice for the decision to use complementary therapies was from a magazine (40%). Patients using complementary therapies were less likely to be satisfied with their current hospital treatment and turned to complementary therapies in the chance of relief from their fibromyalgia. The relatively high cost and lack of information on complementary therapies appeared to dissuade those patients who chose not to use it.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1990

Opposing effects of vasopressin on matching versus non-matching to position: further evidence for response, not memory, modulation.

Rats were trained on either of two related variants of an operant memory task. In the matching to position (MTP) task, one of two retractable response levers appeared, at random, as the sample. A response caused the lever to retract and this was followed by a delay (0-32 s) interval, during which the subjects had to approach and respond at the magazine tray. Both levers were then presented and the rat had to respond, for food reward, to the one which had appeared as the sample. A second group of rats learned non-matching to position (NMTP). This task was very similar to MTP, with one crucial difference: here, the subject had to respond to the lever which had not appeared as the sample. Both groups of rats learned their respective tasks rapidly, performance depending on the delay interval as expected. They were then injected, peripherally, with different doses of arginine-vasopressin (AVP: 0-25 micrograms/kg), a peptide which others have argued improves mnemonic performance. There was evidence to suggest that MTP performance was improved by AVP; on the other hand, NMTP performance appeared to be disrupted. It is suggested that AVP induces a bias towards responding on one side of the two lever test chamber. In other words, it affects motor or motivational, not mnemonic mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of scopolamine on visual attention in rats.

In the present study, the effects of scopolamine (SCOP) were determined upon the performance of rats in the five-choice serial reaction time task, a test of attention analogous to the continuous performance test in man. Rats were trained to detect and respond to brief flashes of light presented randomly in one of five locations until a stable level of performance was reached. SCOP (0.03-0.1 mg/kg SC) was administered 30 min prior to testing under standard conditions of stimulus presentation. SCOP reduced response accuracy at the highest dose and dose-dependently increased omissions and perseverative responses. However, these effects were mimicked by scopolamine methylbromide (SCOPMBr) which might suggest a peripheral site of action. When the task difficulty was increased by manipulating the stimulus presentation parameters, i.e. reduced stimulus intensity, duration or temporal predictability, SCOP (0.075 mg/kg SC) failed further to impair performance accuracy. However, in two separate experiments, SCOP (0.075 mg/kg SC) robustly increased the distractibility caused by a burst of loud white-noise occurring unpredictably during the intertrial-interval: SCOP significantly decreased accuracy and increased omissions, magazine latency, premature and perseverative responses compared with vehicle and the equivalent dose of SCOPMBr. These findings provide further evidence of a role for the central cholinergic system in attention.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Unknown ancient Greek ophthalmological instruments and equipment.

Discoveries of some ancient medical instruments and equipment found in the Hellenic world have been published in magazines of general interest and in a rare Greek medical journal, yet none caught the attention of ophthalmologists. Among these instruments are two forms of the famous 'Kenteterion', dating from the Hellenistic period, used for the couching of cataract. These were found on the island of Milos in the last century. Two magnifying lenses of the Archaic period from the recent Cretan excavations gave us the opportunity to discuss the problem of their medical use. The two drop-bottles from the excavations on Cyprus and at Tanagra, which are also described, seem to be of medical, and possible ophthalmological, use.

Greece, Ancient↗