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PubMed1991

Age structure and sex-biased mortality among Herero pastoralists.

Details of the population pyramid of living Herero and Mbanderu of Botswana suggest that infant and childhood mortality of males has been substantially greater than that of females. Direct tests from reproductive histories show that the hazard ratio is approximately 3 to 1 in favor of female survival in infancy and 2 to 1 in childhood. This biased mortality began in about 1960 in concert with recovery from infertility. A model of asymmetric fitness benefits between siblings is weakly supported. Logistic regression shows that heterogeneity among mothers explains much of the mortality of children under 2 years of age. A direct test for heterogeneity provides strong support for the hypothesis. Field methods appropriate for anthropologists are contrasted with those that are standard in demography. Finally, a contrast between these data and those from south Asia suggests that strong sex preferences may exist without being culturally articulated. Cultural norms do not necessarily coincide with behavior.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Ecology, community, and AIDS prevention.

I explore the role that may be played by an ecological view of AIDS prevention and AIDS-related social concerns. The study of AIDS risk behavior and interventions designed to prevent AIDS have challenged Health Psychology's typically individualistic perspective. Issues of empowerment, psychological sense of community, interpersonal ties, resources, and culture are central to an understanding of risky sexual behavior and helping people to guard themselves from the threat of AIDS. However, despite Community Psychology's historical expertise in these areas, the field has only recently become involved in AIDS prevention efforts. I outline how resource-based, ecological theories may prove more helpful in addressing the AIDS pandemic than the individual, cognitive theories that have typically been adopted. Sexual behavior and associated risk are tied not simply to people's personal behavior and thoughts but to the likelihood of disease exposure in their ethnic group, the power and choices associated with power in that group, and the alternative means available of meeting their overall sexual, romantic, economic, and social goals. As such, AIDS research and intervention must simultaneously address the individual, social, and cultural spheres if insights that can translate to meaningful change can be expected to occur.

Culture↗
PubMed2005

Changes in feeding, drinking, and standing behavior of dairy cows during the transition period.

The aims of this study were to determine how measures of feeding, drinking, and standing behavior change over the period around calving, to derive objective meal and drinking bout criteria for transition cows, and to describe the within-cow consistency of these behavioral measures. Fifteen transition dairy cows were monitored from 10 d before until 10 d after calving. Meal criteria were calculated for each cow in both the pre- and postcalving periods and varied among cows from 5.3 to 105.2 min. There was a tendency for the average number of meals per day to be higher after calving than before calving, but time spent eating declined from 87 to 62 min/d from the precalving to the postcalving period. Time spent drinking before calving averaged 5.5 min/d and increased gradually after calving to an average of 6.8 min/d. Total daily standing times remained reasonably similar over the transition period but were highest at around calving (14.4 h) and lowest during the precalving period (12.3 h). On the day of calving, there was a dramatic increase in the number of standing bouts (21.8 bouts) compared with the pre- and postcalving averages of 11.7 and 13.1 bouts, respectively. In summary, changes in feeding behavior may help account for the well-documented changes in feed intake during transition. Documented changes in standing behavior suggest that cow comfort may be particularly important during the time around calving.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A developmental study of the effects of the contents of self-verbalization on the waiting behavior].

The effects of overt self-verbalizations with different contents were examined developmentally with an experimental paradigm under which children were to resist temptation while waiting alone. Subjects, either four or six year old, were forbidden to touch attractive toys while the experimenter was out of the room, and were variously instructed to self-verbalize during the period. "Task-oriented" subjects were to verbalize what they were told not to do. "Positive temptation-oriented" subjects were instructed to talk about the attractiveness of the forbidden objects. "Distraction" subjects were to verbalize irrelevant things to the waiting task. "Negative temptation-oriented" subjects were instructed to talk about the toys' unattractive aspects. No self-verbalization instruction was given to "No verbalization" subjects. Transgression latency was used as an index of waiting behavior. The results were as follows: (1) Positive temptation-oriented did not affect the four-year olds' waiting behavior, but made waiting more difficult for the six-year olds'. (2) Task-oriented verbalization helped waiting behavior for both groups. (3) Neither distraction nor negative temptation-oriented verbalization affected waiting behavior of either group.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Shifting blame away from ill relatives: Latino families' reactions to schizophrenia.

The present study examined attributions, emotions, and help-giving of 24 relatively unacculturated Latino-Americans toward a family member with schizophrenia. Ninety-one percent of participants had been rated as low in expressed emotion (low-EE) in an earlier study using a sample that overlaps with the present study. Low-EE refers to relatives who express few critical attitudes when talking about a mentally ill family member. Study findings indicate a link between relatives' emotions and their reported help-giving behavior. In support of attribution-affect theory, relatives who reported feeling more compassion toward an ill family member also reported exerting more effort to help their relative cope with the illness. A qualitative analysis of relatives' views, values, and behaviors was also conducted with the aim of better understanding low-EE relatives' perceptions, which may serve to buffer schizophrenia relapse. We observed the following three main categories of attributions: (1) most participants accepted the patient as having a legitimate illness, (2) the majority of participants viewed interpersonal problems or other external environmental stressors as causing or exacerbating the disorder, and (3) many participants implicated God in their causal attributions and also reported turning to religion as a source of hope and comfort in coming to terms with the patient's illness. Together, the quantitative and qualitative data suggest that efforts to augment positive or favorable emotions in key family members may be most important in establishing a low-EE family environment.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

The challenge of behavior change.

In a culture that is becoming increasingly automated, motivating individuals to choose to be active remains a great challenge. Recognizing that individuals differ in their motivation to become active and then tailoring the counseling message according to the individual's readiness for change have been shown to help spur behavior change. Developing means for designing interventions for moderate activity and additional recommendations for patient-treatment matching will help to promote physical activity.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Dissociative identity disorder and the nurse-patient relationship in the acute care setting: an action research study.

This paper presents the results of an action research study into the acute care experience of Dissociative Identity Disorder. The study, which was grounded in principles of critical social science, utilized focus group interviews and narrative construction. Nurses and patients are under-represented in all clinical evaluation and their voices need to be heard if services are to be truly collaborative. Findings of the study extend intrapsychic theories of trauma to emphasize the interpersonal relationship between nurse and person who can work together to facilitate recovery from trauma, make connections both intra and interpersonally and build resilience.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Helping factors in a peer-developed support group for persons with head injury, Part 1: Participant observer perspective.

OBJECTIVES: An ethnographic study of a peer-developed support group for persons with head injury was conducted to identify helping factors. These factors are the peer group experiences and processes, established theoretically and empirically, that provide support through self-help. METHOD: The group comprised 13 members who regularly attended sessions for 16 months. In addition to participant observation, the data included audiotapes and videotapes of the group. The data were subjected to thematic analysis to find patterns in the participants' experience with regard to group helping factors. RESULTS: Many of the positive attributes of the group seem similar to processes found in successful peer support groups. These attributes include believing and feeling part of the group because members have a common problem and can validate the effects of the injury by sharing and receiving information in a variety of ways through the group. CONCLUSION: Legitimization, the acceptance of the head injury itself as real, appears to be the fundamental concept that distinguishes this group from other problem-focused self-help groups and professionally led groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Decisions about life-sustaining treatment. Impact of physicians' behaviors on the family.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing availability of advance directives, most patients in the intensive care unit lack written directives, and, therefore, consultation with families about treatment decisions remains the rule. In the context of decision making about withdrawing life-sustaining treatments, we investigated which physician and nurse behaviors families find supportive and which behaviors increase the family's burden. METHODS: We conducted intensive 1- to 2-hour-long individual interviews using a semistructured interview protocol with 32 family members of patients without advance directives whose deaths followed a stay in the intensive care unit and withdrawal of treatment. We analyzed more than 700 pages of verbatim interview data using content analysis techniques and achieved more than 90% interrater agreement on data codes. RESULTS: Themes emerged as families identified selected physician and nursing behaviors as helpful: encouraging advanced planning, timely communication, clarification of families' roles, facilitating family consensus, and accommodating family's grief. Behaviors that made families feel excluded or increased their burden included postponing discussions about treatment withdrawal, delaying withdrawal once scheduled, placing the full burden of decision making on one person, withdrawing from the family, and defining death as a failure. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings provide an increased understanding of the unmet needs of families and serve to guide physicians and nurses in reducing actions that increase families' burdens as they participate in treatment withdrawal decisions.

Communication↗
PubMed2006

Grassroots efforts of Japanese women to promote services for abused women.

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the personal experiences of six Japanese female volunteers who formed a support group to provide services for abused women. The interpretation of the women's stories also increased understanding about the process of forming and developing a grassroots organization to take needed action. The interpretive phenomenological approach guided the study. The findings illustrate that a group of community volunteers can identify and effectively address a significant social issue on their own initiative.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1978

Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: a cognitive loop?

Two studies investigated the effect of good mood on cognitive processes. In the first study, conducted in a shopping mall, a positive feeling state was induced by giving subjects a free gift, and good mood, thus induced, was found to improve subjects' evaluations of the performance and service records of products they owned. In the second study, in which affect was induced by having subjects win or lose a computer game in a laboratory setting, subjects who had won the game were found to be better able to recall positive material in memory. The results of the two studies are discussed in terms of the effect that feelings have on accessibility of cognitions. In addition, the nature of affect and the relationship between good mood and behavior (such as helping) are discussed in terms of this proposed cognitive process.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Creating healthy environments: household-based health behaviors of contemporary Mexican American women.

This article describes the household-based health behaviors of a sample of contemporary Mexican American women.1 Using the Household Production of Health (HHPH) as a conceptual framework and ethnographic methods of inquiry, 13 moderately to highly acculturated women of Mexican ancestry participated in multiple interviews about their health beliefs and household health behaviors. This article examines the findings related to the following research question: What are the health-producing and help-seeking behaviors (proximate determinants of health) used by Mexican American women to produce health? Themes focusing on creating healthy environments and treating illness are discussed. Awareness of the activities that women use to create and support household health can enhance the practice of nurses interested in supporting women's health work and improving health outcomes in the Mexican American community.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Linking outcomes analysis to critical clinical pathways.

Expert decision-support soft-ware systems, when integrated with outcomes analyses, provide the opportunity to develop behavioral healthcare delivery systems in which providers are equipped to act decisively in a socially responsible manner. Key benefits of such systems include: enhancing the consistency and quality of clinical decision making across providers with varying professional backgrounds; providing a mechanism to ensure the rapid dissemination and implementation of new clinical research findings; performing severity-adjusted profiling of providers and programs based on the outcomes their services produce; and linking the prospective focus of clinical pathways with the retrospective rigor of outcomes analysis to accelerate advances in behavioral health. Integrating expert systems with outcomes analyses has the potential to rectify the historical failure by the behavioral healthcare professions to systematically link patient assessment data and their analysis to actual clinical decision making. Such systems will help make behavioral healthcare practice more accountable, thereby strengthening the argument for psychiatric patients to gain parity in healthcare benefits.

Expert Systems↗
PubMed2006

Two terms--one meaning: the conundrum of contemporary nomenclature in autism.

TOPIC: Autism as a diagnostic construct in the last decade has undergone a process of rapid evolution in the way that it is operationalized. A by-product of the important conceptual shift is that we have been left with two terms, autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder, that point to the same thing. The existence of two terms that cannot be clearly delineated results in confusion and an added element in an already anxiety-laden mix for all those trying to come to terms with the concept of autism. PURPOSE: This paper moves beyond contemporary arguments of whether autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder are different entities and uses a case study to consider the mechanism of the confusion caused, and highlight the importance of referent clarity. SOURCES: A review of sources in journals and texts related to the topic is included to complement the progressive review of the case study as the clients move through a 1-hour initial consult. CONCLUSION: The current diagnostic criteria are ambiguous posing the risk of confusion to parents, clinicians, and researchers. Nurses have an important role in assisting parents' construction of a unified concept of autism clinically, and through research. This paper moves beyond merely acknowledging the confusion that exists by considering the nature of the confusion, and through sharing the experience of one possible way of navigating it.

Adaptation, Psychological↗