THE ROLE OF UNDERSTANDING IN SOCIAL INFLUENCES OF JUDGMENT.
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Group Processes↗
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TASK PERFORMANCE AND GROUP STRUCTURE AS A FUNCTION OF PERSONALITY AND FEEDBACK.
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Feedback↗
Bacteriological survey of the frozen prepared foods industry. IV. Frozen breaded fish.
During sanitation-inspections of 23 breaded-fish processors, 573 finished product units and 604 line samples were collected and analyzed bacteriologically. Data for finished product units processed on the same data are presented in groups; most of the groups consisted of 10 units. Groups of frozen, raw-breaded fish produced under good and poor conditions of sanitation were studied. No more than 20% of the units in each group produced under good conditions of sanitation were positive for Escherichia coli or coagulase-positive staphylococci. Groups of frozen, fried-breaded fish produced under good and poor sanitary conditions were also studied. No more than 10% of the units in each good-sanitation group were positive for E. coli or coagulase-positive staphylococci. However, approximately 30% of the groups processed under poor sanitary conditions also did not exceed these viable bacterial counts because of the lethal effect of the terminal fry to which the product is subjected. It was found that line samples collected from the processing lines reflected the sanitary conditions of the plant and provided bacteriological support for inspectional evidence of plant insanitation.
Escherichia coli↗
Suppression of murine endotoxic shock by sPLA2 inhibitor, indoxam, through group IIA sPLA2-independent mechanisms.
Endotoxic shock is a systemic inflammatory process, involving a variety of proinflammatory mediators. Two types of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) have been implicated in this process. Group IB sPLA2 (PLA2-IB) binds to the PLA2 receptor (PLA2R), and PLA2R-deficient mice exhibit resistance to endotoxin-induced lethality with reduced plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha. Group IIA sPLA2 (PLA2-IIA) is found in many tissues and cell types, and local and systemic levels are elevated under numerous inflammatory conditions including sepsis. In this study, we investigated the effect of a specific sPLA2 inhibitor, indoxam, on murine endotoxic shock. Indoxam suppressed the elevation of plasma TNF-alpha with a similar potency in PLA2-IIA-expressing and PLA2-IIA-deficient mice after LPS challenge. In PLA2-IIA-deficient mice, indoxam also suppressed the elevation of plasma IL-1beta, IL-6 and NO, and prolonged survival after LPS challenge. Indoxam was found to block the PLA2-IB binding to murine PLA2R with a high potency (Ki=30 nM). The inhibitory effects of indoxam on the LPS-induced elevation of plasma TNF-alpha levels could not be observed in mice deficient in PLA2R. These findings suggest that indoxam blocks the production of proinflammatory cytokines during endotoxemia through PLA2-IIA-independent mechanisms, possibly via blockade of the PLA2R function.
Animals↗
New indirect measures of "inattentive" visual grouping in a change-detection task.
It has often been suggested that Gestalt-like visual grouping processes may operate preattentively, but Mack and Rock (1998) suggested that no visual grouping takes place under "inattention." We introduced a new method to assess this. While participants performed a demanding change-detection task on a small matrix at fixation, task-irrelevant background elements were arranged by color sinilarity into columns, rows, or pseudorandomly. Independent of any change in the target matrix, background grouping could also change or remain the same on each trial. This influenced accuracy of change judgments for the central task, even though background grouping or its change usually could not be explicitly reported when probed with surprise questions as in Mack and Rock. This suggests that visual grouping may arise implicitly under inattention and provides a new method for testing the boundaries of this processing. Here we extended the initial result to changes in background grouping remote from the target and to those occurring across an intervening saccade.
Adolescent↗
Effect of depression on processing interactions in group psychotherapy.
Two studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of individual differences in the ability of inpatients to process interactions in group psychotherapy. The first was a pilot study conducted on groups of major depressive patients and matched normal subjects. Subjects were asked to give process comments after viewing simulations of typical group therapy interactions. These comments were later rated on the extent to which they reflected process qualities and accuracy. These data led to a more rigorous and extensive study that included more appropriate control groups as well as measures of potential confounding factors, such as simulation realism, verbal ability, and interaction comprehension. Results indicated that major depressives suffer from deficits in the ability to process group interactions, relative to three types of control groups, including normals. These differences in processing were not significantly positively correlated with any of the potential confounding factors. The implications for understanding interactional processing and group psychotherapy are discussed.
Adult↗
ATLS-based videotape trauma resuscitation review: education and outcome.
Trauma resuscitations (TRs) can be improved with ongoing videotape review. Unrecognized errors, delays, and system problems can be identified and corrected. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of a short TR on survival and that videotape education can shorten TR time. Trauma resuscitation efficiency depends on details of TR including timing, organization, and appropriateness of care. Videotape education review monitors TR detail and improves TR efficiency by eliminating wasted time and treatment errors. Eight hundred eighty-three patients were evaluated. Group I included a control group prior to the incorporation of an ATLS based videotape review process. Group II included patients who were resuscitated after the educational review process was established. Subgroups based on ISS, direct OR transfer, DPL, and CT scan were also compared. Time and outcome were compared. Videotape educational review based on ATLS guidelines has improved TR efficiency. The benefits of ongoing videotape review include more efficient time utilization, correction of conceptual and technical errors, elimination of "wasted time," and improved survival.
Audiovisual Aids↗
Helping processes in a mutual aid organization for persons with emotional disturbance.
To date, the notion of helpfulness of group processes has been equivocal in research on self-help groups. This article argues that findings drawn from the participants' subjective appraisals of helpfulness carry meanings different from those drawn from the correlational approach. In a mutual aid organization serving adults with mental health problems, the study found that, whereas universality, self-disclosure, and instillation of hope were the most valued processes, support and catharsis were the strongest correlates of benefits of participation. The authors propose a two-level hierarchy that distinguishes sustaining and beneficial factors. Different sets of factors should constitute the focus of facilitation at different stages of group development.
Adolescent↗
The three R's of group: resistance, rebellion, and refusal.
I describe three constellations of group life and group process: resistance, rebellion, and refusal. In resistance, an individual or group remains antagonistic to conscious but not unconscious thinking, the latter manifested in derivatives, including symbol and symptom formation, transference-countertransference, and enactment. Rebellion functions on the level of conscious thinking, manifested in challenge, defiance, and the possibility of sociopolitical action. The basic premises and values of the group and/or leader are at the center of the controversy, to be addressed on that level. Refusal establishes a mental boundary between what is considered appropriate and inappropriate. Unconscious as well as conscious processes of feeling, thinking, and meaning making are refused entry, left undeveloped, rejected, or obstructed. Working with refusal requires appreciating how and why the mind and its thinking operations are being suspended. The theoretical framework is applied to a case example.
Humans↗
Group Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for PTSD: Treatment of Motor Vehicle Accident Survivors.
Individual cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) are now considered the first-line treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Foa, Keane, & Friedman, 2000). As mental health reimbursement becomes more restricted, it is imperative that we adapt individual-format therapies for use in a small group format. Group therapies have a number of advantages, including provision of a natural support group, the ability to reach more patients, and greater cost efficiency. In this article, we describe the development of a group CBT for PTSD in the aftermath of a serious motor vehicle accident (MVA). Issues unique to the group treatment format are discussed, along with special considerations such as strategies to reduce the potential for triggering reexperiencing symptoms during group sessions. A case example is presented, along with discussion of group process issues. Although still in the early stages, this group CBT may offer promise as an effective treatment of MVA-related PTSD.
Journal Article↗
Why group therapy for bulimia?
Many treatment approaches for bulimia rely on the use of a group format. However, descriptions of the treatments do not reveal that the powers of group process are curative in themselves. The dynamics of the group parallel and are metaphorical for the dynamics of the disorder. Therefore, group therapy can be facilitated so that the members resolve the physical, psychological, and social aspects of their disorder through attending to these aspects of the group system. Case material is offered to illustrate symptomatic expressions and therapeutic responses.
Body Image↗
Ruralising the undergraduate medical curriculum through consultation with key stake holders.
This paper describes the approach taken at the University of Queensland to broaden the scope of curriculum design to involve rural general practitioners, medical students and rural health care consumers. A form of nominal group process in serial telephone teleconferences was used, with a group of rural general practitioners, to develop and pilot curriculum content, learning strategies and assessment methods. Medical students assisted in the evaluation of the curriculum and representatives of rural organisations were consulted about the value of hosting medical students in rural communities. The three groups made significant contributions to the project. The results will be trialed for the entire year 6 cohort (240 students) in 1995 and will form the basis of the planned rural practice term in the new graduate course.
Community Participation↗
Treatment of drug abuse syndromes.
This article serves as an introduction to the treatment of the various drug abuse syndromes. The theoretical concept underlying all diagnoses in drug dependence is presented first in detail, along with an extensive discussion of how these diagnoses are operationalized. Tolerance and dependence among the various drugs of abuse are considered. The review of treatment approaches divides drugs of abuse into pharmacologic categories and treatment into time segments, acute detoxification, intermediate-term, and long-term treatment. Pharmacotherapies for each of the categories of substance abuse and for each of the time periods are presented in a treatment-oriented fashion. Drug substitution therapy is considered. Individual and group therapy are discussed, as is education in the form of group process and peer feedback. The role of peer support groups is stressed. Finally, patient placement criteria across levels of care are explained.
Alcoholism↗
The group therapist's shame: a much undiscussed topic.
The topic of shame in group therapy has received limited attention in the group therapy literature. When the topic has been addressed, the focus has been on the shame of the group members. The shame of the group leader and its effect on leadership efficacy and group process has received inadequate attention, given what seems to be its power and prevalence. In this article we examine shame and the group therapist with regard to (1) potentially shameful topics and (2) dynamics that evoke shame. Suggestions for both the mitigation of shame and the enhancement of the leader's self-esteem in dispatching the role and functions of group therapist are offered. In discussing this subject, we propose to normalize group therapist shame by emphasizing the challenges and complexity of group leadership. While the examples illustrate an array of emotions, our purpose is to focus on their shameful elements because they are (1) frequently ignored or overlooked; (2) not made explicit; or (3) discussed in other terms, such as narcissism. In doing so, we invite the reader to consider the clinical utility of the hypothesis that shame has a powerful presence and impact on our leadership image and effectiveness.
Defense Mechanisms↗
Grouping and gambling: a Gestalt approach to understanding the gambler's fallacy.
The gambler's fallacy was examined in terms of grouping processes. The gambler's fallacy is the tendency to erroneously believe that for independent events, recent or repeated instances of an outcome (e.g., a series of "heads" when flipping a coin) will make that outcome less likely on an upcoming trial. Grouping was manipulated such that a critical trial following a run of heads or tails was grouped together with previous trials (i.e., the last trial of "Block 1") or was the first trial of another group (the first trial of "Block 2"). As predicted, the gambler's fallacy was evident when the critical trial was grouped with the previous trials, but not when it was arbitrarily grouped with the next block of trials. Discussion centres on the processes underlying the gambler's fallacy and practical implications of these findings.
Attitude↗
Observations from practice: support group membership as a process of social capital formation among female survivors of domestic violence.
This article explores the authors' practice observations of female domestic violence survivors' journey from first agency contact to active participation in a support group process. The authors have witnessed female victims of domestic violence challenging the social isolation imposed by their dominant partners as they search for meaning in their lives. As practitioners, they have observed women building trustful relationships and establishing supportive networks during the group process. In this article, the authors suggest that the support group process facilitates trust and network formation indicative of social capital.
Adult↗
Relationship between processes of care and coronary bypass operative mortality and morbidity.
BACKGROUND: Information is limited regarding the effects of processes of care on cardiac surgical outcomes. Correspondingly, many recommended cardiac surgical processes of care are derived from animal experiments or clinical judgment. This report from the VA Cooperative Study in Health Services, "Processes, Structures, and Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery," focuses on the relationships between 3 process groups (preoperative evaluation, intraoperative care, and supervision by senior physicians) and a composite outcome, perioperative mortality and morbidity. METHODS: Data on 734 risk, process, and structure variables were collected prospectively on 3,988 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting at 14 VA medical centers between 1992 and 1996. Data reduction was accomplished by examining data completeness and variation across sites and surgeon, using previously published data and clinical judgment. We then applied multivariable logistic regression to the 39 remaining processes of care to determine which were related to the composite outcome after adjusting for 17 patient-related risk factors and controlling for intraoperative complications. RESULTS: Our first analysis showed several measures of operative duration, the use of inotropic agents, transesophageal echo, lowest systemic temperature, and hemoconcentration/ultrafiltration, to be powerful predictors of the composite outcome. Because the use of inotropic agents and operative duration may be related to an intermediate outcome (eg, intraoperative complications), we performed a second analysis omitting these processes. The use of intraoperative transesophageal echo and hemoconcentration/ultrafiltration remained significantly associated with an increased risk of an event (odds ratios 1.60 and 1.36, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results viewed in the context of past studies suggest the possibility that inotropic use, TEE, and hemoconcentration/ultrafiltration may have adverse effects on operative outcome. Further evaluation of these processes of care using observational data, as well as randomized trials when feasible, would be of interest.
Coronary Artery Bypass↗
Maximizing results with focus groups: moderator and analysis issues.
Focus groups can be used to gather rich, detailed descriptions of shared individual experiences and beliefs. Group process enhances the richness of the data obtained via this method. Nurses are skilled in gathering detailed and often sensitive information and applying therapeutic communication and interviewing techniques within groups. They can take advantage of these skills by using focus groups to collect qualitative data. To maximize the collection of high-quality data, pay specific attention to the selection and training of the moderator, the development of the interview guide, and the analysis that addresses intragroup and intergroup processes.
Data Interpretation, Statistical↗