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PubMed1996

Ethnic variation in prostate cancer survival in New Mexico.

Prostate cancer survival varies markedly by ethnicity. American Indians and blacks have the lowest 5-year relative survival among ethnic groups in the U.S. In New Mexico, relative survival for prostate cancer is lower for ethnic minority groups than for non-Hispanic whites. To examine factors underlying ethnic differences in prostate cancer survival in New Mexico, we analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry from 1983 to 1992. Unadjusted relative risk (RR) of death after prostate cancer diagnosis was greater for Hispanics [RR = 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0, 1.2], American Indians (RR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.5), and blacks (RR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2, 1.7) than for non-Hispanic whites. After adjusting for age, stage, histological grade, year of diagnosis, and initial treatment, the risk for Hispanics (RR = 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9, 1.1), American Indians (RR = 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9, 1.1), and non-Hispanic whites was comparable. Although based on small numbers, adjusted risk ratios among blacks remained elevated (RR = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.9, 1.6), due in part to lower survival during the first 12 months after diagnosis (RR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2, 3.3) and poorer survival following radical prostatectomy (RR = 4.2; 95% CI, 1.3, 13). These findings suggest that poorer survival for Hispanics and American Indians may be explained by delayed detection and differences in treatment.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology of suicide in Mexico, 1970-1984].

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports data of suicide as a cause of death in Mexico from 1970 to 1994. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Death certificates and census data were used as the main sources for this study. RESULTS: In 1970 554 suicide deaths were reported for both genders. In 1994 there were 2 603 deaths. During this period the suicide death rate increased from 1.13 per 100 000 inhabitants to 2.89 per 100 000 inhabitants, which represents an increase of 156% in 24 years. Nevertheless, a higher increase was seen among males; 169% for this period as compared to 98% among females. In 1970 the proportional suicide mortality rate was 0.11% of total deaths; in 1994, an increase to 0.62% was observed. During the study period, the highest increase in the suicide rate was seen in the older groups (65 years and over). Nevertheless, an increase was also seen among the younger population (those aged under 19 years). In 1994, the last year of the series, the highest rates were found among males, especially among those aged 65 and over. Differences were found also in the suicide rates among the states of the Mexican Republic. In 1994 the State of Tlaxcala and the State of Mexico reported the lowest rates. The highest rates were found in Tabasco and Campeche. Thus, the highest suicide rates were seen in the southeast and the lowest rates in the central part of the country. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide is a growing problem in Mexico, mainly occurring among male older adults. Nevertheless, growing rates among young adults call for suicide prevention and care programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Investigation of rabies virus strains in Mexico with a panel of monoclonal antibodies used to classify Lyssavirus.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a panel of eight antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies developed in Europe to assess rabies virus strains isolated from various animal species in geographically diverse areas of Mexico. Fifty-one rabies-positive brain tissue samples from animals and humans were examined. Material from these samples was used to infect mice, whose brain tissue was subsequently tested by indirect immunofluorescence using the monoclonal antibodies described above. The study did not turn up any strong evidence of Lyssavirus other than rabies virus, but did find four antigenic variants differing from the classic rabies virus serotype. Samples of these latter were sent to the Pasteur Institute in Paris for confirmation. Overall, the antibody panel was deemed useful for rapid typing of rabies virus in Mexico. It also appears possible that autochthonous antigenic variations are now appearing in strains of the virus found in Mexico, which could explain some of the failures observed with certain vaccines. These circumstances appear to create a need for producing antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies with strains of rabies virus indigenous to the area.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Breast cancer survival among New Mexico Hispanic, American Indian, and non-Hispanic white women (1973-1992).

A study of breast cancer survival was conducted among New Mexico Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women and New Mexico and Arizona American Indian women diagnosed between 1973 and 1992. The goals were to determine whether, after adjusting for first treatment and the extent of disease at diagnosis, American Indian and Hispanic women had poorer survival than non-Hispanic whites and, if survival had improved over time, whether comparable improvements had been made for the three racial/ethnic groups. Five-year relative survival rates were calculated, and a Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to compare survival between races/ethnicities, adjusting for first treatment and the extent of disease at diagnosis. Findings indicate that during 1983-1992, breast cancer was more commonly detected at a local stage for all three groups compared to 1973-1982. Five-year relative survival improved for non-Hispanic white and American Indian women with local or regional disease, but the improvement was statistically significant only for non-Hispanic white women and for American Indian women with local disease. Despite earlier stages at diagnosis, Hispanic females showed less improvement in overall or stage-specific survival than non-Hispanic whites. The Cox model indicated that American Indian women experienced poorer survival than non-Hispanic whites during both time periods. Survival of Hispanic women with breast cancer was comparable to non-Hispanic whites during 1973-1982 but was significantly worse during 1983-1992. The significance of this lower survival is amplified by increasing breast cancer incidence among New Mexico Hispanics and American Indians.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[9 reflexions on health and medical education in Mexico].

In Mexico's case, the fields of healthcare and medical education are closely vinculated. On the other hand, contemporary society lives in a deep transformation process. In the present article, some paradoxes and contrasts in relation to health and medical education characterize the reality in Mexico. Particular emphasis is made on the analysis of the profound differences which exist between the two federative entities which present the extreme figures on life expectancy at birth. The thesis which supports the document, recognizes the need for integral analysis of the organizational and administrative processes of healthcare and medical education in Mexico.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1997

Cranial non-metric variation in north and central Mexico.

Fifty cranial non-metric traits were scored on twenty series of crania from north and central Mexico in the American Museum of Natural History. Additional crania from three of the series were scored in the Musco Nacional de Antropología. Mexico City. Although a total of 471 crania and 316 mandibles were registered, only 11 series containing 387 crania and 270 mandibles, were of sufficient length for statistical analysis. Trait frequencies in these series were compared by multidimensional scaling and principal component analysis. The results suggest a degree of biological continuity in the Basin of Mexico over a twenty-five hundred year period, although the later samples from that area exhibit signs of some gene flow from more northern populations.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1996

The effects of volcanoes on health: preparedness in Mexico.

The article reviews the most important aspects of volcanic eruptions and presents a summary of the harmful materials they emit. The main health effects can be classified as either physical (trauma, respiratory diseases, etc.) or psychological (depression, anxiety, nightmares, neurosis, etc.). Popocatépetl, the most famous active volcano in Mexico, lies on the borders of the States of Mexico, Puebla and Morelos. In 1993, seismic activity intensified, as did as the emission of fumaroles, followed in December 1994 by moderate tremors and strong emissions of gases and ash. In 1996, a number of seismic events led to an unexpected explosion. A daily emission of 8,000 to 15,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide has been measured. Popocatépetl is located in a densely populated region of Mexico. A complex network to monitor the volcano using sophisticated equipment has been set up, including visual surveillance, seismic, geochemical and geodesic monitoring. An early warning system (SINAPROC/CENAPRED) has been developed to keep the population permanently informed. The warning system uses colour codes: green for normal, yellow for alert, and red for warning and evacuation. An emergency plan has been prepared, including evacuation and preparation for medical centres and hospitals in the region, as well as intense public information campaigns.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1997

Incidence of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are differences in cerebrovascular disease incidence between racial and ethnic groups. Little is known about cerebrovascular disease among Hispanics living in the southwestern United States as compared to non-Hispanic whites. This is the first study which measures and compares the incidence of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites living in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. This information may help reduce the risk and incidence of SAH. METHODS: Medical records of all possible cases of spontaneous SAH occurring during a two-year period (January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1994) among residents of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, were reviewed in all local hospitals. Hospital records were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. Medical examiner records were also reviewed for additional SAH cases occurring during the same time period. The 1990 U.S. census provided the population base. RESULTS: There were 22 spontaneous SAHs among 267,965 non-Hispanic whites and 25 spontaneous SAHs among 178,310 Hispanics. Incidence of SAH increased with age in both groups. The age- and sex-adjusted total annual incidence of SAH per 100,000 people was 3.73 among non-Hispanic whites and 9.19 among Hispanics (relative risk for Hispanics 2.46, 95% confidence interval 1.37-4.43, P = 0.003). The incidence rates among men and women were not significantly different in either ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SAH among Hispanic residents of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, is approximately two and a half times higher than that among non-Hispanic whites. This suggests a higher prevalence or a greater tendency to rupture of berry aneurysms among Hispanics as compared to non-Hispanic whites. The reasons for this difference require further investigation.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Soil contamination with Toxocara sp. eggs in public parks and home gardens from Mexico City].

Due to de high number of stray dogs and cats which defecate in public places in Mexico City (3 millions approximately), in addition to domestic dogs and cats, exists the potential risk to man of infection by Toxocara sp. eggs. A study to determine the contamination frequency by Toxocara sp. eggs in public parks, public flower beds, and home gardens in Mexico City, Distrito Federal, was carried out in the 1995 first semester. Fourteen hundred and five soil samples were collected from 156 public parks, 83 public flower beds and 42 home gardens across the 16 delegations in Mexico City, Distrito Federal. Samples were processed by the zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation method, and supernatants read by microscopy. Out of the whole 281 sampled sites, 12.5% were found contaminated with Toxocara sp. eggs. Positivity found was: 10.9% in public parks, 13.3% in public flower beds and 16.7% in home gardens. Ninety percent of the eggs were embryonated or larvaeted measuring 60 to 90 micrometers. The high contamination frequencies found make necessary to prompt for Public Health measures granted the risk of infection acquisition spread on the most exposed population (children) provided that it is acquired via geophagia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders in Mexico: an aggressive clonal disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus type A.

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PT-LPDs) are a complication of immunosuppression with variable clinical behavior and frequent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) association. There is geographic variation in the association of EBV with certain tumors and a lack of studies of PT-LPDs from developing countries, so we decided to study in detail a series of PT-LPDs from Mexico to identify similarities and differences between populations in Mexico and those in Europe and the United States. We used paraffin-embedded tissue from eight PT-LPDs (six from men, two from women) that arose after renal transplantation. Clinical data, morphologic features, and clonality on the basis of immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain restriction, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Ig heavy chain genes, were studied. The presence of EBV was investigated with PCR, immunohistochemical analysis for latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, and in situ hybridization for EBV early RNA transcripts. In addition, the subtype of EBV based on the EBNA 2A and 2B genes and the presence of a 30-bp deletion in the LMP-1 gene were investigated by PCR. Seven (87.5%) of eight cases presented with gastrointestinal involvement; five patients died. Three cases were polymorphic PT-LPDs, four were monomorphic large cell lymphomas (one diffuse large cell, three immunoblastic), and one was unclassifiable. All showed a B-cell phenotype, with a clonal population demonstrated in seven of the eight cases. Tumor cells expressed EBERs in all of the cases and LMP-1 in six of seven evaluable cases. Seven of seven cases showed EBV subtype A. Two (25%) of eight cases had the 30-bp LMP-1 deletion. This study shows that PT-LPDs in Mexico are clonal disorders associated with EBV subtype A. In contrast to series from Europe and the United States, our cases showed a significantly higher incidence of gastrointestinal tract involvement (P < .001), and a lower incidence of the 30-bp LMP-1 deletion, although this was not statistically significant (P < .28).

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Distribution of albumin variants Naskapi amd Mexico among Aleuts, Frobisher Bay Eskimos, and Micmac, Naskapi, Mohawk, Omaha, and Apache Indians.

In order to help define the boundaries of the distribution of the albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico which are polymorphic among several American Indian groups, we examined sera from Micmac, Mohawk, Northwest River Naskapi, Omaha and Apache Indians, and from Aleuts and Eskimos. Sera from a total of 1,524 individuals were examined. Using a cellulose acetate membrane electrophoretic system with Tris-Citric acid at pH 5.4 we were able to distinguish normal albumin and both variants in the same run. Naskapi and Mexico variants were absent from Aleut, Eskimo, Micmac, Mohawk and Omaha samples. The albumin Naskapi variant was present in an allele frequency of 0.03 in the Naskapi Indian sample. Albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico were found in the Apache sample at frequencies of 0.016 and 0.037, respectively. This report supersedes that previously published by Schell and Agarwal ('76). Generally, within an area there is a correspondence between changes in the frequency of albumin variants and changes in the ethnic background and history of the area's populations. At the same time, when viewing widely separated areas, relationships between distant groups based on linguistic and cultural similarities are paralleled on a biologic level by the distribution of normal albumin and variant albumins.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Peak bone mineral area density and determinants among females aged 9 to 24 years in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Peak bone mineral area density is the amount of bone tissue present when skeletal maturation is completed. The exact age at which bone accumulation reaches a plateau varies with skeletal region. In Mexico and other Latin American countries, there are very few reports on bone mineral area density at early age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 461 females between 9 and 24 years of age in Cuernavaca, Mexico, distributed proportionately by age group, determined the bone mineral density (BMD) in femur, lumbar spine, and subcranial skeleton, using a Hologic 4500-Series A osteodensitometer. The peak bone mineral area density (PBM) was determined by using the sigmoid growth model defined by Raymond-Pearl (CSRP). Cohort comparisons among different age groups were developed to evaluate BMD in three skeletal regions, with the Dunnett test, comparing the slopes of BMD by each age stratum. Also, the primary determinants of BMD were evaluated through models of multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The timing of PBM is highly site specific with some skeletal regions reaching PBM earlier: beginning with the femur, and later reaching the lumbar spine and subcranial skeleton. Using a multivariate model, age and body weight were important predictors of BMD in the three anatomical regions studied ( p<.001). The percentage of fat is associated in an inversely proportionate manner ( p<.005), as independent predictors for BMD in the lumbar spine. The age of the onset of menstruation is also a predictor of BMD in the lumbar spine ( p<0.05); vigorous activity is an important predictor in the subcranial skeleton ( p<0.001). DISCUSSION: For Mexican females in the state of Morelos, the BMD are similar to that reported in a number of ethnic groups. In mestizo females the timing of PBM is highly site specific with some skeletal regions acquiring PBM earlier: specifically, in the femoral region where PBM rapidly reached a plateau. In Mexico, early strategies for preventing osteoporosis should be focused on promoting physical activity and appropriate eating habits (control of obesity, among others) during the puberty stage.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Land-Use Change and Carbon Flux Between 1970s and 1990s in Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico.

/ We present results of a study in an intensively impacted and highly fragmented landscape in which we apply field-measured carbon (C) density values to land-use/land-cover (LU/LC) statistics to estimate the flux of C between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere from the 1970s and 1990s. Carbon densities were assigned to common LU/LC classes on vegetation maps produced by Mexican governmental organizations and, by differencing areas and C pools, net C flux was calculated from the central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, during a 16-year period. The total area of closed forests was reduced by half while degraded and fragmented forests expanded 56% and cultivated land and pasture areas increased by 8% and 30%, respectively. Total mean C densities ranged from a high of 504 tons C/ha in the oak and evergreen cloud forests class to a low of 147 tons C/ha in the pasture class. The differences in total C densities among the various LU/LC classes were due to changes in biomass while soil organic matter C remained similar. We estimate that a total of 19.99 thick similar 10(6) tons C were released to the atmosphere during the period of time covered by our study, equal to approximately 34% of the 1975 vegetation C pool. The Chiapas highlands, while comprising just 0.3% of Mexico's surface area, contributed 3% of the net national C emissions. KEY WORDS: Land use; Land cover; Carbon flux; Forests; Chiapas highlands; Mexico

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Decline of sacred fir (Abies religiosa) in a forest park south of Mexico City.

Decline of sacred fir (Abies religiosa) trees in the high elevation forest park, Desierto de los Leones, located south of Mexico City, is described. Trees located in the windward zone (exposed to air masses from Mexico City) were the most severely affected, especially trees at the distal ends of ravines. Examination of tree growth rings indicated decreases in ring widths for the past 30 years. Polluted air from Mexico City may be an important causal factor in fir decline. Drought, due to excessive removal of soil water, insects, mites and pathogens, and poor forest management are possible contributing and interactive factors in fir decline.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Measurements of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere of Mexico City.

Ambient levels of carbonyls were measured at the University of Mexico campus, Mexico City. Only formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were measured, since aldehydes with higher molecular weight were not detected. The most abundant aldehyde was formaldehyde, with an overall ratio CH3CHO/H2CO of 0.43. Maximum concentrations occurred for formaldehyde at 10:00 h while for acetaldehyde at 8:00 h. Comparing the concentration measured in this work with those in urban areas it was found that the formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels in Mexico City are among the highest reported in the literature.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is not associated with preeclampsia in women of southeast Mexico.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the possible association between C677T-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR) polymorphism and preeclampsia in women from the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. METHODS: We performed a comparative study among three groups of subjects: 148 preeclamptic women; 177 women with normal pregnancies, and 313 healthy volunteers as control group. All subjects were genotyped for C677T polymorphism in MTHFR gene by PCR amplification and digestion of the product with Hinf I restriction enzyme. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared between affected women (preeclamptic) and nonaffected groups to determine the association using Fisher exact test. Odds ratios (ORs) were also calculated to obtain estimation of relative risk (RR) for developing preeclampsia. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of intergroup comparisons among preeclamptic women, women with normal pregnancies, and control group showed no statistically significant differences for any genotype or for T allele (p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that C677T-MTHFR polymorphism is not an associated risk factor for developing preeclampsia in southeast Mexico. Results also confirmed high prevalence of C677T mutation in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge and attitudes about the differences between emergency contraception and medical abortion among middle-class women and men of reproductive age in Mexico City.

Two reproductive technologies--emergency contraception and medical abortion--have the potential to reduce unintended pregnancy significantly in Latin America. Lack of knowledge and negative attitudes about the methods may limit their impact, however. Results from focus group discussions with middle-class men and women of reproductive age residing in Mexico City indicate that knowledge about emergency contraception and medical abortion is low. After being informed about both methods, participants supported emergency contraception but tied their support for medical abortion to its legal status. Participants remained concerned about the methods' efficacy, mechanism of action, and potential to encourage sexual risk-taking. While almost all desired greater dissemination of information about and access to both methods in Mexico, participants cited religious and cultural concerns, as well as barriers in communication with providers and within families, as significant challenges. Participants hoped, however, that both emergency contraception and medical abortion might play important roles in preventing unwanted pregnancy and abortion-related morbidity and mortality in Mexico in the future.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1996

Takayasu arteritis in Mexico: a 38-year clinical perspective through literature review.

A literature search covering national reports since the first published in Mexico (1957), discloses 237 adults and 55 children with a definitive diagnosis of Takayasu's arteritis. This condition was first recognized by an ophtalmologist in 1946, and it was communicated 10 years after his observation. Since 1957, 11 clinical papers on Takayasu's arteritis had been published in Mexico and abroad; in contrast few papers were published in other Latinamerican countries and even in North America. Takayasu's arteritis in Mexico follows the clinical pattern described in Asian reports, it affects mainly non-caucasic young women, is a chronic disease which causes prominent cardiovascular complaints. Children developed a systemic disease with higher morbility and mortality. Uncommon diseases, such as Takayasu's arteritis represent an unique opportunity to compare clinical and biological profile among different populations to gain valuable knowledge and understanding of ethiopathogenesis.

Adolescent↗