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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Combined influence of early sexual maturation and central adiposity on subsequent stature. A four-year follow-up of 1,605 Norwegian boys and girls: the Young-HUNT study.

INTRODUCTION: Shorter adult stature has been attributed to early sexual maturation, as well as early adiposity, but it is not clear if these factors are interrelated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A number of 1,605 Norwegian adolescents were followed from early (baseline) to late adolescence (follow-up). Maturational timing was assessed by self-reports of pubertal status (pubertal development scale, PDS) in boys and age at menarche (AAM) in girls. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured at baseline and at follow-up. Differences in height at follow-up and height gain related to the timing of sexual maturation and the level of central adiposity (i.e. high or low waist circumference) at baseline were estimated using general linear modelling. At follow-up, the median height was 180 cm in boys and 167 cm in girls. Early maturing boys and girls with relatively high central adiposity at baseline were, on average, 5.7 cm (P value<0.001) and 3.6 cm (P value<0.001) taller than early maturing boys and girls with low central adiposity. Differences in stature related to central adiposity were less pronounced for intermediate and late maturing boys and girls. The height was lowest in boys (176.6 cm) and girls (163.8 cm) who had matured early and had low central adiposity at baseline. Height gain during follow-up was independent of the level of central adiposity, but was closely related to the timing of sexual maturation. The association between the early timing of sexual maturation and subsequent height was modified by the level of central adiposity in early adolescence. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that early maturity combined with adiposity yields higher stature than early maturity and leanness.

Adiposity↗
PubMed2002

Contact with maternal parent and siblings affects hunting behavior, learning, and central nervous system development in spiderlings of Hogna carolinensis (Araeneae: Lycosidae).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of early experience (rearing conditions) on the central nervous system (CNS) and behavior of spiderlings of Hogna carolinensis (Lycosidae). We were interested in whether or not spiderlings that were allowed to remain in contact with their maternal parent and siblings (enriched condition, EC) would exhibit differences in CNS development or subsequent behavior when compared with those reared in isolation (improverished condition, IC). Spiderlings emerged from their egg sacs and climbed onto the dorsal surface of their mother's abdomen where they remained until their yolk supply was depleted (5 days). They dispersed on day 6 after emergence. We compared the ability of 16-day-old EC and IC spiderlings to capture prey in a linear runway and to learn a complex maze (spatial learning). We also compared certain aspects of CNS development (brain weight, total number of brain cells, volume of central body and protocerebral neuropil) in EC and IC spiderlings. Results indicated that EC subjects are more efficient at capturing moving prey (crickets) and exhibited improved performance (significantly fewer blind alley errors) in the maze. The volume of the protocerebral neuropil in 6-day-old EC animals increased 30% over a 5-day period after emergence as compared to IC animals of the same age. The volume of the central body of EC animals increased 34.8% over the same time period. On day 6 after emergence, the weight of the protocerebrum was significantly greater in EC versus IC subjects. There were no significant effects of rearing condition (EC vs IC) or age (1- and 6-day-old spiderlings) on the total number of nerve cells in the protocerebrum, suggesting that the difference in protocerebral weight was due primarily to differences in supporting glial tissues and neuropil matrix. In conclusion, the data suggest that early contact with the maternal parent and siblings is of vital importance to CNS development in lycosid spiderlings and can influence the capacity for spatial learning as well as the ability to capture prey.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis: Cephalopoda) hunting behavior and associative learning.

Because most learning studies in cephalopods have been performed on octopods, it remains unclear whether such abilities are specific to octopus, or whether they correlate with having a larger and more centrally organized brain. To investigate associative learning in a different cephalopod, six sexually mature cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) participated in a counterbalanced, within-subjects, appetitive, classical conditioning procedure. Two plastic spheres (conditioned stimuli, CSs), differing in brightness, were presented sequentially. Presentation of the CS+ was followed 5 s later by a live feeder fish (unconditioned stimulus, US). Cuttlefish began to attack the CS+ with the same type of food-acquisition seizures used to capture the feeder fish. After seven blocks of training (42 presentations of each CS) the difference in seizure probability between CS+ and CS- trials more than doubled; and was found to be significantly higher in late versus early blocks. These results indicate that cuttlefish exhibit autoshaping under some conditions. The possible ecological significance of this type of learning is briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Reconstruction after total gastrectomy: construction of a Hunt-Lawrence pouch using Auto Suture staples.

A simple gastric reservoir using autosuture staples can be constructed rapidly after total gastrectomy. The importance of both a reservoir capacity and delayed evacuation was supported by the clinical course of most of the patients. All 18 patients had improved nutrition. Patients resected for cure tended to have greater weight gain and less abdominal discomfort. Occasionally patients who underwent only palliative resection were long-term survivors with a clinical course similar to that of patients resected for cure. On the basis of these results, it is unfair not to consider this type of reconstruction in patients who have undergone a total gastrectomy because it adds little to the operating time, yet it provides better palliation in terms of nutrition and abdominal comfort on both a short- and long-term basis.

Gastrectomy↗