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PubMed1980

New civil commitment legislation. The relevance of commitment "criteria".

Following categorization procedures used in previous studies samples of 75 and 62 involuntary admissions. Form 3s and applications from assessment respectively (1978 Mental Health Act), were examined. There occurred a significant decline in civil commitments (Form 3s) in the 8-month period subsequent to, as compared to the 6-month period preceding, the revised legislation. This decline, however, occurred only when data for assessment applications were omitted from analysis. Operating criteria for civil commitment, as determined from certificate analyses, showed no substantive changes as compated to those found in previous studies of then-current legislation. Some interpretation and discussion of such findings are presented. More research is required to assess further the reality and nature of effects generated by the new law. A salutory feature of the law is that review of psychiatric assessments, at or within a 5-day period after admission, is correlated with a change to voluntary status in most cases. The exact meaning of this and of other specific effects await further study.

Civil Rights↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Water legislation in the U.S.: an overview of the Safe Drinking Water Act.

Clearly there is a long history of legislative activity related to water quality in the U.S. Each of the recent legislative provisions in the Safe Drinking Water Act and Clean Water Act will put in motion the adoption of an extensive set of regulations. There is virtual assurance that costly regulations will be promulgated and that these regulations will have a disproportionate impact on small systems, and on the institutional mechanisms for managing and operating water and waste water systems.

Quality Control↗
PubMed1999

Judges' knowledge about sexual offenders, difficulties presiding over sexual offense cases, and opinions on sentencing, treatment, and legislation.

Forty-two Midwestern trial judges responded to a survey designed to assess knowledge about sexual offenders; attitudes toward adjudication, sentencing, treatment, and release; and opinions regarding sexual offender-related legislation. Results indicated that the judges held a variety of beliefs regarding the etiology and dynamics involved in sexual offending which differ from those of most professionals in the field of sexual offender management. However, the judges accurately identified important issues related to victims and some myths about offenders. The importance of retribution and rehabilitation for sexual offenders was emphasized, and considerable support was revealed for controversial legislative issues such as community notification, mandatory registration, and civil commitment of sexual predators. Of particular interest is the finding that, compared to other cases, sexual offense cases were rated by judges as more difficult over which to preside from a legal and technical standpoint, a personal and emotional viewpoint, and a public scrutiny and public pressure perspective. These issues, as well as judges' comments on current systemic and decision-making difficulties, are discussed in terms of the importance of judicial education programs and future research.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A blueprint for assessing public support of citywide smoke-free legislation.

The tracking of public opinion can be a critical component of antitobacco campaigns, such as efforts to enact citywide Clean Indoor Air legislation. Grassroots tobacco control coalitions that work locally to promote smoke-free environments typically encompass individuals from a wide range of public health fields. Although knowledgeable, volunteer groups lack the financial resources to evaluate the impact of local efforts or determine their community's level of support for potential legislation. The steps taken by a grassroots organization to conduct a public opinion survey are outlined, including methodological, analytical issues, and resource requirements. A valid survey can be completed in 4 months with minimal financial resources. Individuals willing to voluntarily administer and analyze a survey can be identified at the local level. Results of a tobacco-related public opinion survey can be instrumental in the promotion of smoke-free environments and an effective tool in attracting media coverage.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2000

Legislating for the new predictive genetics.

Many new genetic markers have become available for use in the diagnosis, prognosis or risk prediction of common multifactorial disease such as venous thrombo-embolism, coronary artery disease, dementias and some cancers. Regulation or legislation of their application in the fields of the family, employment, life assurance, confidentiality and property law is required. This is made difficult because of the rapid pace of genetic discoveries and their derived technologies, the diversity of opinions on the legitimate application of these new techniques, and the pluralistic and evolving social norms of society regarding the use of the new genetic methods. This paper examines some of the problems that can arise when regulation is attempted in each of the above fields. A variety of solutions such as referenda, moratoria, ethical codes of professional bodies or the drafting of scientifically accurate and appropriate legislation depending on particular circumstances are discussed as a means of achieving a flexible and responsive approach to the challenges posed by the use of the new genetic markers.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1992

Guardianship reform: does revised legislation make a difference in outcomes for proposed wards?

There is a lack of critical examination of the efficacy of guardianship reform. Yet, the awarding of guardianship, especially when it is unwarranted, may deprive individuals of their most basic civil liberties. This longitudinal research investigated whether guardianship decisions differed prior to and following revision of state statutes increasing procedural safeguards. Using data from 766 petitions for guardianship of persons 60 years of age or over from Iowa and Missouri, it revealed that in most cases, a request for a full guardianship was tantamount to receiving one. Least restrictive alternatives were seldom employed, and few petitions were denied either before or after legislative changes. Reasons for the seeming discrepancy between revised statutes and guardianship decisions are suggested. No amount of statutory reform, however, will alter the tendency for society's attitudes toward aging to overshadow and shape the interpretation and implementation of legislation.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Smoking prevalence, smoking-related lung diseases, and national tobacco control legislation.

OBJECTIVES: To review statistics on smoking prevalence and to analyze whether the implementation of national tobacco control legislation had an association with the prevalence of smoking, and thereby, with the occurrence of smoking-related lung diseases. DESIGN: Smoking prevalence rates (from 1960 to 2000), lung cancer incidence rates (from 1980 to 2000), and respiratory disease mortality rates (from 1980 to 1998) were obtained from Finnish national surveys and registers. Regression models with 20-year lag times for disease occurrence were applied in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Daily smoking prevalence among men decreased continuously from 58 to 28% in the period from 1960 to 2000. Between 1965 and 1971, male lung cancer incidence was still on the increase, but from 1971 it decreased from 80 to 32 per 100,000 men. The male respiratory disease mortality rate declined steeply during the study period. From 1960 to 1973, women's smoking prevalence increased from 12 to 20%. At the introduction of the tobacco control bill in 1975, the increase leveled off and female smoking prevalence slightly decreased, but then rose again after 1985 to remain at 20%. Lung cancer incidence among women increased throughout the study period, but the gradient of the curve lowered in the 1980s. CONCLUSIONS: National legislative actions were found to be associated with a change in smoking prevalence among women from a linear rise to a plateau. The results of the present study showed a very strong association between reduced smoking prevalence and the occurrence of lung cancer.

Female↗
PubMed2002

United Kingdom legislation on pack sizes of analgesics: background, rationale, and effects on suicide and deliberate self-harm.

Following increasing concern in the UK about the mortality and morbidity associated with self-poisoning with analgesics, especially paracetamol (Tylenol, acetaminophen), legislation was introduced in 1998 to modify packs sold over-the-counter. The most important change was a reduction in the maximum size of packs. In this paper the background to the legislation, the rationale behind it, and its early impact are reviewed. The changes have had significant positive initial benefits on the mortality and morbidity associated with self-poisoning with analgesics.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2005

The need to legislate the health-care industry in the state of Washington to protect health-care workers from back injury.

There is an epidemic of health-care worker back injury in the State of Washington. Voluntary programs are not keeping pace with the increasing back injury rates to health-care workers. Adding all the health-care industry SIC codes, hospitals, nursing homes, home health and residential care puts health-care as the leading industry in the State of Washington for back injury. Licensed practical nurses, nurses aides, and registered nurses account for the majority of all claims in the health-care industry. Self-insured hospitals led the state for lost time compensable back injuries between 1993 and 2001, and combined Washington State Fund and self-insured health-care hospitals and nursing homes led all other industries for compensable soft-tissue disorders of the neck, back, and upper extremities. Legislation is needed to protect this group of workers in this type of industry. A bill will be re-introduced in the 2006 session that calls for hospitals to implement back injury prevention programs through either the Zero-Lift model, with nursing staff use of lift equipment, or the Lift-Team model, with a specially trained team using lift equipment, or a combination of the two, for all shifts. The State of Washington should provide funding, through savings created by back injury prevention programs, for small rural health-care institutions to assist them in compliance with the legislation.

Back Injuries↗
PubMed2005

A case study of the Australian Plague Locust Commission and environmental due diligence: why mere legislative compliance is no longer sufficient for environmentally responsible locust control in Australia.

The Australian Plague Locust Commission (APLC) manages locust populations across 2 million square kilometers of eastern Australia using the aerial application of chemical and biological control agents to protect agricultural production. This occurs via a preventative control strategy involving ultralow-volume spray equipment to distribute small droplets of control agent over a target area. The economic costs of, and potential gains stemming from, locust control are well documented. The application of insecticides, however, to fragile arid and semiarid ecosystems is a task that brings with it both real and perceived environmental issues. The APLC is proactive in addressing these issues through a combination of targeted environmental operational research, an ISO-14001-aligned Environmental Management System (EMS), and links with environmental regulatory and research institutions. Increasing due diligence components within Australian environmental legislation dictate that mere legislative compliance is no longer sufficient for industries to ensure that they meet their environmental obligations. The development of external research links and the formulation of an EMS for locust control have enabled the APLC to identify environmental issues and trends, quantify objective environmental targets and strategies, and facilitate continuous improvement in its environmental performance, while maintaining stakeholder support. This article outlines the environmental issues faced by the APLC, the research programs in place to address these issues, and the procedures in place to incorporate research findings into the organization's operational structure.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1988

Experimental evaluation of public policy: the case of state legislation for child passenger safety.

Observations of children in automobiles were made in seven states before and after implementation of legislation requiring use of child passenger safety devices. Increases in safe seating for children covered by state laws and children under 1 year old were observed in three of the five states implementing legislation during this study. Decreases in safe seating for these age groups were observed in two states, however. Increases in safe seating for children from 1 to 5 years old were observed in four of these five states. Although methodological limitations require cautious interpretation, these data suggest the impact child safety seat laws may have on compliance. Implications of this research for policies on child passenger safety and the importance of exploiting naturally occurring public experiments are discussed.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2001

Where children sit in cars: the impact of Rhode Island's new legislation.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the impact of Rhode Island's legislation requiring children younger than 6 years to sit in the rear of motor vehicles. METHODS: Roadside observations were conducted in Rhode Island and Massachusetts in 1997 and 1998. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the proportion of vehicles carrying a child in the front seat. RESULTS: Data were collected on 3226 vehicles carrying at least 1 child. In 1998, Rhode Island vehicles were less likely to have a child in the front seat than in 1997 (odds ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval = 0.5, 0.7), whereas no significant changes in child passenger seating behavior occurred in Massachusetts during that period. CONCLUSIONS: Rhode Island's legislation seems to have promoted safer child passenger seating behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

The unwritten story of women's role in the birth of occupational health and safety legislation.

Women's role in the formation of trade unions and development of collective bargaining, as well as in labor's historical struggle to improve day-to-day working conditions, has been conspicuously underplayed, if not ignored. Yet, when one reviews the history of the reduction of working hours, prohibition of child labor, elimination of homework in tenement slums, reform of factory legislation, and investigations into accidents precipitating early workers' compensation legislation, the literature is rich with women's investigative reports and studies on unhealthy and unsafe working conditions. This was the case from the late 19th century in North America up until the 1950s and the Cold War. The women's movement and political activities requiring factory reforms then seemed to go underground, re-emerging in full force during the 1960s. Women's involvement in the environmental movement, especially in the United States, has been significant in politicizing occupational health as well. Their efforts led to the 1970 passage of the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Act.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Livestock nutrient management concerns: regulatory and legislative overview.

A greater focus on manure nutrient disposition from concentrated animal-feeding operations has developed from environmentalists, concerned citizens, and regulatory agencies. The establishment and enforcement of manure nutrient regulations will alter the future of livestock production. Proposed legislation and strategies may provide a false sense of security regarding environmental preservation or restoration and may impose monitoring and record keeping on the livestock operators. Existing regulations and proposed regulations and strategies are presented. Implications of legislation and proposed strategies, policies, and regulations are discussed. Livestock operations will need to comply with regulations to remain in business and to minimize environmental liability.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

The use of guardianship legislation for anorexia nervosa: a report of 15 cases.

OBJECTIVE: This paper investigates compulsory treatment under guardianship legislation for 15 anorexia nervosa patients admitted to four eating disorders units in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 1991 and 1994. METHODS: A retrospective follow-up was conducted. This involved an analysis of sociodemographic, clinical, eating and weight history, and Guardianship Order details obtained from medical records. This small sample was compared to a larger sample of anorexia nervosa patients admitted voluntarily to a specialised eating disorder unit in NSW. Further follow-up included a structured interview using the Morgan-Russell Assessment Outcome Schedule at least 1 year after admission for compulsory treatment. RESULTS: For those treated involuntarily, a larger number came from metropolitan Sydney and a larger percentage were unemployed, were purgers and required specialist medical consultations. A significantly higher proportion came from higher socioeconomic groups, and the duration of stay in hospital while patients were under guardianship was significantly greater. A high degree of comorbidity was noted. There were similarities between those treated involuntarily and those treated voluntarily for the source of referral, marital status and Body Mass Index on admission and discharge. Only three patients accepted a follow-up interview using the Morgan-Russell Outcome Schedule. Two of them had made a good recovery. CONCLUSIONS: It was noted that the guardianship sample comprised a more severely III group than anorexic patients treated voluntarily. The nature of guardianship legislation compared to mental health law was discussed and advice offered to clinicians contemplating and implementing compulsory treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Payment of occupational therapy by legislative mandate.

This article reviews the process that the Council on Government Affairs of the Connecticut Occupational Therapy Association undertook from 1979 to 1982 to obtain payment mandated by legislation for occupational therapy. The process included learning the Connecticut legislative system, marketing occupational therapy as a profession in the health arena, and coordinating, planning, and communicating all phases of activity to reach a final objective of mandated payment.

Connecticut↗