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Results for “Imitative Behavior”

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PubMed1989

The long-term effectiveness and clinical significance of three cost-effective training programs for families with conduct-problem children.

We evaluated the long-term effectiveness of three cost-effective parent training programs for conduct-problem children. One year posttreatment, 93.1% of families (94 mothers and 60 fathers) were assessed on the basis of teacher and parent reports and home observations. Results indicated that all the significant improvement reported immediately posttreatment were maintained one year later. Moreover, approximately two thirds of the entire sample showed "clinically significant" improvements. There were very few differences between the three treatment conditions except for the "consumer satisfaction" measure indicating that the treatment combining group discussion and video-tape modeling was superior to treatments without both components.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1978

Verbal information gathering strategies: the child's use of language to acquire language.

Recent investigations suggest that normally developing infants are active participants in a language-transmission partnership with the mature speakers in their environments. In a recent paper, (Snyder, McLean, 1977) we noted that available data suggest several specific language acquisition strategies exhibited by children in these interactions. While the earlier paper focused on a set of posited nonverbal strategies, this sequel focuses on two broad types of early verbal behavior that function as effective strategies for the language-learning child. These posited verbal acquisition strategies are referred to as selective imitation and metalinguistic utterance production. The conflicting theory and data on the role of early verbal imitation are reviewed, and it is concluded that selective imitation is most functional at specific stages of the language acquisition process. A hierarchy of metalinguistic utterance types is suggested, ranging from those reflecting the highest apparent intentionality (that is, interrogative utterances) to those reflecting the least (referred to as evocative utterances). Suggestions for future research are offered and implications for language intervention are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral methods used in the study of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid nutrition in primate infants.

Domains of behavior may be broadly categorized as sensory, motor, motivational and arousal, cognitive, and social. Differences in these domains occur because of changes in brain structure and function. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6-23) and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4-26) are major structural components of the brain that decrease when diets deficient in the essential fatty acids (EFA) alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are consumed. Early electrophysiologic and behavioral studies in EFA-deficient rodents showed behavioral effects attributable to lower-than-normal accumulation of DHA and AA in the brain. More recently, electrophysiologic and behavioral studies in EFA-deficient primate infants and analogous studies in human infants have been conducted. The human infants were fed formulas that could result in lower-than-optimal accumulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the brain during critical periods of development. This article describes the behavioral methods that have been used to study primate infants. These methods may be unfamiliar to many physicians and nutritionists who wish to read and interpret the human studies. The behavioral outcomes that have been evaluated in LCPUFA studies represent only a fraction of those available in the behavioral sciences. Specific developmental domains have been studied less often than global development, even though studies of nonhuman primates deficient in EFAs suggest that the former provide more information that could help target the underlying mechanisms of action of LCPUFAs in the brain.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1982

Adolescent alcohol abuse: a review.

Adolescent alcohol abuse is an individual and social problem of epidemic proportions. Investigation of the many correlates of this behavior indicates that three are primary: peer pressure, attempts at reaching adult status, and sexuality socialization. The societal support for alcohol use and tolerance of alcohol abuse combine with these three factors to exacerbate the problem. Analyzing each correlate leads to a proposed solution to the problem. It is suggested that the optimal approach is a group-process method that involves adolescents and adults and enables participants to analyze motivation and develop skills necessary for either abstinence or responsible drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of viscoelastic properties of suture versus porcine mitral valve chordae tendineae.

Recent reports have advocated the use of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) suture for replacement or reinforcement of ruptured or elongated mitral valve chordae tendineae. The mechanical properties of PTFE (Gore-Tex) and other sutures were determined and compared to those of porcine mitral valve chordae. The results were analyzed to assess how closely chordal mechanical function may be simulated by synthetic suture materials. Chordae tendineae and suture samples were tested in uniaxial tension using an INSTRON Model 1000 at strain rates of 5 and 10 mm/min. The stress (g/mm2) was plotted versus strain, and the elastic modulus determined as the slope of the curve. Chordae tendineae exhibited a nonlinear viscoelastic stress/strain behavior. The elastic modulus of both suture types tested was significantly higher than that of the chordae. However, the PTFE suture did exhibit some viscoelastic characteristics (hysteresis and creep) that begin to approach the chordal behavior. Chordal viscoelastic behavior results from the inherent composite structure (collagen, elastin, endothelium, water, and ground substance). As yet, no synthetic materials are able to imitate this behavior with the appropriate tensile strength and fatigue resistant characteristics. At present, PTFE appears to be the best synthetic alternative for chordal replacement, due to its limited viscoelastic capabilities. Nevertheless, the need to more nearly approximate the mechanical behavior of mitral valve chordae tendineae with synthetic material warrants further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Learning theory and gestalt therapy.

This article discusses the theory and operations of Gestalt Therapy from the viewpoint of learning theory. General comparative issues are elaborated as well as the concepts of introjection, retroflextion, confluence, and projection. Principles and techniques of Gestalt Therapy are discussed in terms of learning theory paradigm. Practical implications of the various Gestalt techniques are presented.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1975

Developing generalized behavior-modification skills in high-school students working with retarded children.

Seven high-school trainees each conducted training sessions with two profoundly retarded children. Each trainee was asked to teach one child to follow the instruction "Bring ball" and the other child to follow the instructions "Sit down" and "Come here". During baseline sessions, before the trainees had been instructed in behavior-modification techniques, no trainee successfully taught either child to follow the instructions. After differing numbers of baseline sessions, trainees were exposed to training procedures designed to teach them to teach one child to follow the instruction "Bring ball". The training procedures consisted of videotaped modelling, rehearsal, and corrective feedback and praise. Following the training procedures, four of the seven trainees successfully taught their child the instruction "Bring ball". Further, all trainees were able to teach their other children to follow the instructions "Sit down" and "Come here", even though they had received no modelling, rehearsal, or feedback on how to teach the children to follow these instructions. The ability of the trainees to teach new behaviors to different children indicates the development of generalized skills in behavior modification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Teaching safety skills to high school students with moderate disabilities.

Teaching students with disabilities to respond appropriately to potentially dangerous situations is a useful skill that has received little research attention. This investigation taught 3 students with moderate mental retardation to remove and discard broken materials (plates, glasses) safely from (a) a sink containing dishwater, (b) a countertop, and (c) a floor. A 4th student was instructed on the sink task only. A multicomponent treatment package was used to teach the skills. Simulated materials were used initially and were replaced with broken plates and glasses. A multiple probe design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment package. The results indicated that the treatment package was effective in teaching the skills. Data were collected 1 week and 1 month following the completion of training, and indicated mixed results. No student was injured during any phase of training. Issues pertinent to teaching safety skills to students with moderate disabilities are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

Rate of response as a visual social stimulus.

In Exp. 1, a high rate of responding (chain pulling) of a stimulus monkey was established as a visual positive discriminative stimulus for the operant behavior (bar pressing) of an observer monkey. The terminal performance of the observer under conditions in which a high rate of response of the stimulus monkey alternated in a variable temporal arrangement with a zero rate of response of the stimulus monkey (negative discriminative stimulus) was essentially the same as when nonbehavioral stimuli are correlated with the availability of reinforcement. By manipulating the schedule of reinforcement to change the rate of responding of the stimulus subject without changing its rate of reinforcement, Exp. 2 showed that the effective behavioral stimulus for the observer was the rate of chain pulling by the stimulus subject. A novel intermediate rate of responding by the stimulus monkey resulted in an intermediate rate (generalization) on the part of the observer during an extinction test. These experiments demonstrated that the rate of responding of one organism can function as a discriminative stimulus to control the rate of responding of another organism; and that the rate of responding is similar to other physical stimuli in terms of discrimination and generalization.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The influence of parent, sibling, and peer modeling and attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol.

This 1-year prospective study of 173 families with two or more children examines the influence of parent, sibling, and peer modeling (i.e., use) and attitudes on adolescent use of alcohol. Independent questionnaire data were obtained from the adolescent, father, mother, and sibling(s). Structural equation modeling methods were employed to examine these relationships. Parent attitude toward youth alcohol use and parent modeling of alcohol use were strongly related to change in adolescent alcohol use, suggesting that parents can influence the future use of alcohol by their children. Peer and sibling modeling and peer attitudes also influenced adolescent alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of prompt sequences.

Self-initiated responses of moderately and mildly mentally retarded subjects during three types of prompt sequences were compared. Results showed a significant difference in target behavior due to a type of prompt sequence. The prompt sequence that started with a verbal prompt and physical assistance resulted in a significantly higher rate of self-initiated responses. Giving verbal prompts while providing lessening amounts of physical assistance was superior to giving physical assistance without verbal prompts. Also, verbal prompts by themselves resulted in a low probability of self-initiated responding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Repetition of final consonants in the speech of young child.

This study of final-consonant repetitions in the speech of a young child supports the notion that some speech disfluencies may result from parental attempts to accelerate phonological development. An analysis of twelve 1/2-hr long observations of the subject's speech during a 1-year period is presented. The presence, decrease, and subsequent disappearance of the final-consonant repetitions that resembled stuttering behavior are discussed in terms of environmental factors.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Replication of trance logic using a modified experimental design: highly hypnotizable subjects in both real and simulator groups.

A potentially useful method for diagnosing the presence of hypnosis has been the comparison of hypnotic Ss and simulators. The present study attempted to replicate the hypnotic-simulator differentiation in regard to trance logic, as originally described by Orne (1959), using a modified design in which Ss in the 2 conditions were matched for hypnotizability scores. Orne's doubled person hallucination (DPH) suggestion was presented, and the results showed significant differences between the 2 treatment conditions in both DPHs and spontaneous transparency reports. One interesting case of DPH occurred in the simulator group with one S in whom a hypnotic-like state was self-induced. In contrast to the placid acceptance of DPH among Ss in the hypnotic condition, the experience was a confusing and mildly disturbing one for this S, who was not expecting any unusual perceptual experiences. Trance logic results from the "metasuggestion," experienced through participation in a formal induction procedure, that hypnosis entails new rules of experience and behavior.

Adolescent↗