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PubMed1992

What methods of pediatric pain management can be incorporated into a generalist's anesthesia practice?

Historically, pain in ill and injured pediatric patients has not been recognized or attended to. Subsequently, children often suffer in silence. Caretakers are often fearful to intervene aggressively to alleviate pain. A critical evaluation and integrative approach to the treatment of pediatric pain has only recently emerged, and curricula addressing the physiologic, behavioral, and biochemical differences related to pain has only recently been instituted in some medical schools and pediatric training programs. Children deserve special consideration in pain management since they may not be capable of comprehending the need for painful procedures and may not have learned strategies to cope with them. The importance of a comprehensive evaluation can not be overstated. The anesthetist can be of great assistance in pain management of the pediatric surgical patient by assessing his patient's postoperative pain needs and planning his/her anesthetic technique and recovery room course accordingly. Research in pediatric pain is still in its infancy, with crucial issues yet to be addressed. One of the most important is how to individualize the treatment of pain. We also need to learn more about children's natural coping styles and how parents and health care providers can enhance their effectiveness in contributing to the therapeutic team. It is hoped that readers will notice their patient's behaviors a little more closely, think about the extent of their private suffering, and become willing to offer a more studied, justifiable, and aggressive approach to pediatric pain management.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2003

In field damage of high and low cyanogenic cassava due to a generalist insect herbivore Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae).

The hypothesis that cyanogenic potential in cassava roots deters polyphagous insects in the field is relevant to current efforts to reduce or eliminate the cyanogenic potential in cassava. To test this hypothesis, experiments were conducted in the field under natural selection pressure of the polyphagous root feeder Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner (Hemiptera: Cydnidae). A number of cassava varieties (33) as well as 13 cassava siblings and their parental clone, each representing a determined level of cyanogenic potential (CNP), were scored for damage caused by C. bergi and related to CNP and nonglycosidic cyanogens, measured as hydrogen cyanide. Additionally, 161 low-CNP varieties (< 50 ppm hydrogen cyanide, fresh weight) from the cassava germplasm core collection at Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) were screened for resistance/tolerance to C. bergi. Low root damage scores were registered at all levels of CNP. Nevertheless, CNP and yield (or root size) partly explained the damage in cassava siblings (r2 = 0.82) and different cassava varieties (r2 = 0.42), but only when mean values of damage scores were used. This relation was only significant in one of two crop cycles. A logistic model describes the underlying negative relation between CNP and damage. An exponential model describes the underlying negative relation between root size and damage. Damage, caused by C. bergi feeding, released nonglycosidic cyanogens, and an exponential model fits the underlying positive relation. Fifteen low-CNP clones were selected for potential resistance/tolerance against C. bergi.

Animals↗