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PubMed2002

Prevalence of preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix in sexual workers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix in sexual workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 438 prostitutes were analyzed. Each prostitute had a clinical history, gynecological examination, Pap smear, and a colposcopic examination of the cervix. A cervical biopsy was taken under colposcopic guidance when there was abnormal epithelium. RESULTS: The sexual workers' mean age was 32.2 + 8 years (mean + SD), age of first sexual intercourse was 15.9 + 2 years, parity mean was 4.1 + 2, births were 3 + 3, and age of first delivery was 16.6 + 4.7 years. Cervical biopsies were taken from 84 patients because of atypical epithelium under colposcopic examination. Sixty-four (76.2%) patients had preinvasive and invasive lesions: 41(64%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, 12 (18.8%) had CIN 2, 8 (12.5%) had CIN 3, 2 (3.2%) had microinvasive carcinoma (Ca), and 1 (1.5%) had invasive Ca 1. Sexual workers with cervical pathology were younger (p < .05) and had their first sexual intercourse experience earlier than those sexual workers who did not have lesions (p < .02).Preinvasive lesions were found in sexual workers in their 30s, and invasive lesions were found in sexual workers under the age of 40. CONCLUSIONS: Preinvasive lesions of the cervix have increased 2-fold in Venezuelan sexual workers and the invasive lesions are stable but found in younger sexual workers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Sexual behaviour of adolescents before and after the advent of AIDS.

OBJECTIVES: To asses changes in sexual behaviour and use of contraceptive methods in Danish adolescents from the period before the advent of AIDS up to the present. DESIGN: Comparative study comparing data obtained from two identical cross sectional surveys SETTING: Grenaa Gymnasium, Denmark. SUBJECTS: 626 high school students in 1982 and 499 high school students in 1996. METHODS: An anonymous standardised self administered questionnaire handed out to high school students at Grenaa Gymnasium in spring 1982. In spring 1996 an identical questionnaire was handed out to every high school student at the same gymnasium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age at first sexual intercourse, contraceptive use, and reasons for choice of contraceptive strategy. RESULTS: Today more males had experienced the first sexual intercourse before their 16th birthday (p = 0.047) compared with 1982, the reverse held for females (p = 0.003). From 1982 to 1996 condom use increased in males with no regular partner (p = 0.009). In females with no regular partner, there was during the same period an increase in considering the condom a personal contraceptive method (p = 0.017). In 1982 and 1996 protection from sexually transmitted diseases was given as reason for the choice of contraceptive strategy by 21% and 72% of males with no regular partner (p < 0.001), and by 7% and 32% of males with a regular partner (p < 0.001). The corresponding figures for females in 1982 and 1996 were 10% and 71% (p < 0.001) for those with no regular partner and 4% and 21% (p < 0.001) for those with a regular partner. CONCLUSION: Condom use has increased among adolescents with no regular partner brought up under the widespread awareness of AIDS, and the reason for this is to be protected from sexually transmitted diseases. A future decline in the incidence of various sexually transmitted diseases may be expected, and information on safe sexual practices should be continued.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Passive cigarette smoking is a risk factor in cervical neoplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of spouse's cigarette smoking in the detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with multivariate analysis. SETTING: Colposcopy clinic in a tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Women referred to a colposcopy clinic for evaluation of abnormal Papanicolaou smears showing either repeated inflammatory changes, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Data collection. The women were interviewed with a structured questionnaire for sexual history, use of oral contraceptive pills, personal and spouse cigarette-smoking history, and obstetric history. RESULTS: There were 623 women in the cohort. They were grouped into normal, LSIL, and HSIL categories based on colposcopy and histologic assessment. There were very few women who had had more than one sexual partner or a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The prevalence of oral contraceptive pill usage was 2.9% among the women in the normal group, 4.3% in women with LSIL, and 5.1% in women with HSIL. The incidence of cigarette smoking by the women was 2.5%, 3.2%, and 6.8% for the three groups of women, respectively. The incidence of spouse cigarette smoking was 25%, 35%, and 43% respectively. Compared to women in the normal group, women with HSIL were younger at first sexual intercourse, more likely to smoke cigarettes, and have spouses who smoked cigarettes. After controlling for age, age at first sexual intercourse, usage of combined contraceptive pills, and the woman's own cigarette-smoking habit, the odds ratio for HSIL was 1.046 for every stick of cigarette smoked by the spouse. In other words, the risk of detection of HSIL increased by 4.6% for every stick of cigarette her spouse smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Among women attending a colposcopy clinic, the risk of detection of HSIL increases with the spouse's cigarette-smoking habit. Further studies are warranted in quantifying the risk in a general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The adolescent boy and girl: first and other early experiences with intercourse from a representative sample of Swedish school adolescents.

Attitudes and sexual experiences among adolescents have been studied using data from a representative sample of pupils in tenth grade in Uppsala, the fourth largest city in Sweden. Sex differences in coital experience, coital frequency, and evaluation of coital frequency are analyzed. The importance of traditional sex roles is discussed, and the differential sexual socialization of boys and girls is commented on. The data help convey a picture of an adolescent boy who feels deprived of heterosexual outlets and whose sexual relations with girls are sudden, unplanned, and characterized by limited emotional involvement; the adolescent boy is also quite discontent. This picture is contrasted with that of the girls, about whom it is found that, compared with the boys, a greater proportion have coital experience, the average age at first intercourse is lower, and the average number of experiences with intercourse during the last month is higher; to a greater extent than the boys, the girls are satisfied with how often they have intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Experience of sexual intercourse and reported risk behaviour among an ethnically diverse sample of young people.

BACKGROUND: Certain Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups have been identified as bearing a disproportionate burden of sexual ill health in the UK. There still exists a significant gap in the evidence-base concerning the sexual behaviours of BME youth. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 16 secondary schools in London, where the proportion of BME students exceeded two-thirds of the intake. The aim was to identify the factors associated with sexual intercourse and sexual risk behaviours. RESULTS: 2801 students aged 15 to 18 completed questionnaires. Compared with White British males, Black males were significantly more likely to report sexual intercourse (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.92-4.81). Compared with White British females, Asian females were significantly less likely to report sexual intercourse (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.27-0.69). Both sexes reporting school as their main source of information, as opposed to their family, had a lower likelihood of intercourse (males OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.53, females OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.25-0.62). Compared with White British males, contraceptive use at first ever intercourse was significantly less likely among Black males (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.98) and males of Mixed ethnicity (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.92). Among females, higher sexual health knowledge was associated with contraceptive use (OR 4.69, 95% CI 1.76-12.49). Males reporting higher sexual health knowledge were more likely to be 'sexually competent' at first ever intercourse (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.10-4.69). CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of sexual health knowledge, ensuring this is improved among all ethnic groups, especially the Black and Mixed male groups, is a key message to arise from this study. Delivering this information in a 'culturally competent' manner is an important goal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Behavioural risk factors for HIV infection amongst blood donors in London.

This paper compares the prevalence of risk factors for sexual acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV-1) among blood donors with the risk in the general population. Sexual behaviour data collected as part of a cross-sectional survey of central London blood donors were compared, after indirect standardization for age and sex, with those collected among Greater London participants of the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSSAL). Overall, male blood donors had lower risk sexual lifestyles than age-matched NATSSAL participants in that they had had fewer lifetime female sexual partners, were more likely to have had first sexual intercourse after 16 years and were less likely to have had a homosexual partner. Men who have had sex with men since 1977 were asked not to donate blood. Despite this, 3.6% of male donors had had some sexual experience with another man and 1.9% had had sexual intercourse with at least one male partner. In contrast, female donors had had more sexual partners, were more likely to have had first sexual intercourse before 16 years and had probable higher rates of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic attendance than NATSSAL participants, explained by the much higher proportion of single rather than married female blood donors at each age. In conclusion, male donors had lower risk sexual lifestyles than age-matched NATSSAL participants, although even low levels of homosexual contact give some cause for concern. Female donors appeared to have higher risk sexual lifestyles than the general population because a much higher proportion of the female blood donors were single. The results provide important insights for those defining blood donor referral criteria.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

The price of development: HIV infection in a semiurban community of Ghana.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of HIV infection in the Manya Krobo District, Ghana, and its potential link to the building of the Akosombo dam. METHODS: A questionnaire and a blood sample were collected among 1228 consecutive pregnant women seen at the prenatal clinics of the two major hospitals of the district. RESULTS: Overall, prevalence of HIV and of serologically confirmed syphilis were 14.9% and 0.7%, respectively. HIV infection was more prevalent among the Krobo ethnic group (137 of 742 [18.5%]) than among other ethnic groups (46 of 486 [9.5%]; p <.001). Two distinct patterns of HIV distribution were identified. Among the Krobos, HIV was common among all age groups, reached a plateau (21.9%) in the 30- to 34-year-old group and was associated strongly with having lived in Côte d'Ivoire and with having received only primary school education. Among the other ethnic groups, prevalence decreased with age, from 17.2% in the 13- to 19-year-old age group to 1.4% among women aged 35 years or older, and HIV infection was associated with having had first sexual intercourse before the age of 17 years. In logistic regression analysis, the independent risk factors for HIV infection were age, schooling, age at first sexual intercourse; having lived in Côte d'Ivoire; age and schooling showed significant interactions with ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS: The high HIV prevalence documented in this part of Ghana seems to be, to some extent, a consequence of construction of the Akosombo dam in the 1960s. The flooding of the land, the failures of the resettlement program and the ensuing poverty prompted economically driven migration, specially to Côte d'Ivoire, where many migrants became infected with HIV. Local transmission followed. This illustrates that HIV can disseminate widely in a society where most men are circumcised and where genital ulcerative diseases are uncommon and should be an indication for less complacency about HIV control in West Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Comparative study between female adolescents with and without sexually transmitted diseases].

OBJECTIVES: To learn about some social and behavioral characteristics of female adolescents with Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD), to compare them with adolescents without STD attended at NESA-UERJ (Adolescent Health Study Center of the State University of Rio de Janeiro) and to identify possible risk factors related to STD. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed by interviewing adolescents that sought care at NESA between August/2001 and July/2003. For data analysis, we computed the frequency of variables and compared the two groups of adolescents, with and without STD, performing chi-square test, with a 5% level of significance. RESULTS: We interviewed a group of 251 adolescents of which 78 (31.1%) were sexually active and had STD, 83 (33.1%) were sexually active and did not have STD and 90 (35.8%) had never experienced sexual intercourse. The mean age of the first sexual intercourse of the sexually active adolescents was of 15 years. Vulvovaginitis was the most frequent diagnosis. Comparing girls with STD to those without STD we found respectively, school setback in 41% and 23.1% (p<0.05), alcohol use in the last month in 43.6% and 25.4% (p<0.05), drug abuse in 15.4% and 2.9% (p<0.05), live away from both parents 73.1% and 46.8% (p<0.05), family violence in 52.6% and 38.1% (p<0.05), sexual abuse in 33.3% and 11.6% (p<0.05) and failure to use a condom during sexual intercourse in 80.3% and 59% (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that there are multiple STD risk factors in both groups. We believe that intervention of the health services for the purpose of reducing incidence of STD in adolescents should be concentrated on the continued encouragement for the use of a condom at each sexual intercourse, as the decrease of other risk factors seems to rest upon actions that are beyond the health ambit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Syphilis positivity in puerperal women: still a challenge in Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors associated with positive syphilis serology results in puerperal women who were receiving care at 24 health centers accredited by Brazil's National Program on Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a probabilistic random sample of 3047 puerperal women. The eligibility criterion was being admitted for delivery or curettage in the selected centers. After an interview to collect demographic and clinical information, a blood sample was taken and then examined with the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide test. With positive VDRL results, the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test (FTA-Abs) was used for confirmation. The event considered for analysis was positivity on the VDRL test, with confirmation by the FTA-Abs. For the statistical analysis, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The model fit was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS: The prevalence of syphilis among the women studied was 1.7%. Multivariate analysis showed that increased risk for positive VDRL and FTA-Abs results was associated with the following characteristics: family income below one minimum wage, age < 17 years at first sexual intercourse, age < or = 14 years at first pregnancy, history of syphilis or of other sexually transmitted diseases prior to the current pregnancy, treatment for syphilis during the current pregnancy, partner having been tested for syphilis, having a positive HIV test result or having no HIV test result on record, previous preterm delivery, and stillbirth as an outcome of pregnancy. Only 43% of the women had had six or more prenatal visits, and only 3% had had one VDRL test during the first trimester of pregnancy and another VDRL test during the third trimester, as is recommended by Brazil's national Ministry of Health. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the problem of congenital syphilis is far from being solved in Brazil. It is necessary to provide adolescents with family planning services as well as guidance on sexual issues, to improve prenatal follow-up, and to research the history of sexually transmitted diseases in both the pregnant woman and her sexual partner.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk factors for Clamydia infections of the genital organs in adolescent females].

INTRODUCTION: Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The highest age-specific rates for chlamydia are found in adolescents. Female adolescents are more susceptible to STDs than older women because their cervical anatomic development is incomplete and especially sensitive to infection by certain sexually transmitted pathogens, and for some other features that characterize sexual behavior and health care behavior of the young people. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors and risk indicators statistically associated with the presence of Ct genital infection in adolescent females. METHOD: The study group comprised 300 sexually active 19 years old girls who were attending the Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia in the period from 1995 to 1997. The participants of this study were interviewed about their sexual behavior, health care behavior and their responsibility level in sexual relationships. Physical examination included microbiological and colposcopic findings. Vaginal and cervical microbiological examinations included the analysis of collected specimens for microscopic and culture analyses. Ct infection of the cervix was identified by direct immunofluorescence staining of smears using monoclonal antibodies. Colposcopic findings were divided in two groups: cervical ectopy and other findings. Data were statistically analyzed using step-wise linear regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of Ct genital infection in the study group was 30.3%. Characteristics in adolescent girls with this infection were mostly as follows: first sexual intercourse was before the age of 17, first sexual partner was older, a great number of sexual partners, (more than 3-25.3% vs 20.1%; more than 4-16.5% vs 10.5%), sexual intercourse during casual contact (44.0% vs 34.4%) and high coital frequency (83.5% vs 72.7%). Among these characteristics, only the coital frequency was significantly associated with the probability of chlamydial genital infection (p < 0.05). Statistical findings about the use of contraceptives among the adolescents indicated that the level of safe sexual practice was low in the majority of girls, despite the presence of chlamydial genital infection. Nevertheless, the girls without Ct genital infection more frequently reported the condom as the method of contraception used for the longest adolescence period (41.6%) in comparison with the adolescent females infected by Ct (17.6%). This difference was statistically significantly associated with the possible manifestation of Ct genital infection (p < 0.05). Healthy adolescent females used condom more frequently at the last intercourse (37.3%) than girls with Ct genital infection (18.2%). Adolescent females often experienced only 0-2 methods of contraception (70.3% of girls infected with Ct and 59.8% of healthy girls). Health care behavior was poor in the examined girls. The suspicion of getting a STD was the reason for their first gynaecological examination in 25.3% of adolescent women with Ct genital infection and in 20.6% of healthy girls. Unwanted pregnancy during adolescence reported 16.5% of girls with Ct cervicitis and 15.8% of healthy girls. The existence of STD previous to examination was noted in 7.9% of infected girls and 7.7% of healthy subjects. Drug abuse reported 23.1% of studied adolescent females with Ct genital infection and 23.0% without it. A large proportion of both the adolescent females and their partners had negative attitudes toward the condom use (54.9% of infected girls and 57.1% of their partners; 32.1% of healthy girls and 35.9% of their partners). The difference between the attitudes toward the condom use among infected and healthy adolescent women and their partners was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Clinical findings of cervical ectopy were more frequent in girls infected with Ct (60.4%) in comparison to healthy girls (15.8%). These differences were also statistically significant (p < 0.001). Associated genital infections (vaginal and/or cervical) were more frequent in adolescent women with Ct cervicitis (56.0%) than in healthy girls (36.8%). The observed differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Predictors of Ct genital infection in adolescent women, according to the step-wise linear regression analysis, were as follows: the presence of cervical ectopy, negative attitudes of adolescent girls and their partners toward the condom use; associated genital infections; frequent coitus; experience in causal sexual relations and older age of the first sexual partner. However, the possibility that this criterion provides imprecise identification of uninfected adolescent women and separation of only Ct infected women, is limited. Therefore, screening of the presence of Ct genital infections in all sexually active adolescent women is necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The determinants of safe sex behaviors of junior college students with sexual experience.

The purpose of this study was to explore the safe sex behavior and related factors of junior college students with sexual experience in southern Taiwan. This study used a cross-sectional design, in which data from a sample of 187 junior college students with sexual experience were collected by an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire. For a conceptual framework, the study used constructs from the PRECEDE (Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Causes in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation) model. Two predisposing factors (AIDS-prevention self-efficacy, AIDS related knowledge), one enabling factor (school resources in AIDS prevention), one reinforcing factor (perception of peers' AIDS prevention behavior), demographic characteristics (gender, parents' educational level), substance use (cigarette and alcohol use) and sexual history (age of first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners) were examined for their ability to influence safe sex behavior of junior college students with sexual experience. The results showed that gender, fathers' educational level, age of first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, cigarette use and alcohol use were significant factors for difference in safe sex behavior. AIDS prevention self-efficacy, AIDS-related knowledge, and perception of peers' AIDS prevention behavior were all positively related to safe sex behavior. AIDS prevention self-efficacy, fathers' educational level accounted for 49.8% of the variance in safe sex behavior.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

[Sexual debut in adolescence and gender relations: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil, 2002].

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess gender differences in adolescents in relation to onset of sexual activity. A total of 406 15-19-year-old adolescents from a family health unit in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, were interviewed from May to December 2002. Nearly half had already had their first sexual intercourse, at a mean age of 15, independently of gender. Sexual debut was usually unplanned (72.7%) and inside the home (86.1%). An equal proportion (61.0%) of males and females used some contraceptive method in their first sexual intercourse; however, more males had used a contraceptive method in their most recent intercourse. Having initiated their sexual activity in stable, affective relationships, females proved to be more vulnerable to STD/AIDS, since they switched from condoms to the pill in their subsequent sexual activity. Male adolescents continued to use mostly condoms, probably because they were involved mainly in non-stable relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Sexual experience and family planning among freshmen (author's transl)].

In the last few years, the number of freshmen who experienced their first sexual intercourse prior to college has increased. This is due to the first occurrence of sexual intercourse at an earlier age even among prospective students. The proportion of university students wishing to get married and to have children during their university years has substantially increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Puberty, sexual milestones and abuse: how are they related in eating disorder patients?

In order to assess the relationship pubertal development, sexual milestones and childhood sexual abuse in women with eating disorders, 44 patients with restricting anorexia nervosa (RAN), 26 with bulimic anorexia nervosa (BAN), 29 with bulimia nervosa and also with a history of anorexia nervosa (BN/HistAN), and 69 with bulimia nervosa but without a history of anorexia nervosa (BN) completed questionnaires on pubertal and sexual development and unpleasant sexual experiences. Forty-four female college students complete the sexual development questionnaire only. Different eating disorder groups were found to be similar in terms of their pubertal development. All eating disorder groups showed delays in aspects of their psychosexual development (age at first kiss, masturbation, genital fondling and first sexual intercourse) compared with the control group, although to a different degree. The RAN group was delayed on almost all sexual milestones whereas the other groups were delayed on only some. On some variables, most noticeably on first sexual intercourse, restricters also were more delayed than the other eating disorder groups. Similarly, the median number of sexual partners differed significantly between groups (RAN = 1, BAN = 2, BN/HistAN = 4, BN = 4, controls = 5, P < 0.0001). Eating disorder patients, in particular RAN patients, were less positive about sexual relationships than controls, but did not differ from controls in attitudes to masturbation, marriage, children or pregnancy. Of the eating disorder patients 22-31% had been sexually abused during childhood. A history of abuse affected attitudes to masturbation, but did not appear to affect sexual development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sexual initiation and childbearing among adolescent girls in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.

A girl's first sexual intercourse is often unplanned and may put her at risk of STDs and HIV infection as well as unwanted pregnancy. The high prevalence of HIV among 15-24 year olds in KwaZulu Natal suggests that sex is initiated at an early age. This paper is based on a 1999 survey in South Africa which identified age of sexual debut and childbearing among adolescent girls in KwaZulu Natal. Of a sample of 796 girls, almost half had already had first sexual intercourse at a mean age of 16. Of these, 44 per cent reported having communicated with their first partner about preventing pregnancy, of whom 36 per cent were able to use a contraceptive method. The majority used a male condom, the pill or injectable. Similarly, 30 per cent had used a method, almost all of them a male condom, to prevent a sexually transmitted disease at first sex. About half of the girls had ever been pregnant and a large percentage of these indicated that the pregnancy had been unwanted. If sexuality education were to begin before puberty, at age 9-10 and in primary school, then many more girls would be in a better position to make informed choices about their sexual activities by the time they begin to engage in sex or reach menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Repeatability of interview-derived information on sexual history: a study in women.

We assessed the repeatability of interview-derived information on age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners in women participating in an ongoing prospective study of genital human papillomavirus infection in Toronto, Canada. Of the 100 study participants invited to attend for re-interview twice during their first year in the study, 74 attended for the first follow-up interview about 5 months after recruitment, and 28 of these 74 subjects attended for a second interview about 4 months later. For both age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners, intraclass correlation coefficients were high, ranging from 0.94 to 0.98. Repeatability differed a little by human papillomavirus status, but not by levels of other relevant factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Factors affecting behaviours that address HIV risk among black and white South Africans.

The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting HIV risk reduction among 150 Black and 150 White South Africans chosen by systematic random sampling. Main outcome measures included sexual behavior and condom use, knowledge about correct condom use, intention of condom use, behavioural norms, attitudes, normative beliefs, and subjective norms about condoms, HIV/AIDS health beliefs, and HIV risk behaviour. Bivariate analysis gave positive significant relations among being single, age, HIV/AIDS perceived severity, HIV/AIDS prevention barriers and HIV risk behaviour. Further, bivariate analysis gave negative significant relations among age at onset of puberty, age at first vaginal intercourse, correct condom use knowledge, subjective norms, intention to use condoms and HIV risk behaviour. Regression analysis indicated that for subjective norm to use condoms, less intention for condom use, less condom use knowledge and younger age of first vaginal intercourse were predictive for HIV/AIDS risk behaviour. HIV prevention intervention programmes should include the identified factors and cultural diversity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). METHODS: A case-control study was used to investigate demographic and behavioural factors, and causative agents associated with PID. RESULTS: A total of 381 participants were recruited: 140 patients, and 105 and 136 controls in tubal ligation and general practice groups, respectively. When compared with a PID-free tubal ligation control group, increased risk of PID was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <20 years; non-white ethnicity; not having had children; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis. When compared with a general practice control group, increased risk was associated with: age <25 years; age at first sexual intercourse <15 years; lower socioeconomic status; being single; adverse pregnancy outcome; a self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease; and exposure to C trachomatis. Of the cases, 64% were not associated with any of the infectious agents measured in this study (idiopathic). CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of cases were idiopathic. PID control strategies, which currently focus on chlamydial screening, have to be reviewed so that they can prevent all cases of PID. Behavioural change is a key factor in the primary prevention of PID, and potential modifiable risk factors were associated with PID.

Adolescent↗