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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

DMF effects on frozen gander semen.

1. The objective of the present study was to determine if the age of semen donors affects the susceptibility of spermatozoa to freezing and whether DMF (dimethyl formamide) inseminated with freeze-thawed gander semen decreases fertility. 2. Semen was collected 3 times a week by dorsal-abdominal massage from two groups of White Italian ganders: 3 and 2 years-old. Both samples were diluted, mixed with DMF to a final concentration of 6% (v/v), pre-frozen and transferred into LN2. 3. Twice a week, the freeze-thawed semen was used for insemination of two groups of geese at a dose of 4 to 16 million live morphologically normal spermatozoa. One group was inseminated immediately after thawing, the 2nd with semen from which the DMF was removed. 4. Donor age had no effect on the spermatozoa's aptitude for freezing. The differences in quality and quantity of fresh and freeze-thawed semen produced by 3 or 2 year-old ganders were not significant. 5. The presence of DMF in the inseminated freeze-thawed semen did not affect the reproductive efficiency of spermatozoa. The fertility rate obtained with semen inseminated either with or without the cryoprotectant averaged 92.9% and 87.2% respectively. The hatchability of set eggs was 81.1% and 79.9% and, the hatchability of fertile eggs amounted to 87.3% and 89.4%.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Effects of phytoestrogens on testosterone secretion by Leydig cells from Biłgoraj ganders (Anser anser).

The aim of this study was to examine ganders at different stages of the reproductive season and the effect of: (1) diets with high phytoestrogen content and (2) in vitro phytoestrogen treatment on testosterone secretion by isolated Leydig cells. Thirty-six male Biłgoraj geese were fed control diets with low phytoestrogen content (containing grass meal) and diets with high phytoestrogens (containing alfalfa meal and soy). Testes were obtained from both groups of ganders at three different times of the breeding season: peak of reproductive activity (March), second half of reproductive activity (May) and beginning of photorefractoriness (July). Isolated Leydig cells were incubated with LH as well as genistein, daidzein, equol and coumestrol and the concentration of testosterone in the medium was determined by radioimmunoassay. The mean weight of testes from ganders in May and July decreased relative to their weights in March, but no significant differences among experimental groups were noted. No differences were observed in basal and LH-stimulated testosterone secretion by Leydig cells of ganders fed the control diets and the diets with higher phytoestrogen content. In July, LH did not stimulate testosterone secretion in either group. In vitro treatment with genistein, daidzein and equol (5 and 50 microM) inhibited basal and LH-stimulated testosterone production by Leydig cells from both groups. Coumestrol (5 and 50 microM) inhibited basal testosterone secretion only in March in the control group. Dietary exposure to phytoestrogens had a slight effect on in vitro testicular secretion in ganders. In vitro treatment with phytoestrogen inhibited testosterone production by Leydig cells. Genistein showed the strongest effect and coumestrol had the weakest influence on testicular secretion.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Long-term goose breeding for egg production and crammed liver weight.

1. Results of an 8-year (1981 to 1988) period of breeding geese for egg production and crammed liver weight, including phenotypic and/or genetic parameters for various traits (1982 to 1985), as well as line tests (1987 to 1988), are summarised for two lines. 2. The regressed annual genetic gains over years were 2.7 eggs and 30.8 g crammed liver. However, there was a decline in the rate of genetic progress after 4 years of selection. 3. Heritability estimates were found to be relatively high for most traits, whereas phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients between traits were rather low, as would be expected from lines not previously subjected to an intense selection programme. 4. Phenotypic correlation coefficients between part-period records and full-period egg production, suggest that 3-month (October to December) records may be adequate to identify most of the best first-year layers. However, sexual maturity should be treated as a separate trait. 5. The cross between the 'Grey' (male) line, superior in crammed liver weight, and the 'White' (female) line, excelling in egg production, seems to be superior to the pure lines, in a fully-integrated enterprise.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Cryopreservation of poultry semen.

1. The effect on fertility of storing the semen of fowl, turkey, gander or drake at -196 degrees C in a diluent with dimethylacetamide was investigated. 2. After artificially inseminating ducks, geese, turkeys and hens with freeze-thawed semen, the percentage of fertility was 69-90%, 81-90%, 80-90% and 75-85%, respectively.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1999

Genetic-economic evaluation of traits in a goose meat enterprise.

1. Goose can be considered as an additional and inexpensive meat source, provided that the marketing age does not exceed 8 weeks. Using the ability of geese to eat grass may reduce the intake of concentrated food up to 30%. 2. According to an equation developed, growth rate accounts for about 58% of the annual breeding gains, egg number 28%, feather yield 10%, fertility and mortality about 2%. These values are about the same for a wide range of food prices. 3. Employing realistic values for expected annual genetic gains reveals that the customary practice of keeping breeders for 5 to 6 years should be replaced by a much shorter cycle of 3 years because the economic gain from the shorter generation interval of selection exceeds the replacement costs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Histopathological and ultrastructural changes associated with herpesvirus infection in waterfowl.

Duck virus enteritis is an acute contagious viral disease affecting birds of the order Anseriformes (ducks, geese and swans). The disease agent is a member of the Herpesviridae family (Anatidae herpes virus 1). A group of Anseriformes waterfowl from a Nature Reserve and Centre for the Recovery of Endangered Species in Spain suffered an outbreak of the disease, affecting adults, young and newborns. Other non-Anseriformes waterfowl such as coots, from the family Rallidae, order Gruiformes, were also affected. Histopathological and ultrastructural findings confirmed the viral infection. The present study provides evidence that birds different from the order Anseriformes can be affected, suggesting that the virus has the ability to infest other non-Anseriformes waterfows.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Haemagglutinating activity of the lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strain MET95.

Using the rapid glass plate method, the Newcastle disease virus strain MET95 showed much weaker haemagglutination (HA) activity for chicken erythrocytes than 69 other Newcastle disease viruses, including 56 field strains isolated from chickens reared in Japan between 1988 and 2001. Using erythrocytes from other avian species, only the MET95 strain failed to show HA activity for erythrocytes from ducks, geese or pigeons. The haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of the MET95 strain was shown to have unique substitutions of isoleucine for thereonine and leucine at amino acide residues 216 and 552. It is suggested that these two substitutions might relate to the unique HA activity of the MET95 strain. This HA activity may be a useful marker for this strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Co-occurrence of West Nile Fever and circovirus infection in a goose flock in Hungary.

The authors investigated an outbreak of West Nile Fever characterized by severe neurological symptoms and death in a flock of 3600 6-week-old geese. Ataxia, intermittent torticollis and opisthotonus, incoordination, rhythmic side-to-side movement of the head, wriggling of the neck and abnormal head position were features of the disease. Death occurred within 4 to 5 days after the clinical signs appeared. The average daily mortality was 5 to 15, reaching 14% (in total) over a period of 6 weeks. There were no consistent gross pathological lesions, but in a few cases yellowish-grey foci of 3 to 6 mm in diameter were observed on the surface or transection of the brain. Histopathology revealed perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltration and glia cell proliferation in the brainstem, cerebellum, cortex and spinal cord as well as degeneration of neural fibres in the spinal cord. In addition to the lesions caused by the West Nile Virus in the brain, characteristics of circovirus infection such as lymphocyte depletion, vacuolization and basophilic intra-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing circovirus-like particles were seen by light and electron microscopy in the cloacal bursa. West Nile Virus infection was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification of virus-specific nucleic acid from tissue samples of the brain. Based on the nucleotide sequence analysis of the polymerase chain reaction products, 99% identity was found on the tested NS5 region with the IS-98 ST1 strain isolated from a stork in Israel in 1998, and with West Nile Virus stains emerging in the USA in 1999. Using an indirect fluorescent antibody test, high antibody titres against the virus were detected in the serum samples submitted from the affected flock. In selected sera this was confirmed by neutralization antibody test as well.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Pathology of goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus infection in goose embryos.

Goose embryos were infected with goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV) onto the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in order to examine the effect of GHPV on the embryos and to obtain data on whether embryos could develop into infected, virus-shedding goslings, as well as to present an accurate biological method for virus titration. The reported method of infection could offer a possibility to express the virus titre as the median embryo infective dose (EID(50)). As a special pathological feature of the disease, extensive cerebral haemorrhages were observed, which protruded the skullcap in many cases. Some embryos infected with 10(1.25) or 10(0.25) EID(50)/0.2 ml were able to hatch; however, they were in poor physical condition and died by post-hatching day 4 showing haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis of geese. Virus shedding was revealed by polymerase chain reaction. The ability of some of the infected goose embryos to hatch may indicate the potency of GHPV to spread vertically, although this needs further study for confirmation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of egg hatchability and in vitro survival of goose embryos of various origins.

Hatchability of 69,324 fertilized eggs of White Italian geese from the WD1 maternal strain, selected for egg production, and of 25,226 eggs from the WD3 paternal strain, selected for weight gain, were compared. A significant difference was noted, but its magnitude varied during the reproduction season. Mean results for the WD1 strain (80.9%) were always higher (P < 0.01) than those of WD3 strain (75.8%). To determine the causes of this difference, goose eggs from WD1, WD3, and the Kuban (K) strain that demonstrate high reproductive performance (egg number, fertility, and hatchability) were incubated in a laboratory scale incubator. Embryonic mortality and egg weight loss during incubation were determined. Best hatchability (78.5%) was noted in eggs from K goose strain and the weight loss attained 10.9% of the initial egg weight, until Day 25 of incubation. With the higher egg weight loss in Strains WD1 (11.8%) and WD3 (13.2%), hatchability was diminished to 67.3 and 65.5%, respectively. Better hatchability resulted from lower mortality up to Day 6 of incubation and, especially, between Days 7 and 25 of incubation. The differences found in the egg weight losses and in embryonic mortality suggest a need for adjusting the incubation technique to the particular goose genotype. Embryo cultivation in vitro in plastic containers made the comparison of embryo survival possible, because the interaction of incubator microclimate by eggshell quality was eliminated. The results noted due to strain were ranked in the following order: K, WD1, and WD3. The experimental findings suggest that, apart from that of shell quality effect on various egg weight losses during incubation, there appear to be other factors that cause differences in hatchability of the goose strains studied.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2alpha and progesterone during the oviposition cycle of the domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus).

Plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha (PGFM) and progesterone levels were determined in actively ovulating, 1- to 2-yr-old female geese (Anser anser domesticus) at hourly intervals during the oviposition cycle, using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique. The plasma PGFM concentration showed a peak at the time of oviposition and decreased to a basal level after oviposition. Progesterone levels began to surge approximately 12 to 13 h before ovulation and reached a peak 2 to 3 h before ovulation. The plasma progesterone concentrations returned to basal level at the time of ovulation. The present method of EIA was found to have practical application in analyses of progesterone and PGFM in plasma of birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Age-related changes in the distribution of lean fat with skin and bones in goose carcasses.

The experimental materials comprised White Italian geese (128 males and 128 females) reared to 14 wk of age. The birds were fed standard diets ad libitum. Starting from 2 wk of age, 14 males and 14 females were killed at 2-wk intervals. The carcasses were divided into neck, wings, legs, breast, and back, which were then dissected into muscle, skin with fat, and bones. Before slaughter, the BW of males and females were 6,814 and 5,736 g, respectively. At 2 wk of age, more than half of total muscle content was in the legs (60.98%), and the rest was in the back (17.84%), neck (9.43%), breast (8.78%), and wings (2.97%). To 10 wk of age, the rate of muscle deposition was relatively slow in the legs (a decrease to 31.29%) and fast in the breast and wings (an increase to 34.12 and 12.90%, respectively). Age-related changes in the distribution of skin with fat in the carcass were smaller, compared with changes in muscle distribution. A rising tendency was observed in the muscle content of wings and breast and in the content of skin with fat in the wings and neck, whereas a falling tendency was observed in the other carcass parts. Over the first 8 wk, the proportion of bones decreased in the legs, back, and neck and increased in the wings and breast, as compared with the total bone weight in the carcass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

The genetic legacy of Mother Goose--phylogeographic patterns of lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens maternal lineages.

By using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify and sequence 178 bp of a rapidly evolving region of the mtDNA genome (segment I of the control region) from 81 individuals, approximately 11% of the variation present in the lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens L. mitochondrial genome was surveyed. The 26 types of mtDNA detected formed two distinct mitochondrial clades that differ by an average of 6.7% and are distributed across the species range. Restriction analysis of amplified fragments was then used to assign the mtDNA of an additional 29 individuals to either of these clades. Within one major clade, sequence among mtDNAs was concordant with geographic location. Within the other major clade the degree of sequence divergence among haplotypes was lower and no consistent geographic structuring was evident. The two major clades presumably result from vicariant separation of lesser snow geese during the Pleistocene.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is retained upon intestinal passage through a migratory water-fowl species (Canada goose, Branta canadensis).

Five Cryptosporidium-free Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were individually orally dosed with 3.5 x 10(6) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts infectious to neonatal BALB/c mice. After intestinal passage, inoculum-derived oocysts extracted from goose faeces established severe infection in 14 neonatal BALB/c mice (inoculum dose 2.5 x 10(5)/mouse). The inoculum-derived oocysts were detected in goose faeces up to 9 days post-inoculation (PI); the number of intact oocysts and oocyst shells shed during the first 3 days PI was significantly higher than for the remaining 6 days PI (P < 0.01). Based on acid-fast stained air-dried direct wet smears, 62% of the oocysts in goose faeces were intact (oocyst shells) constituted 38%) and conformed to morphological features of viable and infectious inoculum oocysts. The fluorescence scores of the inoculated oocysts, obtained by use of the MERIFLUOR test, were identical to those obtained for the faeces-recovered oocysts (majority 3+ to 4+). The dynamics of oocyst shedding showed that overall, the birds released a significantly higher number of intact oocysts than oocyst (P < 0.01). Retention of the viability and infectivity of C. parvum oocysts following intestinal passage through a migratory water-fowl species has serious epidemiological implications. Water-fowl can serve as mechanical vectors for the water-borne oocysts and can contaminate surface waters with C. parvum. As the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in source waters is attributable to water-shed management practices, water-shed protection programme officials should consider water-fowl as a potential factor enhancing contamination of the source water with Cryptosporidium.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Establishment of a competitive ELISA (cELISA) system for the detection of influenza A virus nucleoprotein antibodies and its application to field sera from different species.

A recombinant baculovirus (RBV) encoding the nucleoprotein (NP) of avian influenza virus (AIV) was generated and the appropriate protein was expressed in Sf9 cells. Purified recombinant NP and the NP-specific monoclonal antibody HB65 were used to establish a competitive ELISA (cELISA) system for the detection of NP-specific antibodies in sera of ducks, geese and wild birds. Tests to evaluate this method were carried out using sera of ducks experimentally infected with AIV, pre-immune duck and chicken sera, and poultry field sera, which tested negative in the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and field sera of several poultry species experimentally infected with other viruses. The evaluation of the test demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity of this method. Tests carried out using field sera of duck and goose flocks revealed widely corresponding results obtained by HI assay and cELISA indicating that this test is applicable for flock diagnosis. Differing results were obtained for individual samples. It can be assumed that for the most part this was because of a better recognition of the conserved NP antigen by serum antibodies, although some results remained unclear.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The life cycle of Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Cryptosporidiidae) infecting chickens.

The life cycle and morphology of a previously undescribed species of Cryptosporidium isolated from commercial broiler chickens is described. The prepatent period for Cryptosporidium baileyi n. sp. was three days post oral inoculation (PI) of oocysts, and the patent period was days 4-24 PI for chickens inoculated at two days of age and days 4-14 for chickens inoculated at one and six months of age. During the first three days PI, most developmental stages of C. baileyi were found in the microvillous region of enterocytes of the ileum and large intestine. By day 4 PI, most parasites occurred in enterocytes of the cloaca and bursa of Fabricius (BF). Mature Type I meronts with eight merozoites first appeared 12 h PI and measured 5.0 x 4.9 micrometers. Mature Type II meronts with four merozoites and a large granular residuum first appeared 48 h PI and measured 5.1 x 5.1 micrometers. Type III meronts with eight short merozoites and a large homogeneous residuum first appeared 72 h PI and measured 5.2 x 5.1 micrometers. Microgamonts (4.0 x 4.0 micrometers) produced approximately 16 microgametes that penetrated into macrogametes (4.7 x 4.7 micrometers). Macrogametes gave rise to two types of oocysts that sporulated within the host cells. Most were thick-walled oocysts (6.3 x 5.2 micrometers), the resistant forms that passed unaltered in the feces. Some were thin-walled oocysts whose wall (membrane) readily ruptured upon release from the host cell. Sporozoites from thin-walled oocysts were observed penetrating enterocytes in mucosal smears. The presence of thin-walled, autoinfective oocysts and the recycling of Type I meronts may explain why chickens develop heavy intestinal infections lasting up to 21 days. Oocysts of C. baileyi were inoculated orally into several animals to determine its host specificity. Cryptosporidium baileyi did not produce infections in suckling mice and goats or in two-day-old or two-week-old quail. One of six 10-day-old turkeys had small numbers of asexual stages only in the BF. Four of six one-day-old turkeys developed mild infections only in the BF, and sexual stages of the parasite were observed in only one of the four. All seven one-day-old ducks and seven two-day-old geese developed heavy infections only in the BF with all known developmental stages present.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ultrastructural studies of the zygote and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata of the lesser snow goose.

Zygote development and oocyst wall formation of Eimeria truncata occurred in epithelial cells in renal tubules and ducts of experimentally infected lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens). Post-fertilization stages were present throughout the kidneys beginning nine days post-inoculation. Initially, a single plasmalemma enclosed the zygote, and type 1 wall-forming bodies (WF1) became labyrinthine and moved toward the surface. There, WF1 degranulated and formed the outer layer of the oocyst wall between the plasmalemma and a newly formed second subpellicular membrane. Several WF2 fused and formed the inner layer of the oocyst wall between the third and fourth subpellicular membranes. Six subpellicular membranes were observed during wall formation. Other features of oocyst development were similar to those of other eimerian species.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ultrastructural studies of microgametogenesis and macrogametogenesis of Eimeria truncata of the lesser snow goose.

Microgamonts and macrogamonts of Eimeria truncata were observed in renal epithelial cells of collecting tubules and ducts and occasionally in macrophages of experimentally infected lesser snow geese (Anser c. caerulescens) beginning 8.5 days post inoculation. Intraparasitophorous vesicles in parasitophorous vacuoles of both types of gamonts appeared to originate in host cell cytoplasm and enter gamonts through micropores by budding of plasmalemma or by pinocytosis. Within the parasite's cytoplasm, the vesicles were broken down in Golgi-associated vacuoles. The surfaces of microgamonts were highly invaginated to facilitate extrusion of numerous microgametes. Formation and maturation of microgametes were similar to those of other eimerian species. Each microgamete had two flagella, a mitochondrion, and a peculiarly shaped electron-dense nucleus that was oval anteriorly in cross section and somewhat dumbbell-shaped posteriorly. A longitudinally arranged inner membrane complex lay between a portion of the mitochondrion and the plasmalemma. About five subpellicular microtubules extended the length of the microgamete body. Macrogametogony differed little from that described in other eimerian species. Type 1 wall-forming bodies (WFB) formed in Golgi complexes early in macrogametogony, and type 2 WFB formed in cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in intermediate stages of macrogamont development.

Animals↗