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PubMed1989

[Hemagglutinating activity of Escherichia coli isolated from the respiratory tract in comparison with those isolated from urine feces and blood].

Various bacteria with pili are able to agglutinate human and animal red blood cells. Hemagglutinating activity of 131 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from respiratory tract (24 strains), urine (64 strains), feces (36 strains) and blood (7 strains) were tested using human type A, guinea pig, bovine and chicken erythrocytes. Concerning the hemagglutination activity for erythrocytes from at least one of four species (human, guinea pig, bovine, chicken), the strains isolated from respiratory tract showed a higher level than those isolated from feces (p less than 0.01) or those isolated from blood (p less than 0.1). Agglutination of human erythrocytes: Of 131 strains, mannose-sensitive agglutination was observed in 31 strains, mannose-resistant agglutination in 40 strains and non-agglutination in 60 strains. More agglutinated strains were isolated from the respiratory tract than those isolated from blood but not with statistical significance (p less than 0.1). Agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes: Of 131 strains, mannose-sensitive agglutination was observed in 56 strains, mannose-resistant agglutination in 10 strains and non-agglutination in 65 strains. More agglutinated strains were isolated from the respiratory tract than from urine, feces and blood (p less than 0.01), and of those, 89% were mannose-sensitive agglutination. Agglutination of bovine erythrocytes: Of the 131 strains, mannose-sensitive agglutination was observed in 4 strains, mannose-resistant agglutination in 6 strains and non-agglutination in 121 strains. Therefore, only a few agglutinated strains were seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of tanned cell hemagglutination and counter immunoelectrophoresis test in the detection of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) and to DNA in the systemic lupus erythematosus.

A comparative study of tanned cell hemagglutination (TCH) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), two easy and reliable methodes for the routine detection of antibodies against nuclear antigens was performed. Antibodies against ENA, RNA-ase sensitive ENA and DNA antigens were searched in patients affected by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Analysis of the results obtained for a particular antibody using TCH and CIE techniques suggests that both methods should be used for the detection of antibodies to nuclear antigens since in several cases antibodies were detected by one method and not for the other. Besides, the frequency of antibodies to ENA, RNA-ase sensitive ENA and DNA revealed by both techniques is similar to the results reported by others employing laborious tests. TCH and CIE serve as a screen to determine the presence of an antibody system and seems to provide the sensitivity enough as to be used in the smaller routine laboratories that wish to provide services for antibodies to nuclear antigens. When tanned cell hemagglutination was used looking for antibodies to DNA or ENA in the sera of patients affected by SLE it proved to be useful since in samples where antibodies to DNA were absent or at very low titres, antibodies to ENA were present in titres ranging from 1:9 to 1:6 561. The authors think this is of considerable importance since the variety of clinical features seen in different subjects with SLE is often accompanied by different specificities or types and amounts of autoantibodies and that certain combinations of these antibodies coincide with specific clinicopathological abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Coronaviruses associated with outbreaks of transmissible enteritis of turkeys in Quebec: hemagglutination properties and cell cultivation.

Coronaviruses were observed by electron microscopy in the intestinal contents of turkeys in Quebec flocks where repeated outbreaks of enteritis occurred. Three isolates could be serially propagated in turkey embryos inoculated by the amniotic route with clarified intestinal contents. Purification and concentration of viral particles contained in intestinal contents of infected embryos were achieved by precipitation with polyethylene glycol and ultracentrifugation on sucrose density gradients. Three particle types were demonstrated: intact virions with a density of 1.18 to 1.20 g/ml and incomplete particles with densities of 1.14 and 1.24 g/ml. Hemagglutination of rabbit and guinea pig erythrocytes was demonstrated with the intact viral particles; the hemagglutinin was not dependent on incubation temperature. All the isolates were antigenically related, as shown by hemagglutination-inhibition. The turkey coronaviruses did not cross-react with antisera against coronaviruses of avian infectious bronchitis, porcine transmissible enteritis, bovine neonatal calf diarrhea, or mouse hepatitis. One of the Quebec isolates was shown to induce syncytia formation on its third passage in primary chicken-embryo kidney cell cultures. Electron-microscopic examination of infected cell-culture fluids revealed characteristics coronavirus particles identical to those found in intestinal contents of infected turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Determination of Salmonella typhimurium antigens in the excreta of children with salmonellosis using the passive hemagglutination reaction].

1,390 samples of different excreta obtained from salmonellosis patients have been tested for the presence of S. typhimurium O- and H-antigens. S. typhimurium antigens, detected with the use of antibody diagnostica, have been found to occur more frequently than S. typhimurium cells. Particulate O- and H-antigens capable of agglutinating antibody diagnostica are excreted differently with saliva and urine. Salmonella antigens are best detected in feces in the passive hemagglutination test with the use of antibody diagnostica, but not in the antibody neutralization test. The combination of the passive hemagglutination test, carried out with the use of antibody diagnostica, and bacteriological study considerably enhances the efficiency of diagnosing salmonellosis in children in comparison with bacteriological study alone.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

Use of Indonesian non-human primate erythrocytes for measles hemagglutination inhibition serology.

The use of erythrocytes (RBC) from Presbytis cristata, P. melalophus and Macaca fascicularis for measles hemagglutination inhibition serologies is presented. These primates can provide a ready supply of RBC for diagnostic reagent use in areas of the world where the African green monkey or rhesus macaque are not available. Individuals of each species are useful but must be screened for hemagglutination ability of their erythrocytes. The animal can then be chosen that has erythrocytes which best agglutinate with the antigen being used.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical evaluation of a hemagglutination method for microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease.

A simple and reproducible hemagglutination technique for detecting microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies has been evaluated in normal subjects and in patients with thyroid disease. Microsomal antibodies were detected in 89 percent of all patients with autoimmune thyroid disease and in 97 percent of patients with biopsy proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In contrast, thyroglobulin antibodies were present in only 55 percent of patients with biopsy proven Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in 44 percent of all patients with suspected autoimmune thyroid disease. It is suggested, therefore, that measurement of microsomal antibodies by a simple hemagglutination techniques be carried out in all patients with suspected thyroid disorders.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1987

Detection of postvaccination mumps virus antibody by neutralization test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sensitive hemagglutination inhibition test.

A group of 251 children aged 2-3 years given live attenuated mumps virus vaccine PAVIVAC of Czechoslovak production were tested for antiparotitis antibody levels in pre- and postvaccination sera by neutralization test (NT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sensitive hemagglutination inhibition test, enhanced by heterologous antibody to human immunoglobulin G (E-HIT). The prevaccination findings were as follows: positive ELISA IgG titres, neutralization antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were present in, respectively, 35%, 25.9% and 27.9% of the sera. Postvaccination seroconversions were evaluated in 159 susceptible vaccinees whose prevaccination sera had been negative by all three tests. The lowest seroconversion was detected by NT (74.2%), seroconversions by ELISA and E-HIT were appreciably higher (82.4% and 86.8%, respectively). The seven children showing a seroconversion by E-HIT but not by ELISA had a 4 fold increase of anti-mumps ELISA IgG antibodies as well, but the rise of antibody titres was at a level falling in the range below the positivity criterion for ELISA. The statistically evaluated detection rate for antibodies was significantly higher (significance test "t") by ELISA as compared with neutralization test. However, antibody levels (geometric mean titres) were 8-10 times lower in postvaccination sera than in convalescent sera of 30 children with mumps in all three tests.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of the latex agglutination method with the hemagglutination inhibition test in the detection of antibodies against rubella virus].

Rubella virus antibodies were measured in 85 sera from pregnant women by using a new latex test, and the results were compared with those obtained by using hemagglutination inhibition. The sensitivity of the latex test was 98.4%, specificity was 66.6% and the predictive value of a positive result was 90%. The latex test is a simple test and has much shorter reaction time than that of the hemagglutination inhibition.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

[Use of hemolysis in gel in the serodiagnosis of rubella. Comparison with hemagglutination inhibition].

The hemolysis in gel test (HIG) was compared with the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). This new test is simple and time-sparing since it does not require dilution or serum pre-treatment, and can be measured directly in mm. It is not more expensive than the HI method. It has proved sensitive and is not affected by non specific serum hemagglutination inhibitors and is conclusive whenever HI titers are looked upon with suspicion (titers of less than 1/20). It is therefore well adapted to mass screening of immunity against rubella but in the field of recent infections HI method still has its role to play. Using the HIG test as a reference, we measured the loss of Ig to rubella following the three most commonly employed methods for removal of inhibitors: the mean values of 16 sera were 25% of antibodies lost after kaolin pre-treatment, 62% lost after heparine-Mn-Cl2 procedure 75% lost after dextran-CaCl2 treatment.

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests↗
PubMed1979

Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized chicken erythrocytes in a practical hemagglutination test for IgM antibodies in human malaria.

A new hemagglutination test for human malaria, done with Plasmodium gallinaceum-parasitized, aldehyde-fixed, chicken erythrocytes as a stable lyophilized reagent, is described. The test was positive in every human case of falciparum or vivax malaria in which there was parasitemia. It detected only IgM anti-plasmodial antibodies and usually became negative within a few weeks after treatment. As a practical and sensitive test for active malaria, the P. gallinaceum hemagglutination test should be complementary tool for seroepidemiological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Serology of Mediterranean boutonneuse fever. Kinetics of antibodies detected by 3 methods: indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination and latex agglutination].

The purpose of this work was to determine the kinetics of antibodies in mediterranean spotted fever as determined by three serologic methods: indirect fluorescent antibody test, latex agglutination test and indirect hemagglutination test. No difference was noticed in the early kinetics but after 6 months, the latex agglutination test and the indirect hemagglutination test did not detect antibodies but the indirect fluorescent antibody test was still positive. This reaction is convenient for seroepidemiologic studies.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

Complement activation by measles virus cytotoxic antibodies: alternative pathway C activation by hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies but classical activation by hemolysin antibodies.

Antibodies against measles virus hemagglutinating (HA particles and hemolysin were shown to activate C differently. HA antibodies of rabbit or human origin activated C via the alternative pathway in cytotoxicity against chronically measles-infected cells. This cytotoxicity was expressed in C-4 deficient guinea-pig C or in rabbit C in the presence of 3 mM EGTA (ethylene-glycol-tetraacetic-acid) but not in 3 mM EDTA (ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid). In contrast, human hemolysin antibodies activated C only via the classical way. F (ab')2 fragments from rabbit or human anti-HA IgG antibodies were as efficient in C activation via the alternative pathways as intact IgG antibodies with a corresponding hemagglutination-inhibition titer.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of carbohydrates in the manifestation of the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of the influenza virus].

Suspensions of influenza virions (MRC-11, X-7, and A/PR8/34 strains) were treated with a mixture of glycosidases including alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, and beta-D-N--acetylglucosaminidase for the study of the influence of carbohydrate part of influenza virus surface glycoproteins on the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity. The availability of oligosaccharide chains for the effect of glycosidases was found to change in relation to the functional status of the glycoprotein molecule. When carbohydrate residues were cleaved from neuraminidase in virus particle, its enzymatic activity did not change, whereas the hemagglutinating activity of virions after treatment with glycosidases decreased more than 50-fold.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1979

[Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the hemagglutination inhibition reaction. I. A method of expressing the results based on a comparison with a standard and using a logarithmic scale].

The sources of errors in the quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the passive hemagglutination inhibition test are considered. The influence of some factors (the quality of erythrocyte diagnostic reagents, the non-standard working dose of the antiserum) can be reduced if in each test the material under study is compared with a known preparation having known serological activity (standard preparation). A suggestion is made on the advisability of expressing the results of the test in the logarithmic (log2) scale of serological activity units (SAU), where the activity of 100 IU/ml is considered to be 10 units. The serological activity of the standard preparation used in this research was determined against a set of Hyland reference sera. The average level and varibility of immunoglobulin content in the sera of healthy adults were determined with the use of 104 serum samples. The average level was 10.2 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgG, 10,4 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgA and 9.6 +/- 0.1 SAU for IgM, with sigma for all immunoglobulins being about 1.0. The reproducibility of the passive hemagglutination inhibition test was satisfactory; the variability of the results after repeated tests seldom exceeded 1 SAU.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the study of ornithosis. Report 2. Preparation and approbation of the dry ornithosis erythrocyte diagnostic agent].

An original preparation--dry ornithosis erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the indirect hemagglutination test was prepared on the basis of formalinized tannin-treated sheep red blood cells and group-specific phospholipid antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis. This diagnostic agent retained its specific activity for 18 months (observation period). The use of this preparation considerably facilitated the method of performance of this test, this offering a possibility of its wide application in practice. A sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity of the indirect hemagglutination test with the suggested diagnostic agent, in comparison with the complement fixation test was demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Passive hemagglutination reaction with adenovirus antigen].

In a passive hemagglutination reaction (micromethod for detecting IBP antibodies) were used 4 types of cellularly cultivated, group specific antigens from a cattle adenovirus, serotype 1. The most appropriate for the reaction proved to be the antigen obtained by a complete destruction of the infected cells and deduction of the soluble viral hexen components. The production of th antibodies does not require a special equipment. A high-titre antigen is obtained, which can be well loaded passively on tanninized sheep erythrocytes. A much higher sensitivity of passive hemagglutination reaction was obtained in comparison with virus neutralizing reaction and immunodiffusion reaction. Therefore, for mass serological investigations if serums from calves suffering from bronchial pneumonia, a much larger quantity of seroreagents are detected, which remain undetected if immunodiffusion reaction is applied. Prospects are discussed for the implementation of this micromethod for mass serological investigations in detecting the dissemination of adenoviral infections with cattle.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serological comparison and antigenic relationships of seven serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus using the hemagglutination-inhibition test.

The antigenic relationships, antigenic spectrum, and immunogenicity of seven isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were examined using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Because there was a discontinuity of antigenic relationships and a high degree of cross-reactivity among serotypes of IBV in cross-hemagglutination-inhibition tests, the range of antigenic spectrum used to group the serotypes with the HI test should be wider than the limits suggested by the plaque-reduction test. The HI test may provide valuable information in monitoring the immune status of a flock following vaccination when the area has a history of infectious bronchitis infection. It may also be used as a rapid diagnostic test if a flock is experiencing an outbreak of a disease caused by emergence of a new type of IBV. Interpretation of HI titers in evaluating immune status of chickens following infection with IBV depends on further cross-challenge and cross-protection studies of various types of IBV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of duck plague virus by reverse passive hemagglutination test.

A reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) test was developed to detect duck plague virus (DPV). The technique used sheep erythrocytes stabilized with formaldehyde and pyruvaldehyde and coated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) containing anti-DPV antibody prepared from antiserum produced in sheep. Optimum coating of stabilized erythrocytes occurred at 25 C and pH 4.0 with a concentration of IgG of 20-40 micrograms/ml and a 90-min incubation period. The coated cells were stable for 40 days when stored at 4 C or for at least 4 months (the longest period tested) when frozen at -70 C or -196 C. The RPHA test was conducted at 25 C and read after 3 hours. The high specificity of the test is indicated by the absence of cross-reactions with heterologous virus strains, with specimens prepared from normal duck livers, and with normal chicken embryo chorioallantoic fluid, as well as by the inhibition of hemagglutination only with DPV antiserum. The RPHA test detected six strains of DPV in all virus-containing specimens as well as the immunofluorescence (IF) test did; however, conventional plaque assays (PA) failed to detect virus in five specimens that contained three non-plaque-forming strains of DPV. The mean quantity of DPV that could be detected in the RPHA test was 25 plaque-forming units or 65 fluorescent units per ml. Although the RPHA test was less sensitive than either the PA or the IF test, there was a positive correlation in the titers of DPV antigens between all three tests. The RPHA test is a rapid, simple procedure that is sufficiently sensitive for diagnostic detection of DPV in acute infections, especially in tissues of ducks dying of the disease.

Animals↗