Proton scattering from an excited nucleus (18Fm,J pi =5(+),Ex=1.1 MeV) using a gamma -ray-tagged secondary isomeric nuclear beam.
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DNA damage and mutagenesis of lambda phage induced by gamma-rays.
Lambda phage DNA was gamma-irradiated in aqueous solution and the amount of radiation-induced strand breakage [double- and single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites (dsb, ssb, als)] was determined. Twice as much minor structural damage (ssb and als) per lethal hit was found in this DNA compared with DNA from irradiated phage suspensions. The in vitro irradiated DNA was re-packaged into infectious particles ('pack-phage'). The induction of mutations in the cI or cII cistron was scored using SOS-induced host cells. The in vitro prepared particles were found to have second-order kinetics for mutagenesis induced by gamma-rays indicating that two pre-mutational events were necessary to produce a mutation. In contrast, bacteria-free phage suspensions ('lys-phage') showed single hit kinetics for mutagenesis after irradiation. The increase in the mutation rate in the phage particles was mainly due to minor lesions, i.e. ssb, als and unidentified base damage. In lys-phage, mutagenesis might be enhanced by clustered DNA damage--a configuration which does not exist in pack-phage. The loss of infectivity was analysed in comparison with the extent of structural damage. All lesions investigated here contributed to biological inactivation. Minor lesions were tolerated by lambda phage to a limited extent. Major lesions, such as dsb, contributed most to the loss of infectivity and can be considered as lethal events.
Bacteriophage lambda↗
Serum prolactin levels in galactorrhea.
Some patients with galactorrhea will have normal serum prolactin levels but many will have elevated serum prolactin levels. The galactorrhea may be due to drug ingestion, nipple afferent nerve stimulation, nonneoplastic disease or injury, and intracranial tumors. Serum prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 17 women with galactorrhea. Levels 5 and 6 times normal values were found in two women who had proved pituitary adenomas. The latter conditions must be strongly considered and functional tests may help in diagnosis prior to enlargement of a prolactin-secreting tumor to the size where changes in the sella are seen on x-ray or visual field changes occur. If galactorrhea persists when no evidence of tumor can be found, the patient must be periodically re-evaluated, as the tumor may have been too small for detection at the time of the previous examination.
Adenoma↗
Long-term results of Swanson silastic arthroplasty in the rheumatoid wrist.
We report a long-term follow-up of 6 to 11.8 years (mean = 8 years) of our first 50 Swanson wrist arthroplasties. All patients had long standing sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis with a mean age of 48 years. A detailed clinical and radiologic assessment was carried out on all the wrists. There was excellent sustained pain relief (mean score = 1.7) with improved activities of daily living. A mean range of wrist movement of 25 degrees of extension and 31 degrees of flexion was obtained. The prosthetic fracture rate was 22% of which 14% were symptomatic and needed re-operation. Carpal collapse was seen in all wrists, but was often symmetrical and accompanied by radial new bone formation on X-ray (86%). We feel that our long-term results justify the continued selective use of the Swanson wrist in the low-demand patient with quiescent disease who desires pain-free limited mobility and sophisticated grasp.
Adult↗
Estimation of the absorbed dose in radiation-processed food--1. Test of the EPR response function by a linear regression analysis.
Free radicals produced in chicken bone tissue by 137Cs gamma-rays were measured using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The yield of radicals was found to be proportional to the absorbed dose. Additive re-irradiation of previously irradiated bones is the basis of a method to estimate the absorbed dose in radiation-processed foods. The ability of the method to provide accurate dose assessments for a range of doses (0.5-7.4 kGy) is tested here. A linear fit to the data yields reasonable dose estimates for bone irradiated less than 2 kGy, but fails at the higher doses using a linear approximation to the dose response. These data and their implications are discussed.
Animals↗
Analysis of the rate of expression of radiation-induced renal damage and the effects of hyperfractionation.
The response of mouse kidneys to multifractionation irradiation using the [51Cr]EDTA clearance method was re-analysed. As previously published, a series of schedules was investigated giving 1,2,4,8,16,32 and 64 equal X-ray doses in an overall treatment time of 3 weeks, using doses per fraction in the range of 0.9 to 17 Gy. The kidney function was assessed from 19 to 55 weeks after irradiation. The decrease of the clearance with time could be characterized by a new, relevant parameter: the relative rate constant for the development of late damage. These rate constants showed well defined dose-response relationships for each fractionation schedule with an estimated maximum rate constant of 0.15 wk-1. Making use of the logistic transformation of the relative rate constant data, the validity of the linear-quadratic (LQ) model was tested directly using proper statistical methods. We showed that only the higher fraction number data (16,32 and 64) could be described by the LQ-model (alpha/beta = 5.0 +/- 0.5 Gy). The deviations from the LQ-model could not be explained by incomplete or slow repair and we concluded that the expression of the clonogenic survival of target cells in the kidney is not sufficiently described by a linear and a quadratic term.
Animals↗
Rhenium(IV) sulfide nanotubes.
Rhenium(IV) sulfide, ReS(2), has been prepared with nanotubular morphology by carbon nanotube templating. A multiwall carbon nanotube material was impregnated with solutions of NH(4)ReO(4) or ReCl(5), followed by drying and sulfidation with H(2)S at 1000 degrees C. The composite material synthesized was characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Like previously described MS(2) nanotube compounds, ReS(2) has a layered structure consisting of S-M-S layers. Re atoms in ordinary ReS(2) are octahedrally coordinated with S, and tetranuclear metal clusters are present as a consequence of metal-metal bonds.
Journal Article↗
Application of orthogonal neural network to craniomaxillary reconstruction.
Traditionally, the orthopaedist, according to their past experience, reconstructs damaged area while the operation is in progress. This may prolong the operation and cause the wound to become infected. Most importantly it is difficult to precisely match the skeletal defect. A well-disciplined network of prediction re-fabricates the damaged area through automation. This research is based on the CT image file, which is the product of X-ray computed tomography (CT), and computes the skeletal positions around the damaged area through image processing and boundary detection. The skeletal positions are inputted into the orthogonal neural network and discipline the network so that it possesses the scattering characteristic of bone. The network then calculates skeletal positions in the damaged area and revises the former CT image file to rebuild a 3D model. Accordingly, in comparison with a manual sketch, the orthogonal neural network forecast is more geometrically precise. Moreover, the forecast satisfies the second order derivative, which is a continuous function, and the edge of the fabricated bone is therefore kept smoother.
Biomedical Engineering↗
A reanalysis of the Hitachi cohort study evaluating the effectiveness of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer.
The effectiveness of low-dose thoracic computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer for non-smokers or light smokers has been unclear. The results of the Hitachi cohort study performed by the conventional multivariable analysis suggested the reduction of lung cancer mortality by thoracic CT screening, but also revealed the lower all-cause mortality in the CT group, which indicated the existence of self-selection bias. Because the background of the subjects in the CT screening group and that in the X-ray screening group were very different, it is critical to adjust appropriately the confounding factors. In this brief report, we describe a re-evaluation of the results of the Hitachi Cohort Study performed by using more flexible methods, propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting.
epidemiology/public health↗
Improved results from a standardized approach in treating patients with necrotizing fasciitis.
Necrotizing fasciitis has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thirty-three patients were studied over a 3-year period. Predisposing factors included intravenous drug abuse (30%), diabetes (21%), and obesity (18%). Severe pain (94%) and abnormal temperature (88%) were present, whereas laboratory data and x-ray were nonspecific. Gram-positive organisms were most frequently recovered (B-hemolytic streptococcus 45%). Treatment consisted of antibiotics, surgical debridement, re-exploration 24 hours before surgery, nutritional support, and early soft tissue coverage as needed. Mean duration from admission to operation was 43 hours. The average number of operative debridements was three and the average length of hospitalization was 47 days. Patients operated on less than 12 hours from admission or greater than 48 hours had shorter hospital stays (36 and 38 days). The critical time period was 12-48 hours after admission; all deaths and amputations were in this group and the average hospital stay was 62 days (p less than 0.05). The number of operations did not correlate to hospital stay. Despite antibiotics and aggressive debridement, significant morbidity exists if operation is delayed more than 12 hours. Methods of early detection such as local bedside diagnostic incision and fascial inspection may be needed in high risk patients to further reduce the morbidity and mortality.
Adult↗
Effect of oncogene expression on telomerase activation and telomere length in human endothelial, fibroblast and prostate epithelial cells.
Although strong evidence is mounting that telomerase reactivation and the thereof resulting stabilization of telomeres is a major mechanism for human cells to overcome replicative senescence, a causal relationship linking telomerase activation conclusively to tumorigenesis remains to be established. Thus, the possibility exists that telomerase activation is passively co-selected as tumors develop. To elucidate the function of telomerase during tumorigenesis, we followed telomerase reactivation during immortalization of human primary cell types with in vitro transforming agents and determined the tumorigenic potential of these cells at various stages of transformation. The effects of SV40, v-Ki-ras, HPV-18 and HPV-16 E6/E7 oncoproteins on telomerase expression was examined in primary and immortalized human prostate epithelial (HPE), human prostate fibroblast (HPF), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). All of five SV40-transformed HPE and HPF lines were telomerase positive and had shorter telomeres than primary cells. The two HPV-18 immortalized HPE cell lines also expressed telomerase activity. In contrast, E6 or E7 alone could not produce immortalized HUVEC and did not reactivate telomerase. Life-span, however, was extended. The E6/E7 immortalized HUVEC had telomerase activity and short but stable telomeres. HPE, HPF or HUVEC cells which had been transformed by one oncoprotein alone were not tumorigenic although they had overcome cellular senescence and re-activated telomerase. However, if these cells were transformed by a second agent, either infection with v-Ki-ras or X-ray treatment, they were able to form tumors in nude mice. This suggests that tumorigenesis is a multistep process and that telomerase activation alone is not sufficient for malignant transformation in human cells.
Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming↗
Bone mineral density of lumbar spine and proximal femur in normal Thai women.
OBJECTIVE: To find the reference data for age-specific normal bone mineral density in a Thai female population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, Descriptive study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 1773 Thai women aged between 11-80 years were recruited, using multistage cluster sampling and stratifying from six represented provinces in the country, each strata was randomly selected. After recruiting, the women were interviewed by well-trained personnel using structured questionnaires. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine 1-4 and nondominant hip were measured by Dual Energy Photon Absorptiometer. The scientists, X-rays technician were trained and standardized inter and intra observers variation. Quality control of examination was measured periodically. Every BMD outcome was re-examined by a specialist. RESULTS: The peak bone mineral density of both spines and hips was between the age of 30 to 34 years old. Mean Value for spine and femoral neck was 0.957 and 0.814 g/cm2 respectively. The BMD of spine and hip was significantly decreased after the age of 35 and the loss was accelerated at age 50. Osteoporosis for spine and femoral neck is considered when BMD are below 0.682 and 0.569 g/cm2 respectively. CONCLUSION: The results are important data for public health policy, by maximizing bone mass during skeletal growth before menopause and minimizing bone loss throughout life as well as for detection of important risk factors.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
An analysis of nodular deposits on soft contact lenses.
Approximately 6.8 percent of soft contact lens wearers develop multiple nodular deposits on the front surface of their soft contact lenses. It was the purpose of this investigation to evaluate the role of calcium in the newly formed and mature deposits. Nodular deposits were examined using scanning electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for calcium content. Any deposit which did not demonstrate the presence of calcium was sectioned, and the individual section re-examined by EDX analysis. Our results indicate that calcium was present in all but three of 72 nodular deposits investigated. The calcium was finely distributed throughout the deposits in a non-crystalline pattern, especially in the basal layers. Sections of the deposits also were examined at the light microscope level for the presence of lipids, calcium, and polysaccharides (mucin). All deposits stained positively for lipids, but polysaccharides were more evident in newer deposits. These results may indicate that both calcium and polysaccharides are involved in the genesis of nodular deposits.
Calcium↗
Cutaneous alternariosis. Case report.
A case of cutaneous alternariosis is reported in the wife of a 73-year-old farmer. The diagnosis was verified culturally and histologically. The skin lesions were localized to legs, arms and face and were characterized by alternating spontaneous healing and formation of new lesions possibly due to autoinoculation from the lesions or re-exposure to the environment. The patient had a decreased resistance to infections owing to cancer - for which she had received X-ray treatment, chemotherapy and cortisone. This is the first reported Danish case.
Aged↗
[Results of the surgical repair of the rotator cuff. Radio-clinical correlation].
INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to evaluate the functional results of rotator cuff tear repair. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study concerned 108 shoulders operated with a minimal follow up of 1 year (mean 5.5 years). The average age of this masculine population was 55 years. The rotator cuff tear involved: 39 times the supra-spinatus, 59 times the supra-spinatus and infra-spinatus, 6 times the supra and infra-spinatus and the teres minor, 4 times the supra-spinatus and superior part of the sub-scapularis. All these patients were reviewed using the Constant's score. The functional results were compared with an ultrasonographic study and a radiographic protocol including 5 views. Muscle strength was measured objectively with the aid of an isokinetics testing (Cybex II). RESULTS: The results were satisfactory concerning pain (67 per cent did not suffer anymore) daily activity (78 per cent experienced a slight disability) and mobility (92 per cent of the patients had an anteflexion > 120 degrees and 82 per cent an external rotation > 40 degrees). Concerning strength, the results were variable and related to the posterior extension of the tear. Most of the patients complained of weakness (mean objective deficit of strength = 25 per cent), specially a disability during repetitive over head activities. The radiographic protocol analysed the humeral head position (16 per cent of spontaneous acromio-humeral interval narrowing on the standard X Ray and 43 per cent of dynamic narrowing on Leclercq view). The spontaneous narrowing was correlated with a severe omarthrosis and a re-rupture of the rotator cuff. All these re-ruptures involved an infraspinatus lesion. Dynamic narrowing, with an acromial interval < 7 mm, were seen in 71 per cent of the patients with posterior extension of the rotator cuff tear explaining the poor final result; the ultrasonographic assessment found a thinning (75 per cent of patient) and a heterogeneity in the infraspinatus even after repair. We found 14 re-ruptures and 6 ultrasonographic disorganised structures. DISCUSSION: A well preserved external rotation and a centred head gave good result because they were associated with the integrity of the infra-spinatus, essential to the muscular balance of the rotator cuff and necessary for the dynamic and static centering of the humeral head. In 71 per cent of the cases, the suture of the posterior cuff tear did not allow a good dynamic position of the humeral head. A spontaneous narrowing (static view) of the acromio-humeral interval was in relation with a re-rupture which evolved to omarthrosis. A dynamic narrowing with a Leclercq radiograph was associated with a functional deficit after rotator cuff repair. CONCLUSION: Humeral head stabilisation, supplied by posterior muscles of the rotator cuff, is essential in prevention of omarthrosis and in recovery of good strength. In several specific cases, we think that the transfer of an external rotator muscle, with a good humeral head stabilization action, may restore strength.
Acromion↗
[Effects of different sterilizing techniques on osseous regeneration of grafted lyophilized cartilage].
The suitability of variably sterilized lyocartilage grafts as potential bone substitutes was investigated in animal experiments with special attention to configurational stability. In 3 Beagles corticocancellous implant beds were prepared by box-type ostectomies and lyophilized costal cartilage blocks sterilized with X-rays,ethylene oxide gas and beta-propriolactone solution were placed into them. Implants sterilized with X-rays and beta-propriolactone appeared to be unsuited for recontouring facial bone defects, since they showed complete loss of configuration after a follow-up time of 125 and 230 days, respectively. By contrast, cartilage implants sterilized with ethylene oxide gas retained their configuration after no less than 328 days. In light of these results, methods for sterilizing other biomaterials should be re-considered.
Animals↗
[Mechanical properties of the human basilar artery].
The mechanical properties of the wall of human basilar artery have been determined by tension tests. The degree of orientation of collagen fibers inside the deformed arterial wall has been evaluated by the analysis of the mechanical results and by the X-ray diffraction pattern. The results show that the wall of the muscular arteries can be considered a "composite material" which mechanical properties, at high stress, are due mainly to the collagen fibers orientation.
Basilar Artery↗
Voyager 1 exited the solar wind at a distance of approximately 85 Au from the Sun.
The outer limit of the Solar System is often considered to be at the distance from the Sun where the solar wind changes from supersonic to subsonic flow. Theory predicts that a termination shock marks this boundary, with locations ranging from a few to over 100 au (1 Au approximately 1.5 x 10(8) km, the distance from Earth to the Sun). 'Pick-up ions' that originate as interstellar neutral atoms should be accelerated to tens of MeV at the termination shock, generating anomalous cosmic rays. Here we report a large increase in the intensity of energetic particles in the outer heliosphere, as measured by an instrument on the Voyager 1 spacecraft. We argue that the spacecraft exited the supersonic solar wind and passed into the subsonic region (possibly beyond the termination shock) on about 1 August 2002 at a distance of approximately 85 Au (heliolatitude approximately 34 degrees N), then re-entered the supersonic solar wind about 200 days later at approximately 87 au from the Sun. We show that the composition of the ions accelerated at the putative termination shock is that of anomalous cosmic rays and of interstellar pick-up ions.
Journal Article↗