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PubMed2006

Freeing the insane.

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Deinstitutionalization↗
PubMed1982

Causation of insanity in nineteenth century Australia.

In this article an endeavour has been made to explore the writings of Frederick Norton Manning as they pertain to understanding nineteenth century medical viewpoints in Australia as to the causation of mental disease. Of particular note are the concept of hereditary weakness and issues related to the harsh Australian environment and the developing colonial society. These writings reveal, in large part, the use of a scientific approach and some concepts of causality which, for the times, were highly sophisticated. Nevertheless, some highly speculative theorizing does occur.

Australia↗
PubMed1997

[Thomas J. W. Burgess and the administration of the Verdun Protestant Hospital for the Insane (1890-1916)].

This article examines the administration of the Verdun asylum in Quebec and the central role played by Dr. Burgess from the asylum's opening in 1890 until World War I. It focuses first on the marked difference between the democratic approach to management actively employed at Verdun and the more rigid proprietorial control that characterized francophone asylums. It then outlines methods for organizing the daily routine of patients; achievements arising from the systematic application of moral treatment and the importance that Dr. Burgess gave to this form of treatment; and the problems encountered in medical superintendence of the asylum during these difficult years. The discussion concludes by considering how Burgess and his colleagues contributed both to the development of the psychiatric profession in Quebec and to medical research into mental illness.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

"A state bordering on insanity"?: identifying drug addiction in nineteenth-century Canadian asylums.

This article examines the growing awareness of drug addiction as form of mental illness in several Canadian lunatic asylums in the last half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. Whereas in the 1870s and 1880s, medical and reform associations formed to cure and treat addiction and inebriety, asylum evidence suggests that it was not until the turn of the century that drug habituation was considered a condition which merited admission to asylum. Prior to the turn of the century, drug use appeared in the psychological profile of asylum entrants only as an attendant condition of a more traditional form of mental illness, such as mania or melancholia. Asylum physicians, seeking traditional categories, and utilizing subjective classification methods, generally would not consider addiction to be a distinct mental illness. At the end of the century, shifts in diagnostic convention and the official endorsement of those shifts signalled a change that was taking place in the asylum. The impact of drug addiction on the psychological profile of a patient was attracting more attention in the asylum. Subsequently drug addiction joined other earlier causes of mental illness, such as masturbation, and also began to be recognized as a mental condition worthy of treatment at the public asylum. Its status as mental disease proper, however, remained a point of debate.

Canada↗
PubMed1979

Insanity up, 100%.

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Economics, Medical↗
PubMed2000

[The dishonest, the ignorant and the insane artists--psychopathography and other paths to soul of the artist].

Psychopathography is a specific kind of biography focusing on psychological and psychopathological aspects of the personality and their significance for creative activity, especially in famous persons. Psychopathography evolved as a discipline from the 1830's onwards, as a product of psychiatry emerging as a science, reflecting its reductionist and nosological approach. An illustration of this method is the analysis of the author E.T.A. Hoffmann, a prototypical representative of the German romanticism at the beginning of the century. Hoffmann himself expresses, in allegorical terms, the menacing, irrational and unconscious domains of the human soul. Romanticism may be seen as a forerunner of the psychoanalytic movement. Confronted with modernism in art, pathographic considerations were to a large extent based upon the object of art itself, often with arrogant and repudiating conclusions concerning the artist. Classical psychoanalysis has had a marked tendency to deduce a great deal about the personality of the artist or the writer solely from analysis of a picture or written text. The pathographic approach of the first century of scientific psychiatry has had a renaissance over the last 15-20 years: The ever increasing interest in affective syndromes has entailed a tendency to trace and identify affective pathology in artists and writers, deceased or alive, often emphasizing the affective dynamics of the creative process, aspects also noted by the classical pathographers. More recent studies of the creative personality may also present improved instruments for the study of the creative process.

Creativity↗