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PubMed2001

Racial and gender differences in weight status and dietary practices among college students.

A questionnaire was used to assess nutritional intake, weight status, and dietary practices among 630 U.S. college students. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using self-reported heights and weights, and nutritional status was assessed via 24-hour recall. Sixty-four percent of the students had acceptable BMI levels (between 19 and 25); 16% of African-American females and 15% of African-American males had BMIs indicating obesity (30 or above). Approximately 18% of the students consumed 5 servings per day of fruits and vegetables, 7% consumed 6 or more grain products, and 53% consumed 2 or more dairy products. Twenty-seven percent reported never/rarely eating fast foods. Recommendations are presented for the development of culturally appropriate health education/promotion programs in order to help college students meet Healthy People 2010 objectives.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2001

[Total and fecal coliforms, some enterobacteria staphylococcus sp. and moulds in salads for hot dogs sold in Maracay, Venezuela].

Fast food sold on the streets are good vehicle to transmit gastrointestinal diseases to consumers because they are highly manipulated. The vegetables are a good media for pathogens growth. Raw vegetables salads for hot dog sold in Maracay were studied. Total and fecal Coliforms and Staphylococcus sp. were quantified by the Most Probable Number Technique, Coliforms and Staphylococcus isolated were partially identified. Also the mould population was quantified and identified. Microbial growth was correlated with pH and acidity measurements. MPN/g of Total Coliforms was 1.44 x 10(5) and 4.57 x 10(4) for fecal Coliforms. E. coli was no detected. 87 isolated from the Coliforms were partially identified as Citrobacter freundii variety 1 (45.09% of the isolated), C. freundii variety II (21.57%), Enterobacter aerogenes variety I (17.65%) and E. aerogenes variety II (15.69%); Staphylococcus sp. 3.93 x 10(6) MPN/g and all of its isolated (52) were coagulase negative. The mould population was 4.5 x 10(4) ufc/g, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus, sp., Fusarium sp. were partially identified. The salads presented a pH of 5.92 and an acidity of 0.78 ml of NaOH.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Securing staff salary adjustments and raises.

Salary issues have plagued laboratories for as long as there has been a labor shortage, and the situation grows more complicated. At the Virginia Commonwealth University Health System (VCUHS) in Richmond, Virginia, competition for laboratory staff now comes not only from area hospitals and health-care companies but also from non-health-care industries. Shorter shifts, less stress, and better hourly wages offered by fast food chains and retail stores lure away the young workers traditionally hired for entry-level laboratory positions. Clearly, a salary adjustment is necessary.

Economic Competition↗

PubMed2002

Physical activity and nutritional status of adolescents on Guam.

The 1999 Safe & Drug Free Schools and Communities Youth Risk Behavior Study collected data from representative samples of both high school (n=590) and middle school students (n=643) on Guam in May, 1999. Results showed that the dietary and exercise habits of Guam's adolescents were sub-optimal. Out of the 643 middle school students surveyed, 26% consumed at least 3 meals per week at a fast food restaurant and 53.3% consumed at least 2 cans of sweetened soda per day. Guam adolescents had a very low intake of fruits and vegetables. As many as 75.3% of high school students reported consuming fruits and vegetables less than once a day. Students who practiced unsafe weight loss practices were significantly more likely to smoke cigarettes, and use illegal drugs. In addition, 26.9% of adolescents surveyed were considered 'overweight'--similar to the prevalence of overweight reported among U.S. Mainland adolescents. Finally, data from survey showed that adolescents on Guam spent more time watching television and less time performing various physical activities than adolescents in the U.S. mainland. These suboptimal practices put Guam's adolescents at increased risk for immediate and long-term health problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[The significance of lifestyle as a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome].

The metabolic syndrome is featured by obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, additionally associated with inflammatory and fibrinolytic dysfunctions, all of which are risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The lifestyle factors that could cause and aggravate the metabolic syndrome are physical inactivity, calorie-dense diet, habitual alcohol drinking and smoking, and psychosocial stress. Energy excess along with a lot of saturated fat, i.e. more fast food and sugar-containing drinks, and sedentary lifestyle like television viewing are contributing to the epidemic of obesity. The significance of lifestyle from birth to adulthood will be reviewed in the context of the metabolic syndrome, as well as the background and environment in which the convenient lifestyle spread far and wide among us.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

An unusual case of scalp laxity following weight reduction.

The advent of fast foods, increased mechanization,advanced telecommunication and improved living standards have caused human beings to adopt sedentary life styles leading to lesser means of expending calories, accumulation of body fat and tendency to be obese. Plastic surgery can be of great help in supporting patients in their attempts at weight reduction by removing resistant body fat and excising redundant skin that may not succumb to other means of weight reduction. The authors present an unusual case of a young gentleman who developed a rare laxity of the scalp following a drastic weight reduction. Scalp reduction led to a significant cosmetic improvement and psychological acceptance of body image. A review of literature and discussion on the management of this unusual case follows.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Dietary and life-style habits of university students in Poland--empirical study].

The aim of the study was the analysis of selected elements students life styles: nutrition behavior, physical activity, cigarettes smoking, alcohol drinking as a background of coronary diseases development. The respondents (412 persons) were university students: 339 women and 79 men. On an average they were 20 years old. 204 persons were inhabitants of towns, 208--villages and small towns. The interviews were conducted in Warsaw and Olsztyn in 2002. In general, for students non-healthy nutrition behavior were characteristic: non-regular consumption of meals (about 50%)), low frequency vegetables and fruits consumption (about 50%), sporadic fishes consumption (about 40%), preferring butter (35%) and poor physical activity (about 50%). Positive aspects of students nutrition were: preferring of poultry (44%), high frequency of fruit juice and mineral water drinking (about 40%) and sporadic chips and fast-food consumption (about 80%). One can observe differences in regard to the place of living. Pro-healthy behavior were more disseminated among students living in towns. More of them consumed daily vegetables, fruit juices, preferred poultry, did not smoke cigarettes and were physically active in comparison with students living in villages and small towns. General conclusions: there is a necessity to create programmers of health education at universities.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Nutrients and osteoporosis in children and adolescents].

It is widely accepted that development of a higher peak bone mass during adolescent years protects against postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is wise to instill in children good eating habits before adolescence. However, low intake of calcium, frequent intake of fast food, convenience food and oily snack as well as cyclical dieting often observed in recent Japanese children. Educating children about osteoporosis at school could accelerate higher bone mass accumulation by improvement of their diet and other lifestyle factors. Significantly higher bone accruals was observed in Japanese children who had increased intake of vegetable, fruit, fish and small fish along with consciousness of bone measurement.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2005

Lean meat and heart health.

The general health message to the public about meat consumption is both confusing and misleading. It is stated that meat is not good for health because meat is rich in fat and cholesterol and high intakes are associated with increased blood cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease (CHD). This paper reviewed 54 studies from the literature in relation to red meat consumption and CHD risk factors. Substantial evidence from recent studies shows that lean red meat trimmed of visible fat does not raise total blood cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Dietary intake of total and saturated fat mainly comes from fast foods, snack foods, oils, spreads, other processed foods and the visible fat of meat, rather than lean meat. In fact, lean red meat is low in saturated fat, and if consumed in a diet low in SFA is associated with reductions in LDL-cholesterol in both healthy and hypercholesterolemia subjects. Lean red meat consumption has no effect on in vivo and ex vivo production of thromboxane and prostacyclin or the activity of haemostatic factors. Lean red meat is also a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, niacin, zinc and iron. In conclusion, lean red meat, trimmed of visible fat, which is consumed in a diet low in saturated fat does not increase cardiovascular risk factors (plasma cholesterol levels or thrombotic risk factors).

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood obesity: etiology, prevention, and treatment.

The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is alarming, particularly in light of its many medical and psychosocial consequences. In this review, we discuss key concepts of nutrition and physical activity. Etiology, prevention, and treatment strategies are also discussed, focusing on the macronutrient content of the diet, portion control, meal patterns, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. Television viewing, lack of physical activity, and intake of fast food and soft drinks are also examined as potential contributing factors in the obesity epidemic. Children should be helped to develop healthy nutrition and exercise habits early, since interventions are most effective when behaviors are still being formed.

Child↗

PubMed2005

[Physiological changes and related nursing care issues during hunger strike].

The use of hunger strike as a tool to assert grievances has been around for ages and has occasionally happened in the world. Hunger strikers' motives may differ, but their tool is the same--the voluntary refusal of food. Fasting not only results in body weight loss, but also in physiological and neurological function changes, and, of course, it may even threaten life. The health care of hunger strikers is complex. It involves medical staff, medical ethics and guidance for the management of the hunger strikers. Improper medical management may not only undermine the hunger striker's dignity but also risk further damage to his or her health. By understanding hunger strikers' physiological changes and related ethical issues, therefore, we aim to identify appropriate forms of nursing care management and guidance for the care of hunger strikers.

Fasting↗

PubMed2005

Acculturation and its association with health-risk behaviors in a rural Latina population.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of proxy measures of acculturation and to examine the association between acculturation and selected health-risk behaviors. METHODS: Participants were 1062 Latina pregnant women who received prenatal care at clinics in San Joaquin County, California between 1999 and 2001. We used the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of proxy measures and regression analysis to examine health-risk behaviors. RESULTS: Using the ARSMA-II short version scale as a reference, age at immigration had the highest percentage of correctly classified individuals. Acculturation was significantly associated with a lifetime history of substance use, risky sexual behavior, low fruit consumption, and high fast-food meal consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Acculturation is an important predictor of health-risk behavior among women. Further research is needed to better understand the phenomenon and to avert associated adverse health consequences.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2004

Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors and regional strategies for prevention and care.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major disease burden in the Region. Many of the risk factors are related to lifestyle and can be controlled. Physical inactivity, low fruit and vegetable intake, high fast food consumption and high cholesterol are predominant causes of cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Overweight and obesity can lead to metabolic changes and raise the risk of NCDs, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Three main strategies are proposed to deal with the problem: estimate need and advocate for action; develop national policies, strategies and plans for prevention and care; promote and implement community participation in prevention and care. NCDs are preventable using available knowledge; solutions are effective and highly cost-effective.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Reading, writing & winnowing wheat.

Thanks to world-renowned chef Alice Waters, the kids in one California school went from eating fast-food lunches on a crumbling blacktop to growing and preparing their own fresh-food feasts. Could this idea help stave off a national obesity epidemic?

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Further examination of the equity sensitivity construct.

This study was conducted to investigate whether a measure of equity sensitivity can predict individual reactions to inequity. The equity sensitivity construct suggests that there are three categories of individual preferences for equity: (1) benevolent individuals prefer their input:outcome ratios be less than those of their comparison others, (2) equity sensitive individuals prefer their input:outcome ratios be equal to those of comparison others, and (3) entitled individuals prefer their input:outcome ratios be higher than those of comparison others. To identify their appropriate equity sensitivity category, 639 undergraduate students and 119 fast-food restaurant employees were administered the Equity Sensitivity Instrument. These subjects were then asked to react to two underreward/overreward scenarios. Analysis indicates that equity sensitivity groups generally exhibit reactions in the direction predicted by the study; however, some inconsistencies require further study. Research should examine why some reactions to inequity are chosen over others and how the longitudinal effects of a work relationship may influence one's reactions to inequity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Independent performance among individuals with mental retardation: promoting generalization through self-instruction.

The full participation of individuals with mental retardation in the community requires performance of newly acquired skills in novel circumstances and across the varying demands characteristic of life in the everyday world. For example, a person who has learned how to ride a bus may have to adapt to changes in scheduling, bus routes, or fares. Or an employee who has been taught by a coworker to make salads in a fast-food restaurant will need to continue to complete orders when the coworker no longer is present. Although skill generalization is an implicit educational goal, instructional strategies rarely are employed to influence the attainment of this goal (Haring & Laitinen, in press). Self-instruction is a strategy that has been effective in promoting the independent performance of people with mental retardation. Self-instruction provides individuals with the means for guiding their own behavior in novel situations not associated with training and after assistance has been withdrawn. For example, by using self-instruction, people with mental retardation have learned, among other skills, to sequence their tasks, increase their rate of production, and solve work-related problems. This chapter evaluated studies that investigated use of self-instruction among individuals with mental retardation in community settings. The focus of the review was on identification of factors relating to generalization across people, situations, tasks, and time. The combination of these factors suggests a model for promoting independent performance among individuals with mental retardation. This model combines self-instruction with teaching multiple exemplars and comprises the following six steps: (a) Select an array of examples (responses) an individual is likely to be required to perform in an environment (step 1); (b) classify responses into teaching sets based upon a functional analysis (step 2); (c) divide items of each set into responses that will serve as training examples and those that will serve as generalization probes (step 3); (d) teach trained examples using self-instruction (step 4); (e) evaluate effect of training on trained and untrained examples (i.e., generalization probes) as well as verbalized self-instructional statements (step 5); and (f) withdraw training based upon performance criteria while evaluating the effect of withdrawal (step 6). These steps represent the best practices for promoting independent performance of individuals with mental retardation in the community.

Attention↗

PubMed1988

Metamorphosis of dentistry. Update on alternative delivery systems.

In 1985, Americans spent $27.8 billion for dental care. Patients paid $18 billion out-of-pocket, while private health insurance paid about $9.2 billion. Public programs paid approximately $600 million primarily through Medicaid. Commercial insurance carriers have increased their market share to more than 80 million subscribers, or more than 70 per cent of the total market. Dental service corporations and Blue Cross/Blue Shield plans cover more than 30 million subscribers, while independent plans have policies with more than 6 million customers. Dentistry today is a big business, and Big Business wants to make it their business. What makes health care vastly different from the manufacture and sale of microwaves, furniture and clothing, or the production and serving of fast foods is that the provider is in a unique relationship with the consumer/patient and will always have a large measure of control for this reason. Receiving dental care is not the same as purchasing a new pair of tennis shoes, but good business practices from other business arenas can make it possible for greater numbers of people to have greater access to it. Over the past 25 years a metamorphosis of dentistry has been generated by a rather constant interplay between the various involved parties to obtain a position of least financial risk. Insurance carriers and/or administrative intermediaries want the risk placed on the dentist, employers want the administrators to take it, and dentists want employers, administrators, or patients to assume it. The future will see the gradual evolvement of equitable plans dividing the risk among the four principle parties. Plans are being put in place today that already reflect this. A viable alternative delivery system means: Dental care providers who have the knowledge and incentive to perform quality care; administrators willing to share some of the risk; and employers and consumers who are sophisticated and realistic in their demands in today's marketplace. All these factions are currently interacting to create the new dental picture we see today--and will see in the future.

Capitation Fee↗

PubMed1987

[Constraints imposed by political factors upon government intervention and health promotion].

In this article, Michel O'Neill, Ph. D., discusses the necessity of taking political factors into consideration when embarking on preventive programmes, regardless of the level in the community in which the intervention is to take place. When using the term, "political factors", the author is referring to the powers of influence which certain individuals or groups inevitably have over members of a community, regardless of its size. The influence is thus not necessarily linked to partisan politics but potentially has extensive implications for health promotion activities. After an introduction to the history of the development of a community health oriented system in Quebec, O'Neill presents four examples (at the local, regional, provincial, and federal levels) to introduce his analysis of political influence in community health and its implications in health promotion programmes. The marketing genius and tremendous budget of a multinational, American-based fast food corporation represents the political influence contrary of health promotion interests in two of the examples: competing with nutrition education efforts at a local level and "philanthropically" supporting curative efforts at a regional level. At a provincial level, the perpetual problem of tobacco corporations influencing elected officials in their social policies is presented while the aberration between rhetoric vis à vis policy and the reality of non-action is cited as political influence at a federal level. The examples cited are only four among "dozens and dozens" and serve as a reminder that health promotion professionals must take political influences into account if they wish to implement effective policies and programmes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Community Health Services↗