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PubMed1993

The Truro Murders in retrospect: a historical review of the identification of the victims.

Rated among the most bizarre crimes in Australia's criminal history, the Truro Murders, like the Albury "Pyjama Girl" case in 1934, attracted widespread national interest and depended heavily on forensic odontology for the identification of the victims, and the subsequent apprehension of an offender. The serial killings of seven young women from various suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia, was revealed after their skeletonised remains were discovered near the rural township of Truro, South Australia, and two other locations, about two years after their disappearance in 1976-77. Prompt identification of the victims permitted an early start to be made on the investigation of these crimes. Comparison with dental records provided positive identification for five of the seven victims, and dental evidence supported the identification of two victims whose dental records previously had been destroyed. Cranio-facial video superimposition was used to complement the identification of all seven. This paper reviews the main events in the context of history, with particular emphasis on the problems encountered in the identification of the victims from dental records and discusses the impact of the case on the development of forensic odontology in Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Identification of Citrobacter species and their occurrence in raw products and foods].

Fifty-nine strains of bacteria were tested in study that were isolated from raw materials and foods (raw milk, farm milking parlors, sausage meat, raw potatoes, cheese, frozen oven-ready foods, confectionery products, cold dishes), and they were included in the genus Citrobacter using a commercial diagnostic kit ENTEROtest 16 (Lachema a.s., Brno), numeric identification program TNW (Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science of Masaryk University at Brno) and identification key (O'Hara et al., 1995). The results of the ENTEROtest itself, including OXI and ONPtests, did not provide satisfactory discrimination of detected strains to the level of species since 64.4% were identified by the genus by TNW program or designated as intermediary strains. Correct species identification was obtained in 33.9% only (Tab. I). Five next conventional tests (dulcitol, alpha-methyl-glucoside, raffinose, melibiose, arginine dihydrolase) were used and their results successfully specified 94.9% tested strains to the species level (Tab. I). A dichotomic identification key (O'Hara et al., 1995) enabled to classify the strains on the basis of the results of ENTEROtest 16 and two conventional tests (dulcitol, melibiosis) relatively easily, and it can be recommended for routine identification of typical Citrobacters from foods. Only ten strains were classified in a wrong way (16.9%) due to false results in ENTEROtest (Tab. II). Tab. III shows the strains classified wrongly by both identifications systems. The tested set contained Citrobacter braakii in a majority of cases (30 strains), followed by C. freundii (17 strains), C. youngae (6 strains), 2 strains of genomospecies 10 and one strain of C. koseri, C. amalonaticus and C farmeri. Tab. IV shows the presence of Citrobacter species in the particular raw materials and foods. The most frequently present species in raw materials: C. braakii (26 strains, 68.4%), C. freundii (3 strains, 7.9%) and C. youngae (3 strains, 7.9%). Foods contained these three species only: C. freundii (14 strains, 66.7%), C. braakii (4 strains, 19.0%) and C. youngae (3 strains, 14.3%). The percentage of the three most frequently present species in raw materials is substantially different from their percentage in foods (Fig. 1). The higher percentage of C. freundii presence in foods can be ascribed to secondary contamination.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1998

Group identification and intergroup attitudes: a longitudinal analysis in South Africa.

Social identity theory (SIT) and realistic conflict theory (RCT) suggest that group identification and out-group negativity will be correlated when intergroup relations involve competition and perceived threat, but the theories differ in their predictions about the direction of causality. The authors assessed Black African students' ethnic group identification and their attitudes toward English Whites, Afrikaans Whites, and Whites in general before and after South Africa's transitional election in April 1994. As predicted, Black African identification was significantly related only to attitudes toward Afrikaans Whites. Longitudinal analyses, however, suggested causal impacts from attitudes to identification and not the reverse, contradicting the SIT prediction. The authors discuss evidence for the existence of two distinct modes of group identification with different implications for intergroup behavior.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Multiple professional identities: examining differences in identification across work-related targets.

Although there is a growing literature on organizational identification, relatively little research has investigated other possible targets of identification. In a sample of veterinarians working in a wide range of organizations, the authors compared their identification with the veterinary profession, their organization, and their workgroup. The authors found different patterns of identification across these targets depending on whether the individual (a) worked in a veterinary medicine or nonveterinary medicine organization and (b) was an owner/partner or an associate. Owners of veterinary medicine organizations identified more with the organization than with either the profession or their workgroup. Associates in veterinary medicine organizations identified more with the organization and the workgroup than with the profession. Veterinarians in nonveterinary medicine organizations identified more with the profession and their workgroup than with the organization. Identification with each of the targets provided independent predictive validity of job satisfaction.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Identification with sport teams as a function of the search for certainty.

Based on ideas from subjective uncertainty reduction theory, we examined the extent to which individuals hold similar sport team preferences to their family and friends. We also assessed the extent to which perceived sport importance and personal need for structure are influential in the development of team identification. Australian high school students aged 15.5+/-1.0 years (mean+/-s) completed questionnaires containing the Personal Need for Structure Scale, the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal scale, a Team Identification Scale, and items assessing perceptions of sport importance and team preferences. As expected, correlations indicated that preferences for sport teams were significantly related to the preferences of family and friends. Separate analyses of variance confirmed the remaining hypotheses. More specifically, individuals who perceived that sport was important identified with the team more than individuals who perceived sport to be less important. Also, individuals high in personal need for structure scored higher in cognitive/affective team identification than those low in this need. Individuals with differing needs for structure did not differ in their scores on other dimensions of team identification. The results support the notion that cognitive/emotional attachments to sport teams are influenced by perceptions of the importance of sport and by needs for subjective structure. It is possible that other psychological motives, such as the desire for self-esteem, facilitate the development of evaluative dimensions of team identification.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Group identification in early adolescence: its relation with peer adjustment and its moderator effect on peer influence.

This study was conducted to test whether group identification (importance of the group to the individual) covaried with individual-group similarity on problem behavior; and whether group identification moderated peer group influence on the individual's development of delinquent behavior across a 1-year period. The level of reciprocated nominations within the individual's self-nominated group was controlled for in all analyses. Participants were 190 sixth and seventh graders (during the first year of the study) from the north of Italy. Level of reciprocated nominations within the group, but not identification, was found to covary with individual-group behavioral similarity (group behavior interacted with reciprocity of group nominations in predicting individual behavior). Group identification, but not reciprocated nominations, was found to moderate peer group influence on the individual's change in delinquent behavior, across 1 year. The individual's peer status within the classroom, level of reciprocated nominations, and gender all were related to the individual's level of group identification. Results are discussed in terms of understanding peer group influence on the individual.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Influence of level of identification with a group and physiological arousal on perceived intergroup complexity.

Influence of group identification and physiological arousal on perceived intergroup complexity and intergroup evaluations were investigated. Group identification was examined because persons with differing levels of identification differ in the degree to which they possess stereotypes about groups while physiological arousal was investigated because of its known ability to limit cognitive capacity and potentially encourage the use of stereotypes. Specifically, increases in incidental arousal resulting from exercise were expected to result in increased stereotype use, reflected in differential intergroup complexity. This effect was expected only for those high in identification with the in-group, for whom stereotypes were available. The results supported the predictions. In terms of group evaluations, an in-group favouritism effect was found, although it was only exhibited by those high in identification. Arousal level did not significantly influence evaluation of groups. Thus, incidental arousal can decrease complexity, without simultaneously increasing negativity. Discussion focuses on the differences between the current method and those employed in past research.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Identification: psychoanalytic and biological perspectives.

In recent attempts to bring psychoanalysis into greater contact with other sciences, a number of works have explicated neural science concepts and phenomena--affect, memory, consciousness--for the psychoanalyst. These efforts have helped analysts build a more scientific foundation for their theory and practice. A related task remains--namely, to take psychoanalytic concepts and see how they relate to other sciences. The concept of identification has a long history in psychoanalytic theory. It is seen in parent-child interactions, in teaching and mentoring relationships, and in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Neuropsychology and evolutionary biology have explored the phylogenetic precursors of identification, while genetics and infant observation provide insights into individual processes of identification. Finally, neuroscience, particularly recent studies of mirror neurons, offers information about the biological mechanisms of imitation and the relationship of imitation to identification. Findings from these sciences are presented in an effort to further the psychoanalytic understanding of identification, especially its biological underpinnings.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Using biometrics for participant identification in a research study: a case report.

This paper illustrates the use of biometrics through the application of an iris-based biometrics system for identifying twins and their parents in a longitudinal research study. It explores the use of biometrics (science of measuring physical or anatomical characteristics of individuals) as a technology for correct identification of individuals during longitudinal studies to help ensure data fidelity. Examples of these circumstances include longitudinal epidemiological and genetic studies, clinical trials, and multicenter collaborative studies where accurate identification of subjects over time can be difficult when the subject may be young or an unreliable source of identification information. The use of technology can automate the process of subject identification thereby reducing the need to depend on subject recall during repeated visits thus helping to ensure data quality. This case report provides insights that may serve as useful hints for those responsible for planning system implementation that involves participants' authentication that would require a more secure form of identification.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Social identification and gender-related ideology in women and men.

The nature of women's and men's gender-derived social identification was examined with a focus on the relationships between aspects of identity and gender-related ideology. Measures of social identification, sex-role ideology, and the perception of women's collective disadvantage were completed by 171 women and 91 men who categorized themselves as either traditional, non-traditional or feminist. Factor analysis provided support for a multidimensional conception of gender-derived social identification, with viable subscales reflecting in-group ties, cognitive centrality, and in-group affect. For self-identified non-traditional and feminist women, the cognitive centrality of gender was greater, and more consistently related to gender-related ideology, than for traditional women. Traditional men reported stronger in-group ties and more positive gender-linked affect than did non-traditional men, but men's levels of identification were generally weakly related to gender-related ideology. The utility of considering both multiple dimensions and ideological correlates of group identification is discussed with reference to social identity theory.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The benefits of animal identification for food safety.

The Center for Veterinary Medicine supports the effort to have a practical, workable form of mandatory animal identification. An animal identification system will make tracing of the source of animals with drug or chemical residues quicker and more effective. One of the best means of addressing and solving the problem of residues is through mandatory livestock identification. A successful traceback benefits both the producer and the industry. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has proposed a mandatory nationwide system to require that all swine in interstate commerce be identified. Under the proposal several means of identification are listed and could be used. Additional methods or devices could be requested in writing to USDA. Persons required to keep records under the system would maintain the documents at their place of business for 2 yr. Records would be available to authorized USDA employees during ordinary business hours. FDA has had difficulty tracing tissue residue violations, particularly those involving sulfamethazine residues in swine. Investigations involving culled dairy cows and veal calves also have been closed due to lack of producer identification. The ability for FDA to determine the source of residues is vitally important in a coordinated government program to eliminate illegal tissue residues.

Animal Identification Systems↗
PubMed1998

Primary socialization theory: culture, ethnicity, and cultural identification. The links between culture and substance use. IV.

Ethnicity, perceived membership in a cultural group, and cultural identification, the strength of one's affiliation with a group, develop primarily through interactions with the primary socialization sources, the family, the school, and peer clusters. Cultural norms for substance use are also transmitted as part of these interactions. Substance use differs across cultures; in different cultures some forms of substance use are culturally required, others are tolerated, and others are sanctioned. Ethnicity and cultural identification, therefore, should relate to substance use. However, primary socialization theory indicates that simple relationships are not likely to be found for a number of reasons: 1) All members of an ethnic group do not have the same level of cultural identification and may not, therefore, have the same conformance to substance use norms. 2) Primary socialization,sources are embedded in subcultures, and subcultures have norms that may differ from those of the larger ethnic group. 3) The individual may experience and report differing levels of cultural identification and different substance use norms in different social contexts. 4) For an individual, ethnicity and cultural identification may derive from different primary socialization sources than drug use norms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The containing function and the analyst's projective identification.

The concept of the container and the contained in psychoanalysis describes a process whereby the patient's projective identifications are internalized by the analyst, transformed, given meaning, and returned to the patient in a useful fashion. In this paper, it is suggested that what the analyst gives back, and what the patient receives, is the analyst's projective identification. The containing function itself can be transmitted to the patient via this mechanism. All interpretation, from whatever theoretical viewpoint, has an element of containing and therefore projective identification on the part of the analyst. Paradoxically, neutrality itself can be considered a vehicle for projective identification. Previously, the role of the therapist's projective identification in the containing process has been implied, but not discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The development of identification in Freudian theory.

Once identification achieved its status as a specific psychoanalytic concept it followed a process of reconceptualization that emerged from the different clinical and theoretical contexts in which Freud approached and explained the phenomenon. In tracing the unfolding of the theory of identification throughout Freud's works, we have accounted for the following steps: First, in his correspondence with Fliess, Freud announced topics that would subsequently be theoretically processed. Second, in the first topography, identification was explored in the contexts of hysteria and dreams, and elaborated through reference to two psychic scenes with their respective modes of psychic functioning. Third, in the period of transition to the second topography identification was defined as a substitute for an object relationship and as a preliminary stage of object choice. Interlocked with the concept of narcissism, it produced a reconceptualization of the ego that led to the second topography. Finally, the tripartite model proposed in the second topography manifests the consolidation of the structuring function of identification, since the psychic structure is therein conceived of as resulting from the vicissitudes of object relationships.

Ego↗
PubMed1987

The role of identification in the resolution of trauma: the Anna Freud memorial lecture.

In studies on the consequences of trauma, identifications have too often been overlooked. Trauma is experienced as an assault and can lead to an automatic, unconscious identification with the aggressor. Trauma is associated with a constellation of identifications, including identification with the aggressor, with the victim, with the rescuer, and with the caregiver. Identifications are important for the recovery from and mastery of trauma.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A developmental view of identifications resulting from maternal impingements.

This paper attempts to understand in early developmental terms one of a group of patients who demonstrate a powerful identification with a conflicted aspect of their mother. In addition to the strong identification with the maternal pathology, the group is characterized by a history of maternal impingements (Winnicott) through which the infants were exposed to the conflicted psychological state of the mother. A case history of a psychoanalytic psychotherapy emphasizes the vicissitudes of the transference and countertransference. The patient presented had been exposed to premature awareness of separateness from the mother as a result of the maternal impingements. The identification with the maternal pathology is seen primarily as a defensive attempt to create the illusion that the characteristics of the impingements were actually a creation of the patient herself. This defensive identification was strengthened by the mother's inability to be responsive to the patient, except in so far as the patient entered into the "beam" of the maternal pathology. Parts of the work of Melanie Klein, Winnicott and Greenacre which make up the theoretical context for the developmental formulation of the type of identification under discussion are presented and several clinical implications of the developmental formulation are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of proteome reference maps for cross-species identification of proteins by peptide mass fingerprinting.

We tested whether proteome reference maps established for one species can be used for cross-species protein identification by comparing two-dimensional protein gel patterns and protein identification data of two closely related bacterial strains and four plant species. First, proteome profiles of two strains of the fully sequenced bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti were compared as an example of close relatedness, high reproducibility and sequence availability. Secondly, the proteome profiles of three legumes (Medicago truncatula, Melilotus alba and Trifolium subterraneum), and the nonlegume rice (Oryza sativa) were analysed to test cross-species similarities. In general, we found stronger similarities in gel patterns of the arrayed proteins between the two bacterial strains and between the plant species than could be expected from the sequence similarities. However, protein identity could not be concluded from their gel position, not even when comparing strains of the same species. Surprisingly, in the bacterial strains peptide mass fingerprinting was more reliable for species-specific protein identification than N-terminal sequencing. While peptide masses were found to be unreliable for cross-species protein identification, we present useful criteria to determine confident matching against species-specific expressed sequence tag databases. In conclusion, we present evidence that cautions the use of proteome reference maps and peptide mass fingerprinting for cross-species protein identification.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional↗
PubMed2002

Design of proteome-based studies in combination with serology for the identification of biomarkers and novel targets.

Recently proteome analysis has rapidly developed in the post-genome era and is now widely accepted as a complementary technology to genetic profiling. The improvement in the technology of both two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis as well as protein identification has made proteomics a valuable and powerful tool to study human diseases. A combination of conventional proteome analysis with serology has been developed as a promising experimental approach for the discovery of serological markers in different malignancies. However, the design of proteome-based studies has to be carefully performed since there are a number of critical needs for systematic and reproducible proteome analysis. In particular, the selection of tissue and its preparation represent an important step in proteome analysis. Besides the preparation of protein samples, the 2-DE and protein identification is a further critical issue. So far proteome-based technologies have been successfully used in tumor immunnology for the identification of tumor-specific autoantigens. Similarly, this technology has been employed for the detection of virulence factors, antigens and vaccine candidates in infectious diseases, as well as for the identification of diagnostic and prognostic markers, suggesting that proteome-based analysis is a promising tool for the identification of prognostic, diagnostic markers as well as for novel therapeutic targets which could be used for treatment of diseases. The integration of proteome-based approaches with data from genomic or genetic profiling will lead to a better understanding of different diseases, which will then contribute to the direct translation of the research findings into clinical practice.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗