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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Comparison of evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in infants using different feedings during intraesophageal pH monitoring.

The effect of two different types of feedings on results of esophageal pH monitoring was prospectively studied in 49 infants undergoing evaluation for gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Infants were randomly assigned to receive either apple juice (AJ) or formula for the first feeding during extended pH monitoring (EPM). Each infant received the alternate liquid for the second feeding. During the rest of the monitoring period, infants received formula feedings. The percentage of time that esophageal pH was less than 4.0 following both types of feedings and the percentage of time that pH was lower than 5.0 following formula feedings were determined. Following AJ feeding, the mean percentage of time pH was less than 4.0 was 43.8% in contrast to 5.1% following formula feeding. However, following formula feeding, pH was less than 5.0 35.7% of time, similar to the percentage of time pH was less than 4.0 after AJ feeding. Ability to detect GER with short-term monitoring after the two feedings was compared to detection following extended monitoring. Detection of GER with short-term monitoring following AJ feeding correlated well with extended monitoring (r = 0.67; p less than 0.001). There was a weaker, although significant, correlation between short-term monitoring following formula feeding using pH less than 5.0 as the reflux criterion and extended monitoring (r = 0.3; p less than 0.01). We conclude that outpatient GER evaluation with intraesophageal pH monitoring during a feeding interval following an AJ feeding may serve as an acceptable substitute for extended pH monitoring when it is not practical or desirable to admit the patient to the hospital.

Esophagus↗
PubMed1990

Nutritional immunomodulation in burn patients.

A series of laboratory experiments in thermally injured guinea pigs has shown that feeding by the enteral route immediately after injury results in a decreased metabolic response by preventing loss of the GI barrier to the entrance of intestinal endotoxin and bacteria. Feeding by the iv route or giving crystalline amino acids instead of intact protein does not prevent atrophy of the intestine, nor does it prevent the hypermetabolic response. Optimal diets for nutritional support of burn patients contain 20% of energy from whey protein, 2% from arginine, 0.5% from cysteine, and 0.5% from histidine. Lipids comprise 15% of nonprotein calories with 50% fish oil (high in omega-3 fatty acids) and 50% safflower oil (high in linoleic acid). In a prospective clinical study, administration of this new diet was found to reduce wound infection (p less than .03), shorten hospital stay (p less than .02), and reduce death (p less than .06) when compared to other standard enteral formulations.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The influence of cereal and dairy consumption on the Irish diet: implications for developing food-based dietary guidelines.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the intakes of cereal and dairy products and their contribution to nutrient intakes in men and women from the Republic of Ireland with a view to formulating food-based dietary guidelines. DESIGN: The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey established a database of habitual food and drink consumption using a 7-day food diary. From this database all cereal and dairy products from recipes and identifiable sources were identified and a new database was generated from which analysis of the role of cereal and dairy products in the diet was carried out. RESULTS: Almost 100% of the population consumed cereal and dairy products over the course of the survey week. In general, men consumed significantly more cereal and dairy products than did women (P<0.05). Cereal products made an important contribution to the mean daily intakes of energy (26%), protein (21%), fat (13%), carbohydrate (41%), fibre (45%), iron (43%) and folate (27%). Dairy products also contributed largely to the mean daily intakes of energy (11%), protein (14%), fat (17%), calcium (48%), phosphorus (24%) and vitamin A (27%). Analysis of nutrient intakes across tertiles of cereal and dairy consumption showed that high consumers of wholemeal bread, breakfast cereals, reduced-fat milk and yoghurt had lower fat and higher carbohydrate, fibre and micronutrient intakes than low consumers of these foods. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the present study could be used to develop effective health strategies to implement changes in cereal and dairy consumption that could alter fat, fibre and micronutrient intakes in the diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Pesticide content of infant formulae and weaning foods available in New Zealand.

A survey of the pesticide content of 25 commercially available infant formulae and 30 weaning foods available in New Zealand was undertaken in 1996. It included a representative mixture of imported and New Zealand manufactured infant foods. Three different pesticide screening techniques were used: a high-sensitivity organochlorine screen was carried out on all infant formulae, while a multiresidue screen (organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids, carbamate pesticides, fungicides and herbicides), and a specific screen for dithiocarbamate fungicides were both carried out on all weaning foods and on soy-based infant formulae. All results are expressed on a ready-to-feed basis. Extremely low levels of residues of three organochlorine compounds (p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and dieldrin) were detected in infant formulae samples. Residues of p,p'-DDE were found in seven of 20 milk-based infant formulae at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.5 microgram kg(-1). Residues of p,p'-DDT were found in one imported milk-based infant formula at 0.7 microgram kg(-1), and dieldrin residues were detected in four of five soy-based infant formulae at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.08 microgram kg(-1). The multiresidue pesticide screen detected low levels of residues of two organophosphorus pesticides; azinphos-methyl in one soy-based infant formula at a level of 22 microgram kg(-1) and pirimiphos-methyl in two cereal-based weaning foods at concentrations of 5 and 14 microgram kg(-1). None of the other approximately 140 pesticides (including fungicides and herbicides) included in the multiresidue screen were detected in any weaning foods or soy-based infant formulae, at a detection limit of 10 microgram kg(-1). No residues of dithiocarbamate fungicides were detected in any product analysed, at a detection limit of 100 microgram kg(-1).

Azinphosmethyl↗
PubMed2006

Weaning foods and their impact on child-feeding practices among low-income Nigerian mothers.

BACKGROUND: Many children in rural communities of developing countries die of nutrition-related causes due to lack of nutrition education and low purchasing power of the families, which result in low-quality weaning foods and poor feeding practices. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional composition of local weaning foods and their impact on child feeding practices among low-income Nigerian mothers. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and June 2005 among 294 randomly selected pairs of nursing mothers and their children who attended the postnatal clinic of State Specialist Hospital and Comprehensive Health Centers in Akure community, Ondo State, Nigeria. A structured, self-or interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on infant demographic characteristics, feeding, and socioeconomic characteristics of the parents. The children's weights were recorded, and samples of the weaning foods were analyzed. RESULTS: The mothers' ages ranged from 22 to 37 years, and the children's from one to 12 months. Among the parents, two-fifths of the respondents worked as drivers, mechanics, carpenters, and the like, while the remaining respondents were civil servants, health professionals, teachers, merchants, and housewives. The educational attainment of the parents ranged from no formal education (1.4%) to higher education (46%); 13% had completed primary school, and 39.6% had completed secondary school. The average monthly family income was between 3,500 and 30,000 naira (US dollar 23.3-dollar 200). Among the children, 58.3% were of normal weight, 41.1% were mildly underweight, 0.3% moderately underweight, and 0.3% severely underweight; 23.1% were exclusively breastfed, 9.5% received breastmilk and traditional medicinal herbs, 15.6% received breastmilk and commercial weaning food, 7.4% received commercial weaning food only, 14.8% received local weaning foods only, 24.1% received local weaning foods plus breastmilk, and 5.8% received the family diet. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a high proportion of the nursing mothers used local ingredients to formulate weaning foods for their babies. The nutritional compositions of these foods is of high quality and are suitable as weaning foods, particularly for infants of low-income parents who do not have access to commercial weaning foods.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Government should strengthen regulation in the weight loss industry.

Rationales for government regulation in the weight loss industry are developed on the basis of the concepts of market failure and potential harm to consumers. Evidence shows that consumers face problems in judging the quality of the industry's products and services, and they lack adequate protection against possible harm. The pros and cons of a variety of public and private strategies are examined for correcting these deficiencies. Recommendations are suggested for strengthening existing government regulations and expanding research.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1996

[Lactose-free formula products available in Mexico. Their significance and applications].

Lactose in milk and dairy products can be significantly reduced by the utilization of microbial beta-galactosidases. These enzymes can be used to treat milk during its processing or they can be administered with milk at meal time as an enzyme replacement therapy in which case hydrolysis occurs in vivo in the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose in milk can alternatively be eliminated by ultrafiltration, a process that divides milk components based on their size. A third way of reducing or eliminating lactose content is formulating a product or even "milk" from ingredients which avoid the use of lactose. Technologies like these are used to develop infant formula, enteral formula products and low-lactose milks. In this paper products of this kind available in Mexico are described.

Food Handling↗
PubMed2000

The metabolic use of energy from dietary fat in broilers is affected by fatty acid saturation.

1. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of dietary fat on performance and fat and protein accretion in broiler chickens according to the degree of saturation. 2. The first experiment was designed to test 2 sources of dietary fat and 3 levels of dietary energy using a factorial (2x3) experimental design. The foods were formulated to maintain a constant ratio of energy to protein (and other nutrients). There were no significant differences in weight gain, intake, final body weight or food to gain ratio between broilers fed on diets differing solely in the degree of fat saturation. Broilers fed on diets containing animal fat showed higher whole-body fat retention (P=0.02) and lower protein accretion (P=0.03) than those fed on diets containing vegetable oils. 3. In the second experiment, only 1 concentration of fat (tallow, lard or sunflower oil) was incorporated into the experimental diets, providing different energy to protein ratios. The carcase protein content was not affected by dietary fat source, while total fat accretion (P=0.01) and energy retention (P=0.14) were highest in broilers fed on a diet containing tallow. 4. The findings suggest that the degree of saturation of dietary fats affects their metabolic use and fat accumulation in broiler chickens.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Effects of thickened feeding on gastroesophageal reflux in infants: a placebo-controlled crossover study using intraluminal impedance.

OBJECTIVE: Thickening of formula feedings is part of the therapeutic approach for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in infants. However, its mechanism of action, especially regarding the occurrence of nonacid (pH >4) GER, has not yet been clearly described. The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study was to examine the influence of formula thickened with carob (St. John's bread) bean gum on acid and nonacid GER. METHODS: Infants with recurrent regurgitation and without other symptoms were fed alternately (A-B-A-B-A-B) with thickened (A) and nonthickened (B) but otherwise identical formula. Documentation of GER episodes during the study was performed by simultaneous intraesophageal impedance measurement (intraluminal electrical impedance; IMP) and pH monitoring. The IMP technique is able to detect bolus movements inside a luminal organ. The use of multiple measuring segments on a single catheter allowed the analysis of direction, height, and duration of the bolus transport. Continuous videorecording and visual surveillance of regurgitation frequency and amount resulted in a severity score. RESULTS: Fourteen infants (42 +/- 32 days old) were examined during 6 feeding intervals each for a total measuring time of 342 hours. A total of 1183 GER episodes and 83 episodes of regurgitation were registered. Regurgitation frequency (15 vs 68 episodes) and amount (severity score 0.6 vs 1.8) were significantly lower after feedings with thickened formula. The difference regarding the occurrence of GER documented by IMP was also pronounced (536 vs 647 episodes). Although not statistically significant, maximal height reached by the refluxate in the esophagus was decreased after thickened feedings. Mean GER duration and the frequency of acid (pH <4) GER were not altered. CONCLUSIONS: Thickened feeding has a significant effect on the reduction of regurgitation frequency and amount in otherwise healthy infants. This effect is caused by a reduction in the number of nonacid (pH >4) GER episodes, but also because of a decrease of mean reflux height reached in the esophagus. However, the occurrence of acid GER is not reduced. The combination of IMP and pH monitoring allows the complete registration and description of these GER episodes. Thickening of formula feedings with carob bean gum is an efficient therapy for uncomplicated GER in infants.

Cross-Over Studies↗
PubMed1999

Food-based dietary guidelines: some assumptions tested for The Netherlands.

Recently, the concept of food-based dietary guidelines has been introduced by WHO and FAO. For this concept, several assumptions were necessary. The validity and potential consequences of some of these assumptions are discussed in this paper on the basis of the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys. The topics were interrelationships among dietary characteristics, nutrient density, diets in accordance with the guidelines, and food variety. To obtain insight into overall diet quality, a dietary quality index based on nutrients and a food-based quality index based on food groups were created and tested. As expected the results showed that a higher dietary quality index was associated with an improved intake of the nutrients included in the index, in particular a lower intake of total fat and cholesterol. This was related to a lower consumption of cheese, fats and oils, meat and meat products, and a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables. The information obtained with a dietary quality index can be used to assess the feasibility of a particular goal in combination with other relevant goals and to obtain clues or confirmation for recommendations regarding food consumption. The food-based quality index created showed that a combination of several food-based goals (formulated in quantitative terms) was associated with an increase in food consumption, without a clear relevance for the dietary quality. Therefore, the formulation of food-based guidelines should be based on explicitly stated dietary goals. The findings regarding nutrient density were in the direction of what was assumed, namely a positive association between density and absolute intake, although the expected effects were not completely found. The results regarding the association between variety and dietary intake were characterized mainly by differences in quantity rather than dietary quality. The data indicate that energy intake may be an important pitfall in implementing food-based dietary guidelines, that 'eat a variety of food' can be an empty slogan and that nutrient density is positively related to the absolute intake of specific micronutrients. Further, the 'absence' of interrelationships among risk nutrients indicates that a selection process has to be applied.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Taste threshold and acceptability of commercial diets in cancer patients.

An important factor in the etiology of anorexia in cancer may be a change in the sensation of taste. Taste thresholds for the four basic tastes were measured in 50 cancer patients and 50 control subjects. Cancer patients had a higher mean threshold for recognition of sweet (126 mmol/1 sucrose), and a lower mean threshold for bitter (620 mmol/1 urea), compared to the controls (86 mmol/1 sucrose, p = 0.027, and 728 mmol/1 urea, p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the mean threshold for sour or salt. Eight commercial diets (Build-up, Nutrauxil, Ensure, Clinifeed, Triosorbon, Complan, Isocal, Vivonex) were given to each of the cancer patients and control subjects in order to investigate any possible difference in preference. Scores were often improved by the addition of tasting agents such as Nesquick. Scores for each feed were similar for control and cancer patients apart from Nutrauxil, Ensure and Isocal, which appeared to be preferred by cancer patients. Too much emphasis is often placed upon the contents of formulated diets and too little upon taste and patient acceptability.

Anorexia↗
PubMed1995

Decreased cysteine and proline synthesis in parenterally fed, premature infants.

Little is known about the amino acid (AA) biosynthetic capacity and requirements of premature infants. This study assessed the synthesis of seven biochemically nonessential AA from a universal precursor, glucose, in stable, parenterally fed, premature neonates. Seven infants (six boys, one girl) were studied at a mean age of 6.3 +/- 0.6 (SEM) days; mean gestational age was 29.7 +/- 1.3 (SEM) weeks, and mean birth weight was 1,222.8 +/- 176.5 (SEM) grams. All infants were parenterally fed a mixture of 7.5% to 12.5% dextrose and 2.2% Trophamine, with or without lipid. Mean caloric intake was 93 +/- 8.4 (SEM) kcal/kg/d, and total AA intake was standardized at 2.86 g/kg/d AA, plus supplemental cysteine (30 mg/g AA/d). Each infant received a 4-hour continuous, unprimed intravenous infusion of a stable isotope tracer of D(-)[U13C] glucose (200 mg/kg). Blood samples were obtained before and at the end of the infusion. Conversion of the glucose tracer into seven biochemically nonessential AA (cysteine [Cys], proline [Pro], aspartate [Asp], serine [Ser], glutamate [Glu], alanine [Ala], and glycine [Gly]) was assessed by measuring their isotopic enrichment in plasma, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and expressed as mole percent excess (MPE) (mean +/- SEM). The isotopic enrichment of plasma glucose was also measured using GC/MS. Free plasma AA concentrations (mean +/- SD) were measured using an automated amino acid analyzer. Mean MPE for M + 1, M + 2 and M + 3 Cys, and for M + 1 and M + 3 Pro were not significantly different from 0; M + 2 Pro barely achieved statistical significance (P = .048).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alanine↗
PubMed2005

Long-term efficacy of soy-based meal replacements vs an individualized diet plan in obese type II DM patients: relative effects on weight loss, metabolic parameters, and C-reactive protein.

BACKGROUND: Achieving significant weight loss and glycemic control in diabetic patients remains a challenging task. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the effects of a soy-based meal replacement (MR) plan vs an individualized diet plan (IDP; as recommended by the American Diabetes Association) on weight loss and metabolic profile. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: A total of 104 subjects were randomized prospectively to the two treatments for a total of 12 months. RESULTS: In all, 77 of the 104 subjects completed the study. Percentage weight loss in MR group (4.57+/-0.81%) was significantly greater (P<0.05) than in IDP group (2.25+/-0.72%). Fasting plasma glucose was significantly reduced in MR group (126.4+/-4.9 mg/dl) compared with IDP group (152.5+/-6.6 mg/dl, P<0.0001) at 6 months but not at 12 months. Controlling for baseline levels, hemoglobin Alc level improved by 0.49+/-0.22% for those receiving MR when compared to IDP group (P<0.05). A greater number of subjects in MR group reduced their use of sulfonylureas (P<0.0001) and metformin (P<0.05) as compared to IDP group. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) decreased -26.3% (P = 0.019) in MR group compared to -7.06% (P = 0.338) in IDP group at 6 months. Similar changes were observed at 12 months with MR groups, with hs-CRP decreasing by -25.0% (P = 0.019) compared to -18.7% (P = 0.179) in IDP group. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that MR is a viable strategy for weight reduction in diabetic patients, resulting in beneficial changes in measures of glycemic control and reduction of medications.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of standardized versus individualized total parenteral nutrition regime for neonates less than 33 weeks gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the difference in nutrient intakes and biochemical responses in newborn infants <33 weeks gestation who received standardized versus individualized total parenteral nutrition (TPN) regimes. METHOD: Comparison of nutrient intakes and daily biochemical responses in newborn infants <33 weeks gestation who received standardized regime versus those who received individualized TPN regimes from day 2 to day 7 of life. RESULTS: Twenty-seven infants in the standardized TPN group and 31 infants in the individualized TPN group were compared. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the two groups in gestation, birthweight, Clinical Risk Index for Babies scores, daily TPN volume intake and biochemical responses. Infants in the standardized TPN group received less sodium (P < 0.01) and no potassium on day 2 as required, more protein (P < 0.02) every day, and more calcium and phosphate (P < 0.02 from day 4). CONCLUSION: There were no significant clinical and statistical differences in biochemical responses in newborn infants <33 weeks gestation who received standardized versus individualized TPN regimes during the first week of life. The economic cost of TPN provision using standardized TPN formulation was approximately 30% lower.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Staphylococcus saprophyticus sepsis related to total parenteral nutrition admixtures contamination.

The aim of this study was to report an outbreak of sepsis related to contamination of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) admixtures with Staphylococcus saprophyticus. A total of four patients developed fever after administration of contaminated TPN. Results of cultures of blood, catheter hubs and tips, and TPN admixtures are presented. The strain responsible for the outbreak was able to grow in vitro in two common TPN formulations.

Aged↗