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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Species recognition of congeneric acanthocephalans in slider turtles by random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.

Species recognition of acanthocephalans of the genus Neoechinorhynchus (Hamann, 1892) found in the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta (Wied, 1838) has previously been based primarily on female body and egg morphology. Observed morphological plasticity within and among species may lead to the misclassification of female specimens and leaves males of different species completely indistinguishable. Here, random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to genetically characterize samples of Neoechinorhynchus pseudemydis (Cable and Hopp, 1954), Neoechinorhynchus emydis (Leidy, 1851), and Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides (Fisher, 1960). Amplifications performed with 3 decamer oligonucleotides showed banding patterns with a few diagnostic fragments that allowed the recognition of N. pseudemydis specimens from those of the N. emydis-N. emyditoides group. No primer gave a species-specific locus that allowed the differentiation of N. emydis from N. emyditoides specimens, suggesting that they could belong to a sole taxon. The species assignment of females of uncertain classification and of males is fully reliable using RAPD markers. Thus, identification of acanthocephalan species by RAPD in the helminth infracommunities could potentially be very useful to determine community structure. RAPD and other polymerase chain reaction-based methods have some practical advantages over multilocus discriminant analysis, such as the ability to use ethanol-stored specimens and small tissue samples of parasites.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed2005

New Pudicinae (Trichostrongylina, Heligmosomoidea), Pudica ctenomydis n. sp. parasite of Ctenomys talarum (Rodentia: Octodontidae) from Argentina.

A total of 138 nematodes were found in the small intestine of Ctenomys talarum (Octodontidae) from Mar de Cobo, Argentina. A new nematode species, Pudica ctenomydis n. sp., is described. The new species more closely resembles P. pujoli Durette-Desset, 1990, parasite of Microcavia niata Thomas, from Bolivia. It can be distinguished from P. pujoli by the number of ridges and characteristics of the synlophe, the spicular morphology, differences in length between rays 9 and 10, and by the presence of a symmetrical caudal bursa and a cuticular expansion surrounding the body between vulva and anus in females.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Survey on helminthofauna in pheasants from Eastern Europe.

In order to assess the parasitological status in imported pheasants, 51 birds (Phasianus colchicus) coming from Poland and Rumania and used in Italy in repopulation interventions for hunting purposes were examined. From each animal the trachea, oesophagus, crop and intestine were collected and examined for the presence of nematodes. The examination of the oesophagi and crops of 5 birds revealed the presence of parasites pertaining to the family Capillariidae: Eucoleus contortus was found in all of the 5 animals, E. annulatus was present along with the previous parasite in one animal coming from Poland. The examination of the tracheae revealed the presence of Syngamus trachea in 5 animals (9.80%). Adult or larval stages of Heterakis gallinarum (37.25% of birds) and Capillariidae (35.29%) were found in the intestinal tracts. Aonchotheca caudinflata was detected only in one bird coming from Poland; the capillarids found in all of the remaining pheasants exhibited morphological characteristics referable to Capillaria phasianina, a species never reported in Italy. The release of game from foreign countries, therefore, may always constitute a risk for the autochthonous one due to the spread of new parasitic infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Early Ascaris suum migration in mice as a model for pigs.

A study was made of the early migratory pattern of Ascaris suum in mice. Mice were each inoculated orally with a single dose of 2,500 infective eggs and then killed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hr postinoculation (PI). At necropsy, it was observed that the larvae had penetrated the mouse cecum and colon and had reached the liver by 4 hr PI. This migratory behavior closely mimics what is observed in the pig and suggests that the mouse may serve as an experimental model for intestinal immunity in the early phase of A. suum infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Visceral toxoplasmosis in dogs from Brazil.

Toxoplasma gondii was identified in tissues of two dogs (3 and 10 months of age) from Brazil. Primary lesions consisted of necrotizing intestinal myositis associated with numerous tachyzoites. Parasites in tissues reacted with anti-T. gondii serum but not with Neospora caninum serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Mucosal injury and disruption of intestinal barrier function in HIV-infected individuals with and without diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis in northeast Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relative effects of AIDS-related diarrhea with or without cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis on intestinal function and injury. METHODS: We studied 40 HIV-infected patients (20 with and 20 without diarrhea) and 13 healthy volunteers, using the differential urinary excretion of ingested lactulose and mannitol as respective markers of barrier disruption and overall villous surface area. We also examined them for fecal leukocytes, lactoferrin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Fasting subjects drank test solution containing lactulose (5 g) and mannitol (1 g). Urine was collected for 5 h and tested for sugars by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. RESULTS: HIV-positive patients with diarrhea had a 2.8-fold higher lactulose:mannitol excretion ratio (L:M) than HIV-positive patients without diarrhea (p = 0.01) and 10.4-fold higher than healthy volunteers (p = 0.004). This was accounted for by a 1.5- to 3.1-fold higher rate of lactulose excretion by HIV patients with diarrhea than by those without diarrhea or by healthy volunteers. Mannitol excretion was 32-55% less in patients with diarrhea than in those without diarrhea or in healthy volunteers. Patients with cryptosporidial diarrhea had a nearly 6-fold higher L:M ratio than those without diarrhea (p < 0.001) and nearly 3-fold higher than those with non-cryptosporidial diarrhea (p = 0.02). One patient with microsporidial infection had a nearly 3-fold higher L:M ratio than controls without diarrhea. Alpha 1-Antitrypsin was positive in 40% of HIV-positive patients with cryptosporidial infections and none of 12 HIV-positive patients with non-cryptosporidial diarrhea. Fecal lactoferrin or leukocytes were increased in all HIV patients with diarrhea. CONCLUSION: HIV infection is associated with intestinal dysfunction and injury, even in patients who do not have diarrhea. However, those with diarrhea, especially with cryptosporidiosis or microsporidiosis, have even greater disruption of intestinal barrier function with potentially important nutritional consequences.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1986

Pathological changes induced by Pomphorhynchus laevis Muller (Acanthocephala) in the gut of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson.

The consequences of infection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, by an acanthocephalan, Pomphorhynchus laevis Muller, have been studied using light and electron microscopy. The mucosal epithelium, of the gut adjacent to the metasoma of the worm suffered compression and abrasion. The praesoma of P. laevis penetrated the mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, stratum compactum, stratum granulosum, muscularis and serosa of the gut wall, and was invested by a fibrous capsule of inflammation tissue. This was composed of four principal cell types: eosinophilic granular cells (EGCs), type A cells, type B cells and fibroblasts. Some melanocytes and lymphocytes were also present. The role of the EGCs in the inflammation response is not known, but may not be an active one. The type A cells resembled neutrophils of other fish species, and have tentatively been placed in this category. The type B cells, with large cisternae formed by the RER, resembled plasma cells and may have been involved in a humoral response to the acanthocephalan. The integument of P. laevis did not appear to be damaged by the cells of the inflammation tissue, and it seems likely that this host response was incapable of rejecting the parasite.

Acanthocephala↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of chicken cytokine and chemokine gene expression following Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections.

The expression levels of mRNA encoding a panel of 28 chicken cytokines and chemokines were quantified in intestinal lymphocytes following Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella primary and secondary infections. Compared with uninfected controls, transcripts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-17 were increased up to 2020-fold following primary infection. By contrast, following secondary infection by either microorganism, pro-inflammatory mRNAs levels were relatively unchanged (< or = 20-fold). Transcripts encoding the Th1 and Th1 regulatory cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-16, and IL-18 were uniformly increased 14-2471-fold after E. acervulina primary infection, but either unchanged (IL-15, IL-16, IL-18), increased (IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12), or decreased (IL-2) following E. tenella primary infection. Following secondary infections, Th1 cytokine mRNA levels were relatively unchanged, with the exception of IL-12 which was increased 1.5 x 10(5)-fold after E. acervulina and decreased 5.1 x 10(4)-fold after E. tenella infection. Transcripts for the Th2 or Th2 regulatory cytokines IL-3 and GM-CSF were increased up to 327-fold following primary or secondary infection with both parasites, while IL-4 and IL-13 mRNAs were decreased 25- to 2 x 10(5)-fold after primary or secondary infection. The dynamics of chicken chemokine expression revealed modest changes (<100-fold) following primary or secondary infection except for lymphotactin. When lymphocyte subpopulations were similarly analyzed, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, IL-15, and MIF were most highly increased in TCR2(+) cells following E. acervulina infection, while TCR1(+) cells only expressed high levels of IL-16 following E. tenella infection. In contrast, CD4(+) cells only expressed highest levels of IL-10 after E. acervulina infection, whereas these cells produced abundant transcripts for IFN-gamma, IL-3, IL-15, and MIF after E. tenella infection. We conclude that coccidiosis induces a diverse and robust primary cytokine/chemokine response, but a more subdued secondary response.

Animals↗