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PubMed1977

The effects of carbohydrate, fat and total energy adjustment of Fredrickson's type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia.

Fifteen patients with Fredrickson's type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia were subjected to a 10-week dietary study during which time qualitative and quantitative alterations were carried out on the fat, carbohydrate and energy content of the diet. Significant reduction was observed in fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels on substitution of polyunsaturated for saturated fat, and on total fat restriction. No changes in cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed when dietary sucrose was replaced with complex carbohydrate, or when there was total carbohydrate restriction. The possible practical applications of these observations are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Hematologic changes in anorexia nervosa].

We studied the hematologic values of 25 patients with anorexia nervosa. Age ranged from 12 to 38 years and 22 were females. Mean hematocrit was decreased to 36% and total leukocyte count to 4.400/microliters. Anemia was diagnosed in 13 patients. It was normocytic in 7 hypochromic microcytic in 7 and megaloblastic in 2. Seven of these anemic patients corrected their anemia with the treatment of anorexia nervosa, 3 required iron supplement and 2 folic acid. Bone marrow studies in 23 patients demonstrated hypoplasia in 17. Four patients had global bone marrow hypoplasia with decreased numbers of erythroblasts and megakaryocytes. A mucopolysaccharide substance substituted for a decreased fat content of bone marrow. A decreased bone marrow reserve of neutrophils and their margination in blood vessels contributed to leukopenia, which was not associated to an increased number of infections. Blood coagulation tests and platelet aggregation were normal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1966

Composition of lipids in human serum and adipose tissue during prolonged feeding of a diet high in unsaturated fat.

Elderly institutionalized men were assigned at random to two groups, one of which received a conventional diet while the other was fed a diet in which the major modification was substitution of unsaturated for saturated fat. Changes in serum lipids and in adipose tissue over periods up to 5 years are described. In control subjects, mean serum cholesterol rose 4% over the first 20 months, then fell during the next 40 months to a level 10% below the starting concentration. In the experimental group there was an immediate drop, followed by further changes roughly parallel to those in the control subjects. The mean difference between the control and experimental groups was 14.0% of the starting level. Changes in serum total lipid were similar, but the percentage difference between control and experimental groups was only 6.8% of the baseline level. All major esterified serum lipid fractions of experimental subjects contained increased concentrations of linoleic acid. This was most marked in triglyceride, which at 3 years had a composition similar to that of the dietary fat in both groups of subjects. Adipose tissue linoleic acid rose in men on the experimental diet from 11% of total fatty acid at time zero to 32% at 5 years. The rise could be fitted to an exponential function with a half-time of 680 days. The rate of rise during the 1st year was correlated negatively with initial body weight and positively with weight gain; the influence of adherence to the diet was much less pronounced.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed whole flaxseed.

A total of 90 lactating Holstein cows averaging 628 kg (SE = 8) of body weight (BW) were allotted at calving to 30 groups of three cows blocked for similar calving dates to determine the effects of feeding whole untreated flaxseed on milk production and composition, fatty acid composition of blood and milk, and digestibility, and to determine whether flaxseed could substitute for other sources of fat such as Megalac and micronized soybeans. Cows were fed a total mixed diet based on grass and corn silage and fat supplements for ad libitum intake. The experiment was carried out from calving up to wk 16 of lactation. Cows within each block were assigned to one of the three isonitrogenous, isoenergetic, and isolipidic supplements based on either whole flaxseed (FLA), Megalac (MEG), or micronized soybeans (SOY). Intake of dry matter and change in BW were similar among diets. Cows fed FLA had greater milk yield than those fed MEG (35.7 vs. 33.5 kg/d) and there was no difference between cows fed FLA and those fed SOY (34.4 kg/d). Fat percentage was higher in the milk of cows fed MEG (4.14%) than in the milk of those fed FLA (3.81%) or SOY (3.70%), but milk protein percentage was higher for cows fed FLA (2.98%) than for those fed MEG (2.86%) and SOY (2.87%). Digestibilities of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and ether extract were lower for cows fed FLA than for those fed SOY and MEG. Retention of N was similar among diets. Feeding FLA resulted in the lowest omega-6-to-omega-3-fatty-acids ratio, which would improve the nutritive value of milk from a human health point of view. The data suggest that micronized soybeans and Megalac can be completely substituted by whole untreated flaxseed as the fat source in the diet of early lactating cows without any adverse effect on production and that flaxseed increased milk protein percentage and its omega-6-to-omega-3-fatty-acids ratio.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1997

Effects of homogenization pressure and stabilizers on some physical characteristics of a beverage prepared from partially defatted, roasted peanuts.

A low-fat beverage with roasted peanut flavor was developed from peanuts. The potential milk substitute contained 11.8% total solids, 2.0% fat and 3.7% protein, and was whitish orange-yellow in color. The effects of stabilizing additives and homogenization pressure (13.8 x 10(6) Pa or 41.4 x 10(6) Pa) on selected physical characteristics were determined. Suspension stability was improved by addition of carrageenan [Benlacta CM61-B (CM), 0.02-0.04%] or a hydrogenated mono- and diglyceride [Emuldan HV52K (HV, 0.2-0.4%)]. Homogenizing at 41.4 x 10(6) Pa increased viscosity of all samples except that of the controls but did not improve the suspension stability (top:bottom solids) of the beverage. The most viscous formulations (17.5 +/- 0.95 cps) were those containing 0.04% CM. Treatments yielding the best combination, compared to cow's milk values, of high suspension stability (0.5 +/- 0.03, where 1.0 = maximum stability) and low viscosity (3.7 +/- 0.89 cps) were those containing 0.2% HV which were homogenized at 13.8 x 10(6) Pa.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Dietary intake and changes in lipoprotein lipids in obese, postmenopausal women placed on an American Heart Association Step 1 diet.

BACKGROUND: Dietary intake and changes in lipoprotein lipids in obese, postmenopausal women placed on an American Heart Association Step 1 diet. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the specific dietary factors associated with the commonly observed decrease in HDL-C concentration in obese, postmenopausal women placed on a low-fat diet. DESIGN/SUBJECTS/INTERVENTION: Dietary intake, lipoprotein lipid concentrations, and body weight were measured before and after 10 weeks of instruction in the principles of the American Heart Association (AHA) Step 1 diet in 55 overweight and obese (body mass index=33+/-4 kg/m2), sedentary, postmenopausal women (mean age 59+/-5 years). RESULTS: The percent of energy obtained from total fat, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated fat, and dietary cholesterol decreased significantly after dietary intervention, while the polyunsaturated:saturated ratio and the percent of energy obtained from total carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, and simple carbohydrate increased. On average, the women lost a small, but significant, amount of body weight (2%+/-3%, P<.0001). Adherence to the AHA diet reduced total cholesterol (-8%+/-8%), LDL-C (-6%+/-11%), and HDL-C (-16%+/-10%). The only dietary change that predicted decreases in HDL-C concentrations was the increase in the percent of energy from simple sugar (r=-0.32, P<.05). There were no relationships between changes in HDL-C and changes in percent of energy from fat (r=0.16), saturated fat (r=0.07), polyunsaturated fat (r=0.04), or monounsaturated fat (r=0.09). APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: In postmenopausal women, a dietary reduction in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol reduces body weight, total cholesterol, and LDL-C, but substitution of simple sugar for dietary fat may lead to a reduction in HDL-C. Further research is needed to determine which specific simple sugars are contributing to diet-induced reductions in HDL-C in older women placed on a low-fat diet.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Effect of postweaning thyroid status on endocrine and adipose development in rats.

We previously reported that 6 wk after thyroidectomy, rat fat cell diameter and number were 86 and 32% of values in age-matched controls. This study aims to 1) determine the time course of these changes and of parallel changes in the levels of several hormones known to participate in adipose differentiation and 2) try to normalize the altered cellularity with thyroxine (T4) treatment. Rats were thyroidectomized (T) or sham-operated and studied 2, 5, or 6 wk later. At 5 wk some T rats received L-T4. Epididymal fat cells were sized and used to estimate fat cell number. Triiodothyronine (T3), T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone, somatotropin (GH), and insulin plasma levels were assayed. In T rats fat cell hypertrophia was blunted uniformly with time, whereas fat cell hyperplasia was slow for 2 wk and zero thereafter. Insulinemia was less drastically reduced than T4, T3, and GH levels. The fat cell number-to-body weight ratio always stayed close to the ratio present at thyroidectomy. In T rats receiving a T4 substitution dose for 1 wk, fat cell number and body weight increased, but not when the T4 dose was lower even though the plasma thyroid hormone levels were increased. These thyroid hormone effects on adipose tissue are probably secondary to other endocrine changes that occur in hypothyroidism.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1996

Alcohol and the regulation of energy balance: overnight effects on diet-induced thermogenesis and fuel storage.

The effect of alcohol on overnight energy expenditure and substrate disposal was studied in eleven subjects (five men, six women) using whole-body indirect calorimetry for 15.5 h after test meals. Three test meals were studied in random order with at least 48 h between treatments: control, 50% of maintenance energy needs provided as 14, 40 and 46% energy from protein, fat and carbohydrate respectively; alcohol addition, control plus 23% energy as alcohol; alcohol substitution, control with alcohol replacing 23% of carbohydrate energy. ANOVA revealed no significant sex effects. Alcohol-induced thermogenesis dissipated only 15 (SD 14)% of the alcohol energy. Alcohol addition had no significant effect on protein or carbohydrate oxidation but fat oxidation was suppressed (P < 0.0005) to an extent equivalent to storing 74 (SD 51)% of the alcohol energy as fat. Alcohol substitution reduced carbohydrate oxidation (P < 0.009) to an equivalent of 42 (SD 41)% and also spared fat (P < 0.005) to an equivalent of 59 (SD 37)% of the alcohol energy. It is concluded that alcohol has no special thermogenic capacity, and that its energy can be accounted for in a similar way to carbohydrate.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

LDL subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in women.

A predominance of small, dense LDL particles (subclass pattern B) characterizes a metabolic trait that is associated with higher levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and lower levels of HDL compared with those of individuals with predominantly larger LDL (pattern A). This trait appears to be under the influence of one or more genes, with maximal expression in adult males and reduced expression in premenopausal females. In a previous study, men with LDL subclass pattern B had significantly greater reductions in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B than men with pattern A. We hypothesized that despite the low prevalence of pattern B in premenopausal women, genetic predisposition to this trait could affect dietary responsiveness. Specifically, we predicted that LDL-C reduction on a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet would be greatest in daughters of two pattern B parents, intermediate in daughters with one pattern B parent, and least in daughters with no pattern B parents. When 72 premenopausal women were placed on a 20% fat diet for 8 weeks, the changes in LDL-C (mmol/L) compared with levels on basal diets were significantly related to the number of pattern B parents (two B parents: -0.92 +/- 0.61, one B parent: -0.23 +/- 0.10, no B parents: -0.05 +/- 0.06) and could not be explained by diet adherence or baseline characteristics including initial lipoprotein profile or body mass index. The number of pattern B parents was also related to reductions in plasma mass concentrations of IDL, total LDL, and large LDL and to increases in plasma triglycerides. There was a significant inverse correlation between changes in triglyceride and LDL-C induced by the low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Thus, genetic and metabolic factors underlying LDL subclass pattern B may result in enhanced LDL and triglyceride responsiveness to substitution of dietary carbohydrate for fat in premenopausal women.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Macronutrient substitutes: safety evaluation.

Macronutrient substitutes, reduced-calorie substances used to replace organoleptic and/or functional properties of fats and sugars in the diet, may become a significant part of the diet as the trend toward lower fat and lower calorie diets continues. Procedures currently used to evaluate the safety of traditional food additives (microadditives) may be inadequate to properly assess the safety of macronutrient substitutes (macroadditives) because of the unique nature of these substances and the potentially large intakes. An evaluation procedure is proposed that recognizes the benefits to be derived from the test material, uses a structured approach to obtain animal and human nutritional and toxicological (including kinetic and dispositional) data that are critically evaluated and that provide a basis for further testing, encourages consultation with the regulatory agency (FDA), and recommends postmarketing surveillance of the macronutrient substitute. The proposed scheme differs from the traditional approach in many respects, such as using dispositional and kinetic data, assessing nutritional status, using human data collected under carefully controlled conditions early in the process, and consulting with the FDA. A case-by-case approach is recommended for safety evaluation of these macroadditives.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[The effect of a low-protein diet and certain pharmaceutical agents on the course of ablation nephropathy in rats].

BACKGROUND: The beneficial effect of a low-protein diet on the course of renal failure after ablation nephropathy in the rat is known; also calcium channel antagonists (CaA) and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) have a protective effect. Because even simple energy restriction retards the development of spontaneous or ablation-induced glomerulosclerosis the authors decided to replace the lacking dietary protein in the low protein diet by starch (disaccharide) and by fat (cereal oil) and compare these two low-protein diets as to their effect on the development of chronic renal failure (CRI) caused by surgical removal of 5/6 of renal parenchyma (5/6 NX). METHODS AND RESULTS: In Wistar rats just after weaning, 5/6 of renal parenchyma were removed surgically. Thereafter, the rats were fed either a "high-protein" (21%) or two types of a "low-protein" (6%) diet, in one of the latter, the lack of protein was substituted by saccharide, in the other by fat making the substitution "isocaloric" in either case. In all three diet groups, subgroups drinking either tap water or water containing either the ACE-inhibitor enalapril (ena) or the calcium antagonist diltiazem (dil) or both (ena+dil) were formed. On the high-protein diet, an increase in the weight of kidney remnants, in proteinuria and in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was seen. This was prevented by feeding either type of the low-protein diet but also by ena and ena+dil. Ena and ena+dil not only prevented the increase in SBP but actually lowered it significantly. Dil alone also had a SBP-lowering action but offered no protection from kidney hypertrophy and it significantly. Dil alone also had a SBP-lowering action but offered no protection from kidney hypertrophy and proteinuria. No additive protective action of ena+dil or ena+low-protein or ena+dil+low-protein was seen suggesting that the lower limit of these protective actions was reached by the low-protein diet alone. There was no substantial difference between either type of low-protein diet except a small and transient decrease in body weight in the first week on a fat-rich diet. CONCLUSIONS: In the described experiments and with the set-up used the low-protein diet had no effect on the plasma creatinine and urea levels nor on creatinine clearance. The weight of the kidney remnants and proteinuria were significantly higher in animals on a high-protein diet who drank water or water with diltiazem. These changes were suppressed by administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors either alone or combined with diltiazem. A low- protein diet (both types tested) as well as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors improve the course of chronic renal failure in ablation nephropathy in the rat; the authors did not prove an additive effect of the combination of this diet with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

The influence of the lipid composition of the feed given to mice on the immunocompetence and tumour resistance of the progeny.

In inbred CBA mice, the immunocompetence of adult progeny from breeding pairs fed three different diets was compared. Substitution of soy oil for animal fat in the feed of the mice during gestation or lactation significantly decreased the PFC response to SRBC in the adult offspring. Addition of 2-methoxy-substituted glycerol ethers to the feed of mothers deprived of animal fat during lactation partly restored the PFC response of the male offspring. In the adult mice fed differently pre- and perinatally the resistance to a transplanted syngeneic sarcoma was similar. The growth of offspring from mice fed the three diets was similar. In mice deprived of animal fat at weaning and for the following 21 days the immune reactivity to SRBC, tested about 3 months after stopping the diet, was not influenced. However, the resistance to a transplanted tumour in similarly fed mice was increased and this resistance was brought approximately to the control level by methoxy-substituted glycerol ethers.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Reversal of high-fat diet-induced obesity in female rats.

The purpose of the present study was to test whether the degree of obesity or the duration of the obese state affects the reversibility of diet-induced obesity. This was accomplished by initially feeding adult female Wistar rats either a low-fat diet (Chow) or one of two high-fat diets (HFDs; 30 and 60% of total calories as dietary fat; 30% HFD and 60% HFD, respectively). Fifty-four days, reversal 1 (R1), or ninety-seven days, reversal 2 (R2), later the HFDs were substituted with the low-fat control diet in subgroups of rats. Animals from all groups were sampled at three intervals: the start of R1 (R1 start), and the completion of R1 (R1 end) and R2 (R2 end). At the end of each interval the 60% HFD-fed group had increased body weight, carcass lipid content, and retroperitoneal and parametrial white adipose tissue (RWAT and PWAT) pad weight, fat cell diameter, and fat cell volume, but not fat cell number (FCN), compared with the other groups. The 60% HFD-fed rats also exhibited a marked and persistent hyperphagia that continued even as most of the indexes of obesity approached their maximal values (R1 end). The 60% HFD group had a transient increase in RWAT and PWAT lipoprotein lipase activity that followed the development of most obesity indicators. A clear intermediate level of obesity did not develop in the 30% HFD-fed group. Instead, these animals had nonsignificant increases in these measures of adiposity, making it impossible to test whether the severity of the obesity affected its reversibility in age-matched groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1978

[Effect of the diet containing rendering fats on the milk yield and vitamin E content in the milk of dairy cows].

In three groups of first-calvers with 15 animals each, with an identical basal diet, we followed for six months the effect of the DOB mixture additive without fat, the DOB mixture with 5% of rendering-plant fat obtained mechanically and DOB with 5% of rendering-plant fat after perchlorethylene extraction (0.90% perchlorethylene residuum). This additive of rendering-plant fats in concentrate mixtures as a substitute for grain in our experiment increased milk efficiency and the production of milk fat parallelled by a saving of concentrated feeds. An addition of rendering-plant fats which were often of low quality resulted in a decrease in vitamin E content in the blood serum and milk.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Protein substitute dosage in PKU: how much do young patients need?

BACKGROUND: The optimal dose of protein substitute has not been determined in children with phenylketonuria (PKU). AIM: To determine if a lower dose of protein substitute could achieve the same or better degree of blood phenylalanine control when compared to the dosage recommended by the UK MRC.(1) METHODS: In a six week randomised, crossover study, two doses of protein substitute (Protocol A: 2 g/kg/day of protein equivalent; Protocol B: 1.2 g/kg/day protein equivalent) were compared in 25 children with well controlled PKU aged 2-10 years (median 6 years). Each dose of protein substitute was taken for 14 days, with a 14 day washout period in between. Twice daily blood samples (fasting pre-breakfast and evening, at standard times) for plasma phenylalanine were taken on day 8-14 of each protocol. The median usual dose of protein substitute was 2.2 g/kg/day (range 1.5-3.1 g/kg/day). RESULTS: When compared with control values, median plasma phenylalanine on the low dose of protein substitute increased at pre-breakfast by 301 mumol/l (95% CI 215 to 386) and in the evening by 337 micromol/l (95% CI 248 to 431). On the high dose of protein substitute, plasma phenylalanine concentrations remained unchanged when compared to control values. However, wide variability was seen between subjects. CONCLUSIONS: A higher dosage of protein substitute appeared to contribute to lower blood phenylalanine concentrations in PKU, but it did have a variable and individual impact and may have been influenced by the carbohydrate (+/- fat) content of the protein substitute.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Serum cholesterol levels in children are associated with dietary fat and fatty acid intake.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies in adults suggest that individual dietary fatty acids differ markedly in their effects on serum lipids and lipoprotein levels. However, these associations have rarely been studied in children. OBJECTIVE: To assess, using regression procedures, the associations in children between specific fatty acids and nonfasting serum lipids and cholesterol after controlling for total energy and total fat intake, SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 1,182 children who participated in the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. The sample was equally distributed across 4 sites (Louisiana, Texas, Minnesota, California). The sample was 48% boys; 71% white, 15% Hispanic-American, 10% African-American, 2% Asian, and 2% from other or unspecified racial/ethnic heritage. DESIGN: In this randomized multicenter trial with 56 intervention and 40 control elementary schools, food record-assisted 24-hour dietary recalls and serum lipid measurements were collected for each child at baseline (3rd grade) and at the 5th grade follow-up. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the association between nutrient composition of the diet and serum lipids. Independent dietary variables included amount and type of fat, individual fatty acids, protein, carbohydrate, and fiber. The dependent variables were the absolute values of serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) both at baseline (3rd grade) and at follow-up (5th grade). RESULTS: Increased total fat (b=0.053; P<.03) was associated with increased TC in the model when energy was held constant, whereas increased carbohydrate was associated with decreased TC (b=-0.021, P<.02) and HDL-C (b=-0.010, P<.005) levels. Increased total protein (b=0.017, P<.05) was associated with increased HDL-C when energy was held constant. Saturated fat (b=0.004, P<.04), unsaturated fat (b=0.004, P<.03), and myristic fatty acid (b=0.021, P<.01) all increased TC in the model when total fat and total energy were held constant. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATIONS: We conclude that using a modeling approach, the effect of diet on serum lipids in children is similar to that observed in adults. Total fat and saturated fat were positively associated with TC and HDLC levels, saturated fat was positively associated with TC, and carbohydrate was inversely associated with both TC and HDL-C. In the statistical model, substitution of unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, or oleic acid for saturated fat, while holding total fat and energy constant, slightly lowered TC. In contrast, substitution of total fat for carbohydrate in the model increased TC and, thus, did not seem to be associated with an apparent health advantage except for HDL-C elevating effects. However, consumption of individual fats tends to be highly correlated, and we were unable to determine if these biological effects were operating independently.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of the porcine melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene as a positional candidate for a fatness QTL in a cross between Landrace and Hampshire.

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is expressed in the appetite-regulating areas of the brain where it is central in the regulation of feed intake and energy balance. A mutation in MC4R causing an Asp298Asn substitution has been associated with fatness, high daily gain and feed intake in the pig. In a previously performed genome scan based on a Hampshire x Landrace cross, we detected one quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting carcass fat/meat ratio and one QTL affecting the biceps femoris muscle, both close to the position of MC4R on porcine chromosome 1. In this study, the two lines were found to be close to fixation for alternative alleles of the Asp298Asn polymorphism. Additional QTL analyses supported our hypothesis of MC4R as a positional candidate gene but only for the fat/meat QTL. The Asp298Asn polymorphism was also evaluated as a selection target for daily gain in a Danish pig breeding population that included four breeds (Hampshire, Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire). Over a 12-year period (1990-2002), a significant increase in the allele frequency of 298Asn was found in Landrace and Duroc, whereas a non-significant decrease in the 298Asn allele frequency was observed in Yorkshire. The Hampshire breed was fixed for the 298Asn allele in 1990. The high 298Asn allele frequencies in Hampshire, Landrace and Duroc are most likely due to selection for daily gain, whereas selection for daily gain in the Yorkshire breed apparently focuses on other loci.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

[Nutrition in long physical endurance events].

In recent years, there was a trend towards longlasting endurance events. The longer the competitions last, the more important nutrition and fluid replacement will be before, during, and after a race, because an inadequate supply reduces performance. Therefore, we summarize in this review the importance of carbohydrate and fat as well as the substitution of water and electrolytes concerning races of more than 4 hours duration.

Adult↗