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PubMedDate not supplied

"Spray, Spray, Spray!": insecticides and the making of applied entomology in Canada, 1871-1914.

As insecticides were adopted by Canadian farmers and fruit-growers after 1871, the resources conferred on economic entomology by the Dominion and Ontario governments grew. In 1886, with the establishment of the Experimental Farms system, James Fletcher, the Dominion entomologist and botanist, and his colleagues inherited the task of promoting insecticides to orchardists and others. In 1898-1900, in response to the arrival in Ontario of the San Jose scale, Canada and Ontario adopted laws mandating the use of insecticides, as sprays and fumigants, in orchards and at plant quarantine stations. To meet the resulting demand for trained technicians and scientifically-minded farmers, the institutions of applied entomology federally and at the Ontario Agricultural College were further developed. In 1910, after a decade of rapid diffusion of insecticides, Parliament adopted the Destructive Insects and Pest Act, thus creating a national system of horticultural hygiene.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1999

[Exogenous lipoid pneumonia induced by inhalation of insecticide].

We report a case of exogenous lipoid pneumonia induced by insecticide. A 67-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of dyspnea cough, hemoptysis, and shivering 6 hours after inhaling an insecticide. A chest radiograph on admission disclosed consolidation in the right upper lobe. Chest computed tomography showed nodular infiltrates associated with ground-glass opacities. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was hemorrhagic and showed neutrophilia. Pathological examination of transbronchial lung biopsy specimens showed numerous vacuolated macrophages in alveolar spaces. Electron microscopy demonstrated lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of these macrophages. These findings together yielded a diagnosis of exogenous lipoid pneumonia induced by insecticide. In addition, we experimentally induced a similar form of lipoid pneumonia in rats by intratracheal instillation of the same insecticide.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

The contribution of a pyrethroid insecticide to the massive eel (Anguilla anguilla) devastation, in Lake Balaton, in 1995.

In the summer of 1995, 30 tonnes of eel (Anguilla anguilla) died in Lake Balaton, Hungary. An investigation was carried out to find the causes of this ecocatastrophe. During this investigation, certain biochemical parameters, i.e. the blood sugar level, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.2.3), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, EC 2.6.1.1), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT, EC 2.6.1.2) activities in the blood serum of the collected surviving and dying eels were examined. Deltamethrin, the active ingredient of the insecticide K-OTHRIN 1 ULV, used against mosquitoes was detected in different animal species, i.e. eel, bream (Abramis brama), pike perch (Stizostedion lucioperca), and the common gull (Larus canus) and in sediment samples from the lake. Additionally, laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effects of deltamethrin on eels. During the investigation in the field it appeared that the AChE activity was significantly lower in the blood serum of the dying eels as compared to that in living animals (P<0.05, Student's t-test). The blood glucose content exhibited a difference, too: it was 2.5 times higher in the dying eels than in the surviving ones. A huge increase in the LDH level was measured in the dying eels. The GOT activities of the serum were twice as high in the dying eels as in the living fish, while the GPT was not significantly changed. Deltamethrin was detected in different tissue samples of the dying eels: 2.70-18.1 microg/kg in the liver, 9.0-31.1 microg/kg in the gill and 3.0 microg/kg wet tissue in the muscle. Deltamethrin residues were found in tissue samples from other animals, in the following concentrations: 0.44 microg/kg in bream, 2.14 microg/kg in pike perch and 1.06 microg/kg wet tissue in dead gulls. The sediment samples collected from the sites of the devastation contained deltamethrin in a concentration of 5.50-30.00 microg/kg wet sediment at the time of the eel deaths, and in a concentration 7.00-8.75 microg/kg wet sediment a month later. Laboratory experiments with the insecticide K-OTHRIN 1 ULV revealed that 1.00 microg/l of its active ingredient, deltamethrin, caused the death of 50% of the eels after an exposure time of 96 h. During this experiments similar trends could be observed in changes of enzyme activities of the treated eels to those that were detected in filed study during the eel devastation in Lake Balaton. At the end of a one-week treatment with the insecticide at the concentration of 0.5 microg/l of its active ingredient the gills of the treated eels contained deltamethrin at 12.6-44.8 microg/kg wet tissue concentration, while at the 24th hour after the treatment (11.2-42.7 microg/kg wet tissue) deltamethrin concentration in the liver of treated eels could be detected. All the above-mentioned changes and the detected deltamethrin residue in the eels appear to demonstrate the contribution of deltamethrin to the severe eel devastation. This information on the ecological risk of pyrethroid insecticides might be useful in their further application.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors: a new approach to an old subject.

The application of biochemical and molecular biological techniques to the study of insecticide resistance has revolutionized our understanding of the underlying genetic basis of resistance. Using the examples of glutathione S-transferase and esterase-based metabolic insecticide resistance, three different routes via which increased insecticide detoxication can be achieved are elucidated. An understanding of these molecular pathways opens up new avenues for manipulating mosquito populations to restore insecticide susceptibility to the vectors.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A consideration of age-dependent differences in susceptibility to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides.

Evidence that neonates are more sensitive than adults to organophosphorus (OP) and pyrethroid insecticides is largely based on studies that compare toxicity at acute lethal doses. Under such circumstances, the greater susceptibility of the neonate appears to be due to limited metabolic capacity rather than an inherent difference in the sensitivity of target sites. For purposes of risk assessment with food-use pesticides, the more relevant issue is whether the neonate is more sensitive than the adult to lower levels of exposure, approximating levels used to establish acceptable residue limits (tolerances) on various food products. If infants and children are not more sensitive to environmentally-relevant levels of exposure, then the existing tolerances for dietary exposure will provide adequate protection. If, on the other hand, they may be more sensitive, then additional studies with young animals or an additional uncertainty factor may be needed for added protection. This paper examines two sets of studies that address this issue. The first involves multi-generation reproduction studies with rats that were treated with OP insecticides (coumaphos, fenamiphos, tribufos, trichlorfon, or oxydemeton-methyl) through the diet and examined for effects, including cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. The second involves rats that were treated by gavage with an acute dose of a pyrethroid (cismethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin or cypermethrin) to establish relative sensitivity to either a lethal dose or to a low, behaviorally-active dose. The results with the OP insecticides support ChE inhibition as the most sensitive measure of exposure and the critical effect (i.e., the lowest NOEL) for each study was based on ChE inhibition in the adult. The magnitude of ChE inhibition in pups (measured on postnatal day (PND) 4 and 21) was consistently less than for adults at a given dietary level. For the representative Type I pyrethroids, there was no evidence that pups are more sensitive than adults at any dose level. For both Type II pyrethroids, young rats were considerably more sensitive than adults to a lethal dose but not to lower doses. Levels of deltamethrin in whole-brain tissue support kinetics as the basis for the greater sensitivity of young rats to a lethal dose, with the immature systems involved with detoxification being overwhelmed at such high dose levels. These findings indicate that young animals are not more sensitive than adults to lower doses of OP or pyrethroid insecticides. This outcome supports the conclusion that infants and children are protected by existing tolerances, without the need for an additional uncertainty factor.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2000

Illnesses associated with use of automatic insecticide dispenser units--selected states and United States, 1986-1999.

To control indoor flying insects, restaurants and other businesses commonly use pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticides sprayed from automatic dispensing units. Usually placed near entrances, these units are designed to kill flying insects in food service or work areas. On May 18, 1999, the Florida Department of Health (FDH) was notified by the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) that during May 12-17, three persons developed pesticide-related illnesses associated with improperly placed automatic insecticide dispensers. After FDH conducted a follow-up investigation and notified CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of this event, surveillance data were reviewed to identify additional cases of pesticide-related illnesses associated with automatic insecticide dispensers. Data were provided by the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS), the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR), the Montana Department of Agriculture (MDA), the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network (NPTN), and the Washington State Department of Health (WSDH)*. This report describes cases, summarizes surveillance data for pesticide-related illnesses associated with automatic insecticide dispensers, and provides recommendations for safe dispenser use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Monitoring of chemical fertilizers on toxicity of two carbamate insecticides to the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120.

The effects of individual chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate and potash) on the toxicity of two carbamate insecticides (carbaryl and carbofuran) to the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120, were studied in vitro at partial lethal levels of each insecticide. Urea at 10 and 50 ppm levels reduced the toxicity due to carbaryl at 50 ppm partial lethal dose and due to carbofuran at 100 and 250 ppm partial lethal doses. Urea at 100 ppm enchanced the toxicity of both insecticides. Superphosphate at 10 ppm reduced the toxicity of carbaryl at 50 ppm and carbofuran at 100 and 250 ppm, but it enhanced the toxicity due to both insecticides at 50 ppm superphosphate. The toxicity due to carbaryl at 40 and 60 ppm were reduced by 100 and 200 ppm potash, but higher potash levels caused enhancement of toxicity. Carbofuran toxicity at 100 ppm was reduced but at 250 ppm the toxicity was enhanced with 100 ppm potash. Urea, superphosphate and potash caused no significant change in number of vegetative cells between the successive heterocysts at 10 and 50 ppm of urea and superphosphate, respectively, and 100 ppm of potash.

Anabaena↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of organochlorine insecticide residue levels in locally marketed vegetables of Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India.

Considerable quantities of organochlorine insecticides are still used worldwide and their persistent residues are widely distributed throughout the environment. Various researchers from different parts of India and abroad have highlighted the extent of pollution caused by these insecticides. In view of the above facts the present study was conducted during 1993-1996 to investigate the magnitude of contamination of organochlorine insecticides in vegetables which were brought for sale to the consumers in the local markets of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India. Samples of vegetables (potato, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and okra) were collected at beginning, middle and end of the seasons with respect to different vegetables and organochlorine levels were assessed using Gas Liquid Chromatograph (GLC) equipped with Electron Capture Detector (ECD). Most of the collected samples were found to be contaminated with residues of DDT and its metabolites (DDD, DDE) isomers of HCH (alpha,beta and gamma-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and aldrin. Some of the detected insecticides exceeded the limit of tolerance prescribed by WHO/FAO.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2003

Comparative performances, under laboratory conditions, of seven pyrethroid insecticides used for impregnation of mosquito nets.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of seven pyrethroid insecticides for impregnation of mosquito nets, six currently recommended by WHO and one candidate (bifenthrin), under laboratory conditions. METHODS: Tests were conducted using pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Knock-down effect, irritancy and mortality were measured using standard WHO cone tests. Mortality and blood-feeding inhibition were also measured using a baited tunnel device. FINDINGS: For susceptible A. gambiae, alpha-cypermethrin had the fastest knock-down effect. For resistant A. gambiae, the knock- down effect was slightly slower with alpha-cypermethrin and much reduced following exposure to the other insecticides, particularly bifenthrin and permethrin. For susceptible C. quinquefasciatus, the knock-down effect was significantly slower than in A. gambiae, particularly with bifenthrin, and no knock-down effect was observed with any of the pyrethroids against the resistant strain. Bifenthrin was significantly less irritant than the other pyrethroids to susceptible and resistant A. gambiae but there was no clear ranking of pyrethroid irritancy against C. quinquefasciatus. In tunnels, all insecticides were less toxic against C. quinquefasciatus than against A. gambiae for susceptible strains. For resistant strains, mortality was significant with all the pyrethroids with A. gambiae but not with C. quinquefasciatus. Inhibition of blood-feeding was also high for susceptible strains of both species and for resistant A. gambiae but lower for resistant C. quinquefasciatus; bifenthrin had the greatest impact. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy for impregnation of mosquito nets against A. gambiae was greatest with alpha-cypermethrin. Bifenthrin is likely to have a significant comparative advantage over other pyrethroids in areas with pyrethroid resistance because of its much stronger impact on the nuisance mosquito, C. quinquefasciatus, despite its slower knock-down effect and irritancy. Selection of pyrethroids for mosquito vector control and personal protection should take into account the different effects of these insecticides, the status of pyrethroid resistance in the target area, and the importance of nuisance mosquitoes, such as C. quinquefasciatus.

Animals↗

PubMed1956

The insecticides; their hazard in industry and in the home.

Chemical, pharmacologic and toxicologic properties of the chlorinated hydrocarbon and organic phosphate insecticides have been reviewed. The chlorinated group present problems if there is either acute or chronic exposure, whereas the problems associated with the organic phosphates develop only in event of acute exposure. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides accumulate in body fat depots and cause both liver and kidney damage while being metabolized and excreted. Organic phosphates destroy cholinesterase and produce effects related to overstimulation of the cholinergic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Barbiturates control the convulsions produced by the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Atropine blocks most of the effects of the organic phosphate insecticides. These compounds may be grouped in the following order of decreasing toxicity: TEPP, HETP, parathion, OMPA, ENP, aldrin, chlorophenothane, toxaphene, gamma benzene hexachloride, malathon and chlordane.

Aldrin↗

PubMed2002

Influence of organic acids on the mobility of heavy metals in soil amended with some insecticides.

The mobility (Rf value) of some heavy metals, such as: Co, Zn, Ag, Cu, and Pb was measured through soil amended with some insecticides, such as: endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate and methyl demeton using distilled water, formic, acetic and oxalic acids as mobile phase. The enhancement in the mobility of metal ions in all the amended soils formic, acetic and oxalic acids as mobile phase. The enhancement in the mobility of metal ions in all the amended soils followed the order: Co > Zn > Ag > Cu > Pb. On the otherhand the mobility followed the order: endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > dimethoate > methyl dementon for the amended insecticides and the order: formic > acetic > oxalic acids for the mobile phase in natural as well as amended soils. Mobility of ions increased upto a concentration of 0.25 mg 100 g-1 of soils thereafter it was decreased in all the systems. The results have been explained on the basis of the nature of heavy metals, insecticides, organic acids and the solubilities of the salts formed in the soil-insecticide-amended systems.

Chlorpyrifos↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparison of the level of resistance and irritability in Anopheles hyrcanus and An. superpictus to insecticides].

The resistance and irritability to malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur and DDT (WHO insecticide impregnated paper) were determined in the endophilic Anopheles superpictus population in Dushanbe and in the exophilic An. hyrcanus population in Parkhar district. An. superpictus proved to be completely susceptible to malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur, low resistant to DDT, and highly or moderately irritable to all the insecticides. On the contrary, An. hyrcanus, was low irritable to insecticides but highly resistant to DDT and moderately resistant to propoxur, while its susceptibility to malathion and fenitrothion remained complete. It is supposed that the nature of adaptation to insecticide pressure is, to a great extent, determined by mosquito endophily or exophily.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Teratogenicity test of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cd-sulphate in chicken embryos after administration as a single compound or in combination.

Cd-sulphate and a 38% dimethoate containing insecticide formulation (BI 58 EC) were used as test material in a teratogenicity test in chicken after administration as a single compounds or in combination. The incubated chicken eggs were directly exposed to the applied test materials with injection into the air-chamber in a volume of 0.1 ml/egg before the starting of incubation. Applied concentration of Cd-sulphate was 0.01% and the concentration of pesticide was 0.1%. Evaluation was done on day 19. In test of individual toxicity after injection on day 0 of incubation Cd-sulphate did not cause a significant reduction in body mass of embryos. The rate of embryonic mortality was 26%. After the administration of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation no decrease occurred in embryonic body mass. The rate of embryonic mortality was 31%. The developmental anomalies observed in the different treatment groups occurred sporadically. The simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation resulted in expressed embryonic mortality. The rate of embryonic mortality was 93%. In summary, it can be established that the simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 in studies of chemical interaction exerted an adverse effect on embryonic mortality.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed2005

Biomonitoring insecticide pollution using non-target soil microarthropods.

The scope of biomonitoring insecticide pollution in soil is discussed with the help of field and laboratory findings on the density, prey-predator ratio and fecundity of non-target microarthropod fauna. Field experiments were conducted in small plots with mustard, wheat and lady's finger crops and insecticides namely heptachlor 20EC (3.25 kg ai/ha = 16.25 lit/ha) and endosulfan 35EC (0.875 kg ai/ha = 2.5 lit/ha) applied at the seedling stages. Soil microarthropod population estimated at fortnightly intervals in the treated and untreated control plots revealed a general trend of adverse effect of the insecticides, prominently on the density and relative abundance of major prey groups like Collembola and Acari leading to notable decline in prey-predator ratio. Comparison of the percentage reductions of major taxonomic and trophic groups between pre-treatment and post-treatment intervals also demonstrated the ill effect of both heptachlor and endosulfan, notably on Collembola and the prey category. In the laboratory the survival success and fecundity of Cyphoderus javanus (Collembola) and Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari) were compared by exposing freshly emerged adults to sub-lethal concentrations of heptachlor and endosulfan for varying durations. The untreated control sets recorded high fecundity for both C. javanus and A. longisetosus, but chronic toxicity of the insecticides on adults confined to the treated soil resulted into very low fecundity. Even short duration exposure to heptachlor and endosulfan treated soil for 24 or 72 hours only was found to delay the egg-laying and decrease the fecundity of both the species. It is concluded that population responses and reproductive sensitivity in non-target soil microarthropods are potential eco-toxicological parameters for detecting pesticide pollution in soil and for ecological health assessment since the results are based on the bioactivity of toxicants.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2005

Efficacy of some insecticides against the small red belted clearwing borer, Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkh.) (Lepidoptera: Sessiidae), in apple orchards in Jordan.

Experiments were carried out in Ash-Shoubak on 10-year old apple trees, Malus domestica cv. Mondial Gala grafted on M26 that were infested with the small red belted clear wing moth. The efficacy of five insecticides was tested against this insect by either spraying or injecting the infested trees. The tested insecticides were; Comodor (imidaclorpid), Chlormezyl (chlorpyrifos & dimethoate), Avaunt (indoxacarb), Thvap (cyromazine) and Actellic (pyrimiphos-methyl). All of these insecticides were applied in 2003 and 2004 except that of Actellic that was applied only in 2004. Data on larval mortality have been observed after 2, 7 and 14 days of insecticides applications. Results showed that spraying or injecting Chlormezyl or Actellic resulted in a significant overall efficacy against the larvae of S. myopaeformis. It was also observed that injecting Comodor improved its overall efficacy against the insect.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The operational costs of spraying residual insecticides: a case-study from Nepal.

Little attention has been paid to the cost implications of different insecticides for malaria control, particularly to the local (non-insecticide) costs. This study in Nepal explored the significance of operational costs in relation to insecticide cost and examined the extent to which operational costs varied for DDT, malathion and Ficam. A detailed analysis was done of costs relating to spraying, transport and safety. The study found that the operational cost differences were relatively small in comparison with the costs of the chemicals themselves and the cost of transporting them to Nepal, though DDT and Ficam had significantly lower operational costs than malathion. Operational costs were paid mainly by the Nepalese government and insecticide and external freight costs by donors.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The environmental impacts of four insecticides on non-target organisms in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme canals of Sudan.

The toxic effects of the insecticides endosulfan, decamethrin, dimethoate and dursban on the aquatic fauna of some of the Gezira irrigation canals were studied. The animal groups selected were fishes, arthropods and snails. Endosulfan was found to be highly toxic, particularly to Gambusia affinis, under field and laboratory conditions. All animals proved to be less sensitive to decamethrin in the field probably because this insecticide reacted with the organic matter and hence its toxicity was reduced. However in the laboratory it proved to be the most toxic chemical to all organisms probably because of the presence of the solvent in the emulsifiable concentrate formulation. The third insecticide, dimethoate had a very low toxicity to all organisms in the field or in the laboratory. Similarly dursban had a lower toxicity to fish than endosulfan under laboratory conditions, but higher toxicity to arthropods and snails. In the field the highest mortality among fish was obtained when dursban was mixed with endosulfan. For all insecticides, fish were the least tolerant of all animals tested, followed by arthropods and then molluscs.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1986

Elaboration and testing of insecticidal varnish in aerosol containers for the control of synanthropic cockroaches.

A formula for the filling of aerosol containers has been elaborated on the basis of a mixture of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) gamma isomer and tetrametrin, in a ratio 3:1 with the addition of furniture varnish NC-62 to produce the film, Khladon 11/12 (5050) served as propellent. The study of the process of crystallization of the insecticides on the surface of the film has shown that the effectiveness of insecticidal varnishes is the higher, the smaller the size of the crystals and the easier they can be removed from the surface of the film. This can be achieved by including tetrametrin along with HCH gamma isomer in the formula. The testing of the insecticidal activity and toxicity of aerosols prepared according to the elaborated formula has demonstrated high insecticidal activity of the composition with respect to synanthropic cockroaches and fairly low toxicity with respect to warm-blooded animals.

Aerosols↗