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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

A geographic information system on the potential distribution and abundance of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in east Africa based on Food and Agriculture Organization databases.

An adaptation of a previously developed climate forecast computer model and digital agroecologic database resources available from FAO for developing countries were used to develop a geographic information system risk assessment model for fasciolosis in East Africa, a region where both F. hepatica and F. gigantica occur as a cause of major economic losses in livestock. Regional F. hepatica and F. gigantica forecast index maps were created. Results were compared to environmental data parameters, known life cycle micro-environment requirements and to available Fasciola prevalence survey data and distribution patterns reported in the literature for each species (F. hepatica above 1200 m elevation, F. gigantica below 1800 m, both at 1200-1800 m). The greatest risk, for both species, occurred in areas of extended high annual rainfall associated with high soil moisture and surplus water, with risk diminishing in areas of shorter wet season and/or lower temperatures. Arid areas were generally unsuitable (except where irrigation, water bodies or floods occur) due to soil moisture deficit and/or, in the case of F. hepatica, high average annual mean temperature >23 degrees C. Regions in the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya were identified as unsuitable for F. gigantica due to inadequate thermal regime, below the 600 growing degree days required for completion of the life cycle in a single year. The combined forecast index (F. hepatica+F. gigantica) was significantly correlated to prevalence data available for 260 of the 1220 agroecologic crop production system zones (CPSZ) and to average monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on board the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites. For use in Fasciola control programs, results indicate that monthly forecast parameters, developed in a GIS with digital agroecologic zone databases and monthly climate databases, can be used to define the distribution range of the two Fasciola species, regional variations in intensity and seasonal transmission patterns at different sites. Results further indicate that many of the methods used for crop productivity models can also be used to define the potential distribution and abundance of parasites.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1993

Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical character of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates.

Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae (268 in toto) isolated from different infected sites in patients were serotyped, their susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were determined, and the laboratory data were correlated with clinical information. The distribution pattern of serogroups and serotypes was different in paediatric patients (< 18 years old) when compared with that of adults. Overall, 91% of the strains were represented in a 23-valent vaccine. Only eight patients received pneumococcal vaccine before infection, and only 18 strains (6.7%) were moderately susceptible or resistant to one or more of the antimicrobial agents tested. Five strains were moderately susceptible to penicillin G, and not one was fully resistant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Varied prevalence of factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A single nucleotide polymorphisms among Arabs.

BACKGROUND: Factor V G1691A (FV-Leiden) and prothrombin (PRT) G20210A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are major inherited risk factors of venous thromboembolism. In view of the heterogeneity in their world distribution and lack of sufficient information about their distribution among Arabs, we addressed the prevalence of both SNPs in 4 distinct Arab populations (Lebanon, Tunisia, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia). METHODS: Study subjects comprised 698 Lebanese, 313 Tunisian, 194 Bahraini, and 149 Saudi Arabian healthy subjects; genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP using Mnl I and Hind III for FV-Leiden and PRT G20210A, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of the mutant A alleles of FV-Leiden and PRT G20210A were significantly higher among Lebanese (0.0788 and 0.0136) and Tunisians (0.0351 and 0.0128), as compared to Bahraini (0.0155 and 0.0052) and Saudi (0.0101 and 0.000) subjects. Higher frequency of the FV-Leiden G/A and A/A genotypes were seen in Lebanon (13.8 and 1.0%), followed by Tunisia (5.8 and 0.6%), Bahrain (3.1 and 0.0%) and Saudi Arabia ((2.0 and 0.0%). All PRT G20210A positive cases were in the heterozygote (G/A) state, and these comprised 3.6% for Lebanon, 2.6% for Tunisia, 1.0% for Bahrain. The carrier rate of FV-Leiden was significantly higher among Lebanese compared to the other populations (p < 0.001), while the difference in the prevalence of FV-Leiden between the other populations was not statistically different. With the exception of Lebanese-Saudi (p = 0.038), the prevalence of PRT G20210A was similar among the study communities. Furthermore, the overall average genetic differentiation between populations (estimated with the F(ST)) was 0.0022 for FV-Leiden and 0.005 for PRT G20210A. CONCLUSIONS: These results further confirm the heterogeneity in FV-Leiden and PRT G20210A distribution among Arabs, and recommend potential institution of prophylactic measures for carriers of either or both SNPs.

Alleles↗
PubMed1975

Chemical Abstracts Service approach to management of large data bases.

When information handling is "the business," as it is at Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), the total organization must be involved in information management. Since 1967, when, as a result of long-range planning efforts, CAS adopted a "data-base approach" to management of both the processing system and the distribution of information files, CAS has been grappling with the problems of managing large collections of information in computer-based systems. This paper describes what has been done at CAS in the management of large files and what we see as necessary, as a result of our experience, to improve and complete the information management system that is the foundation of our production processes.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1999

Distribution of exposure concentrations and doses for constituents of environmental tobacco smoke.

The ultimate goal of the research reported in this series of three articles is to derive distributions of doses of selected environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-related chemicals for nonsmoking workers. This analysis uses data from the 16-City Study collected with personal monitors over the course of one workday in workplaces where smoking occurred. In this article, we describe distributions of ETS chemical concentrations and the characteristics of those distributions (e.g., whether the distribution was log normal for a given constituent) for the workplace exposure. Next, we present population parameters relevant for estimating dose distributions and the methods used for estimating those dose distributions. Finally, we derive distributions of doses of selected ETS-related constituents obtained in the workplace for people in smoking work environments. Estimating dose distributions provided information beyond the usual point estimate of dose and showed that the preponderance of individuals exposed to ETS in the workplace were exposed at the low end of the dose distribution curve. The results of this analysis include estimations of hourly maxima and time-weighted average (TWA) doses of nicotine from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 week) and doses derived from modeled lung burdens of ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM) and solanesol resulting from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 year).

Absorption↗
PubMed1999

Emergency department information: does it effect patients' perception and satisfaction about the care given in an emergency department?

The aim of this study was to find out if informing the patients about the facts of an emergency department (ED) on arrival influences their behaviour and satisfaction about the care given in the ED. For 5 days an information form was distributed on arrival to all patients visiting the ED and a questionnaire directed at all patients when leaving the ED. For a former 3 days the same questionnaire directed at the patients was distributed without giving them the information form. This form contained information about how the ED functions, how long and why the patients wait, and which patients are taken care of first. The patients who were not given the information form served as the control group; the patients who were given an information form but did not read it were also included in the same control group. Questionnaires of the informed group and the control group were compared. A total of 397 patients were given a questionnaire; 288 of them were given an information form and 109 did not receive a form. The number of the patients who read the information form was 178 and the rest (219 patients) served as controls. The informed group was more satisfied about the care given to them (p = 0.1), the total time spent in the ED (p = 0.3), and the information given to them (p = 0.1). More patients in the informed group stated that they would prefer this ED next time or recommend it to others (p = 0.02). The overall degree in satisfaction of the informed patients was better (p = 0.03). The differences in the overall satisfaction and preference of this ED's parameters were statistically significant, the other parameters were not so significant. These results proved that giving general information to patients visiting the ED can influence the degree of their satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Distribution of Langerhans cells in clinically healthy human gingival epithelium with special emphasis on junctional epithelium.

Twenty-one biopsies of clinically healthy marginal gingiva from children, who performed conventional oral hygiene but received no additional professional prophylaxis, were studied in order to obtain information on distribution and density of Langerhans cells (LC) in the oral gingival epithelium (OGE), the sulcular epithelium (SE) and the junctional epithelium (JE). A simple freeze-separation technique was found to create acceptable histomorphology of JE in specimens obtained adherent to teeth, while partially and non-adherent ones were rejected. The majority of LC in OGE were highly dendritic and stained intensively with OKT6 monoclonal antibodies. The distribution was network-like with a density of 21.0 +/- 3.2 LC/0.1 mm2 cross-sectional epithelial area. A similar although less dense distribution was found in SE (8.6 +/- 3.0 LC/0.1 mm2). These observations confirm previous findings. In JE 2 groups of LC were identified: 1) Weakly stained LC with very few and short dendrites distributed in a scattered way (2.8 +/- 1.4 LC/0.1 mm2) in the apical three-fourths of JE in most specimens. Present evidence suggests that these cells might be immature cells of Langerhans lineage. 2) Clusters of LC (9.4 +/- 2.9 LC/0.1 mm2) with dendrites of moderate lengths and numbers and a varied fluorescence intensity; they were found in a few specimens in the coronal one-fourth of JE and at the border zone to SE. Such clusters might represent genuine variation in the distribution of LC or reactions to initial/early plaque formation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Multisplitter interaction for entanglement distribution.

In protocols of distributed quantum information processing, a network of bilateral entanglement is a key resource for efficient communication and computation. We propose a model, efficient both in finite and infinite Hilbert spaces, that performs entanglement distribution among the elements of a network without local control. In the establishment of entangled channels, our setup requires only the proper preparation of a single elected element. We suggest a setup of electromechanical systems to implement our proposal.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

University students' perspectives on a physical activity record-keeping log.

This qualitative study explored characteristics of a record-keeping log that students would find appealing and be receptive to using. A heterogeneous sample of undergraduate university students aged 18 to 25 years participated. An experienced moderator, using a semistructured interview guide, conducted 13 focus groups (N = 65). All focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive content analysis was conducted independently by two qualitative researchers. Measures were incorporated throughout the study to ensure data trustworthiness. Four themes illustrated students' suggestions for the log: layout, convenience, maximum distribution, and concerns. In particular, students discussed the use of a computer-based versus a paper-based log, hesitancies in using a log, and the need for: additional health information, multivenue distribution, and low to no cost. Students confirmed that a record-keeping log tailored to their needs and preferences would be attractive and appealing to students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Distribution of grifolan NMF-5N (I/B), a chemically modified antitumor beta-glucan in mice.

The distribution of a 3H-labeled chemically modified antitumor beta-glucan, grifolan NMF-5N (I/B), in various tissues after an injection into mice was examined in order to obtain information on distribution of the parent antitumor beta-glucan, grifolan NMF-5N. Grifolan NMF-5N was treated with sodium metaperiodate and sodium borotritide to obtain tritium-labeled grifolan NMF-5N [3H-grifolan (I/B)]. When 3H-grifolan (I/B) was administered into normal mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection, radioactivity was detected in various mouse tissues. Next, 3H-grifolan (I/B) was injected into tumor-bearing mice 7 d after the tumor inoculation, which is the most effective administration timing for the antitumor effect of grifolan NMF-5N. The results indicated a strong radioactivity in spleens and tumor masses. These results suggested a close relationship between the antitumor activity and the distribution of grifolan NMF-5N in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Prevention of cardiovascular diseases is effective. Initial program evaluation of the canton Tessin (1984-1989)].

This study measures and evaluates the effects of the CVD prevention programme which has been underway in the Canton of Tessin (Switzerland) since 1984. The programme was designed with the following objectives: --high blood pressure: each Tessin inhabitant should be aware of the admissible blood pressure limits, the consequences of surpassing the norm, as well as know his or her own blood pressure count and have it measured at least once a year; --tobacco consumption: a positive image of non-smokers is promoted, as well as the respect of non-smoker's rights. The population, particularly the young, are "invited" not to smoke; eating habits: each Tessin inhabitant will be provided with the information necessary to enable him/her to make rational choices concerning content in order to ensure a balanced diet, rich in fibres and low in saturated fats; activity: physical activity, at least 20 minutes three times a week, is promoted for all age groups; early warning symptoms:information will be provided to enable inhabitants to recognize indications of cardiac distress in order to diminish the time between the first pain and hospitalisation; A vast and varied information campaign was set up to pursue these objectives. Much of the campaign was implemented through use of various media (television, radio, daily and weekly press), and seconded with the periodic distribution of information tracts to all the households of the district. The mass media campaign was complemented with a variety of activities for all ages: from poster competitions, to the edition and sale of recipe books, to specific activities with professional and voluntary associations are a few examples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1990

[Consumption of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy by health advisors. An investigation of nurses, nurses' aides, physicians and school teachers].

Health staff and elementary school teachers are key persons in prophylactic activity which is based on personal contact between the advisor and recipient. It is conceivable that their own habits play a part in how prophylactic information is distributed. This investigation describes how groups such as these consume alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy. As part of a local community experiment in which pregnant women in Odense participated in an information campaign from April 1985 to April 1987, information was collected concerning the habits of pregnant women until the 36th week of pregnancy. This information was collected in self-completed questionnaires which were sent anonymously to the Department of Social Medicine in Odense University. 87% out of the 13,815 pregnant women who attended midwives' clinics from April 1984 to April 1987 in Odense and Aalborg were included in the investigation. The following groups were selected for further analysis: nurses (627 women), nursing aides (492 women), doctors (85 women) and school teachers (468 women) and the group of office workers (1,136 women) was employed for comparison. The investigation revealed that school teachers, doctors and nurses had higher average consumption of alcohol during pregnancy than office workers. On the other hand, these groups has fewer episodes with consumption of eight or more drinks on a single occasion. Similarly, elementary school teachers, and the health groups (with the exception of nursing aides) smoked less. This investigation provided no evidence that these selected groups altered their habits on account of the informative campaigns which were directed to all pregnant women in the Odense region.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Using World Wide Web multimedia in medicine.

The development of the Internet [1] has given us many types of information servers in the research and academic communities: anonymous FTP [2], Gopher [3], Wais [4], News [5], and the World Wide Web [6], which is now the most used multimedia information system on the Internet. It is user-friendly and can be used to interface existing information systems and to build new information services in the medical field. We propose to investigate (not exhaustively) the functionalities and applications of the system in medicine; we also present our own experiences of using WWW to distribute medical information.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2000

PAHdb: a locus-specific knowledgebase.

PAHdb is an online relational locus-specific "mutation database" (http://www.mcgill.ca/pahdb) for the human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (symbol PAH) and its associated phenotypes (protein, metabolic, clinical). When combined with associated information (population distribution of allele, haplotype association, etc.) PAHdb functions as a knowledgebase. From the outset, and in the absence of raw data (e.g., sequence gels), PAHdb has instead been an annotated repository of information about mutations maintained by a team of curators. It is also disease-oriented, being focused on a variant phenotype (hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and its most important form of disease, phenylketonuria (PKU)) resulting from primary dysfunction of the PAH enzyme (EC 1.14.16.1); it is "patient friendly" in that it contains information for those personally involved with HPA/PKU (MIM# 261600). PAHdb also serves its community through direct interaction.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

Examples for the improvements in AES depth profiling of multilayer thin film systems by application of factor analysis data evaluation.

Factor analysis has proved to be a powerful tool for the full exploitation of the chemical information included in the peak shapes and peak positions of spectra measured by AES depth profiling. Due to its ability to extract the number of independent chemical components, their spectra and their depth distributions, its information content exceeds the one of the usual peak-to-peak height evaluation of AES depth profile data. Using modern software with a graphically interactive user interface the analyst is put into a position, where he can work with Factor Analysis on a physically intuitive level despite of all the matrix algebra mathematics which it is based upon. The progress brought about by Factor Analysis to AES depth profiles of thin films is demonstrated by the analysis of two thin film systems. The first one is a Pt/Ti metallisation used as bottom electrode for ferroelectric thin films, the second one is a multilayer system where a Ti silicide formation of buried Ti/Si bilayers has been induced. Both examples show that Factor Analysis evaluation of AES depth profile data is capable to give access to stoichiometry information and to reveal interfacial layer phases, information which is hardly obtained from the conventional peak-to-peak height data evaluation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Does health information alone help in equitable distribution of essential drug kits between health units at district level?

In Tanzania, the essential drugs programme (EDP) faces acute shortage of drugs brought about by a deteriorating economy and an expanding primary health care system. Many health units complain of shortages of drugs but no increase in the district allocation of EDP kits is foreseen. In the light of the aforementioned problem, a study was carried out in the Kisarawe district of Tanzania to discover, on behalf of the District Health Management Team (DHMT), the extent of the maldistribution with a view to reallocate the EDP kits among the health units on the basis of workload and catchment population. The relative workload of each health unit was estimated from the number of outpatient attendants and the catchment population estimates are based on a 1988 national census. An equitable distribution of EDP kits for each indicator was then developed by ranking the health units in order of workload and catchment population and dividing up the available number of EDP kits proportionately. Health units were categorised as either 'over-allocated', 'appropriately-allocated' or 'under-allocated' with EDP kits by comparing their actual drug supply with the equitable supply. The findings were presented to a meeting of the DHMT attended by the Regional Medical Officer and Ministry of Health officials. Despite being presented evidence of astounding inequity in drug distribution, there was a marked reluctance on the part of the DHMT to decide upon actions to redress some of the imbalance. In this study, we demonstrated that although data from the routine information system on essential drugs at peripheral health units provided sufficient information for managerial purposes, decision-making was delayed and limited. Several possible reasons for this are discussed.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1983

Distribution of nominal and latent IgG (Gm) allotypes in plaques of multiple sclerosis brain.

Concentrations of IgG allotypes G1m(1), G1m(3) and G3m(11) in neutral pH eluates from discrete plaques of multiple sclerosis (MS) brain and from white matter of control brain were determined to obtain information about distribution of B cell clones among MS lesions. Within each MS brain a predominant nominal IgG1 allotype was distributed rather homogeneously in all plaques while quantitatively minor allotypes showed some fluctuation. Latent IgG1 allotypes were detected (7-12% of the corresponding nominal allotype level) in some tissue eluates from both MS and control brains, which were homozygous for either G1m(1) or G1m(3). By contrast, the expression of a latent IgG3 allotype, namely G3m(11), was apparently MS restricted. Large amounts of latent allotypes were detected only in recent plaques with lymphoid cells whereas the distribution of total plaque associated IgGs did not correlate with the presence of lymphoid cells. Latent allotypes in recent MS lesions may mark a transient immunological activity which coincides with the infiltration of lymphoid cells and precedes the appearance in these plaques of oligoclonal IgGs, the distribution of which may parallel that of the predominant nominal allotypes.

Adult↗