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PubMed1989

Embryonic development of axon pathways in the Drosophila CNS. II. Behavior of pioneer growth cones.

We have identified the neurons that pioneer the major CNS axon tracts in the Drosophila embryo and determined their trajectory and fasciculation choices using serial section electron microscopy. Although Drosophila pioneer neurons make choices similar to those of their grasshopper homologs, there are interesting differences that reflect the much smaller nervous system size and the much faster rate of development characteristic of Drosophila. For example, where 2 longitudinal tracts are pioneered independently in grasshopper, only one is formed in Drosophila. This change is due to a change in fasciculation affinity of the pCC growth cone. Additionally, the intersegmental (IS) nerve is pioneered by a different neuron in Drosophila (aCC) than in the grasshopper (U1) because the smaller Drosophila CNS places the IS nerve within filopodial reach of the aCC soma, while in the grasshopper it is not. Drosophila growth cones explore a much more confined neuropil volume than do grasshopper growth cones but can also sample a larger fraction of the CNS as well. For this reason, some cell-cell recognition events critical to pathfinding in the grasshopper embryo may not be as essential in Drosophila. Nevertheless, many specific cellular affinities have been retained through the evolutionary divergence of these 2 species.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Multifocal polyneuropathy with persistent conduction blockage. A new subset of chronic inflammatory polyneuropathies].

Recently a subset of chronic demyelinating inflammatory polyneuropathies with asymmetrical involvement limited to upper limbs, at least at the onset, resembling a multifocal mononeuropathy has been described. Electrodiagnostic testing disclosed multifocal CB outside the common entrapment sites has been described. We report a 55 years old man with a 4 years history of paresis, numbness, fasciculations, myokymia, cramps and mild amyotrophy. Electrophysiological evaluation showed proximal multifocal conduction block and abundant spontaneous activity as fasciculations, myokymia and scarce denervation activity. The importance of taking into account this entity in the differential diagnosis of patients with suspected mononeuritis multiplex or motoneuron disease is emphasized. The nosologic place of this entity is also discussed.

Arm↗
PubMed1986

The participation of a putative cell surface receptor for laminin and fibronectin in peripheral neurite extension.

We have used the CSAT (cell substrate attachment) monoclonal antibody (Mab), which is directed against a putative laminin and fibronectin receptor, to examine its role in the adhesive phenomena of neurons. This antibody was previously found to disturb the adhesion of several classes of fibroblasts and muscle. Here we report its effects upon neuronal-substrate adhesion. Two sources of neurons were investigated--the dorsal root and ciliary ganglia. Both responded similarly. Neurons plated in the presence of the CSAT Mab did not adhere to the substratum and process formation was inhibited completely for at least 24-48 hr. In explant cultures, when neurons were first allowed to extend processes prior to addition of the CSAT Mab, the results depended on the particular substrate. With some substrates, the neurites bundled and detached from the substratum; with others, they retracted and regrew to form large fascicles or bundles of processes. In dissociated cultures that already had extended processes, neurites fasciculated and cell bodies aggregated in response to the presence of the CSAT Mab. The magnitude of this response varied, depending upon the substrate. The antigen was localized, using immunofluorescence, on neuronal cell bodies, axons, and growth cones. This distribution correlated with its biological effects on all parts of the neuron. The antigen was isolated from neuronal cultures by immunoaffinity purification. It migrated in the molecular weight range of 140 kDa on reducing SDS-PAGE. This antigen is very similar to that isolated from fibroblasts, which is an integral membrane glycoprotein complex. The data presented implicate the participation of the CSAT antigen in neurite extension and fasciculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Anatomic and radiologic observations of the clavicle of adult dogs.

In an anatomic and radiologic study of the clavicle of 50 adult dogs of 10 breeds, the clavicle had ossified in 96% of the dogs. The clavicles studied had various shapes, and each clavicle was attached to the caudomedial part of the clavicular intersection of the brachiocephalic muscle, to the mastoid part of the cleidocephalic muscle, and to 4 radiating bands of connective tissue fasciculi. One band was attached to the caudal border of the scapula and fascia deep to the latissimus dorsi muscle, 1 was attached to the manubrium of the sternum, and 1 each was attached to the epimysia of the superficial pectoral and sternocephalic muscles. We concluded that, during movements of the thoracic limb, the clavicle and the 4 fasciculated connective tissue bands associated with it stabilize the position of the brachiocephalic muscle with relation to the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus. Also, the fasciculated band attached to the caudal border of the scapula provides protection for nerves from the brachial plexus and axillary blood vessels that supply the thoracic limb.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Alcuronium pretreatment attenuates succinylcholine-induced increases in plasma catecholamine concentrations in humans.

The effect of alcuronium given before succinylcholine (SCh) on plasma catecholamine concentrations, systolic blood pressure and heart rate was studied in patients anesthetized with enflurane. Twenty-one patients were divided into three groups; six control patients without SCh, eight SCh (1 mg/kg) patients, and seven pretreated patients given alcuronium, 0.04 mg/kg, 5 min before SCh, 1 mg/kg. In the SCh group, mean plasma norepinephrine concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate significantly increased with onset of fasciculations, whereas in the pretreated patients these variables did not change significantly and no fasciculation was observed. These results indicate that alcuronium pretreatment significantly attenuates the SCh-induced increases in plasma norepinephrine concentrations, systolic blood pressure and heart rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pulmonary function changes induced by experimental dichlorvos toxicosis in calves.

Clinical and pulmonary function changes induced by intravenous dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorvinyldimethyl phosphate) (DDVP) toxicosis, and reversibility of these changes after atropine treatment were investigated in six Friesian calves one to three months old. From one minute after dosage, all animals showed severe respiratory distress, excitation, weakness, muscle fasciculation and cholinesterase inhibition. Decrease in dynamic lung compliance and arterial oxygen tension and increase in total pulmonary resistance, viscous work of breathing and alveolar arterial oxygen gradient were highly significant (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, body secretions, heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume and arterial carbon dioxide tension were not significantly affected by DDVP injection. Atropine promptly and completely reversed these changes, except for muscle fasciculations, central depression and cholinesterase inhibition which disappeared progressively within 24 hours.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Structures and relationships of the anterior malleus ligament.

48 temporal bones, fixed in 10 percent formaline, were dissected by microdissection and the anterior malleus ligament was studied morphological and histologically. Some gross sections were made to microscopic observations and microssections, to histologic preparations. The anterior malleus ligament shows fasciculate aspect in its intratympanic portion, by 3 fascicles , superior, middle and inferior, with dentate form. The superior fascicle is whitish, dimmed and frequently thinner than the others and was classified under 4 patterns, according to its insertion. The middle fascicle is the thickest, voluminous+, whitish and shinning ; tendinous, it is inserted below the superior fascicle . The inferior fascicle is thickness and insert immediately under the middle one. The extratympanic portion of the anterior malleus ligament is fasciculate but little evident; it shows irregular aspect, flattened, with disperses fibres into the petrotympanic fissure. However can be noted continuity of the fascicles that are crossed by the nerve chorda tympani. Several fibres insert on the nasal spine and on the sphenomandibular ligament, where the fibres intertwine. They finish on the disc, articular capsule and anterior malleus ligament through a true interlinked. Histological observations of the anterior malleus ligament show a modelate and dense conjunctive formation, while in the temporomandibular joint capsular region was not a modelate conjunctive.

Decalcification Technique↗
PubMed1985

Laminin and optic nerve regeneration in the goldfish.

Previous work from our laboratory had shown that goldfish retinal fragments explanted onto a polylysine substratum 1 to 2 weeks following optic nerve crush exhibit a striking clockwise pattern of neuritic outgrowth. In the present study, however, when the basal lamina component laminin was used as a substratum, neurites grew out as uncurved spokes, were less fasciculated, and had an increased rate of elongation. When laminin was combined with polylysine in the substratum, the degree of fasciculation and rate of elongation were similar to those seen on laminin alone, whereas the tendency for clockwise outgrowth was even more pronounced than that observed with polylysine alone. These results suggest that regenerating neurites have an affinity for laminin. Using an antibody to murine Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma laminin, which cross-reacted with basal lamina in goldfish tissue sections, we studied the histochemical distribution of laminin in the goldfish visual system. Immunoperoxidase staining for laminin showed a characteristic scalloped pattern of staining in cross-sections of optic nerve bundles. Following optic nerve crush, the reaction product became much more diffuse and intense, especially distal to the crush site. When the retinal ganglion cell bodies were eliminated by removing the eye, the degenerating optic nerve stump still showed the intensive staining. We interpret these results to indicate that optic nerve glia are responsible in large part for the formation of laminin. Taken together, these in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that laminin plays a role in nerve regeneration in the goldfish central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Pathfinding by neuronal growth cones in grasshopper embryos. III. Selective affinity of the G growth cone for the P cells within the A/P fascicle.

The growth cone of the G neuron selectively fasciculates upon specific axon bundles in a stereotypic sequence as it navigates through the developing central nervous system of the grasshopper embryo. It turns and extends anteriorly in the contralateral neuropil of the second thoracic ganglion at a specific choice point where it fasciculates with the A/P axon bundle which contains the axons of the A1, A2, P1, and P2 neurons. We previously hypothesized (Raper, J. A., M. J. Bastiani, and C. S. Goodman (1983) J. Neurosci. 3: 20-41) that this fascicle, or subsets of axons within it, were specifically labeled and that the G neuron was determined to follow this labeled pathway. Here we report on an ultrastructural analysis of the interactions between the G growth cone and its filopodia with the cells of the A/P fascicle at the choice point. As G reaches its choice point, its filopodia are in more frequent contact with the A/P fascicle in comparison to the other longitudinal axon fascicles. Within the A/P fascicle, the tip of G's growth cone is found to be closely associated with the P and not the A axons. Furthermore, before the G growth cone climbs onto the A/P fascicle, its filopodia show a selective affinity for the P axons as compared to the A axons. Another specific interaction involves selective filopodial insertions; only filopodia from the P cells were found to insert into the G growth cone and induce coated pits and vesicles. These findings suggest that G is able to distinguish the A/P fascicle from other axon bundles and, moreover, is able to distinguish the P axons from the A axons. The companion paper (Raper, J. A., M. J. Bastiani, and C. S. Goodman (1984) J. Neurosci. 4: 2329-2345) presents experimental results based on specific axon ablations that further support this hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Morvan's fibrillary chorea and acrodynic syndrome following mercury treatment].

A 31 year-old inhabitant of French Guiana was prescribed mercuric iodide per os for two and a half months. Shortly before the end of the treatment he developed fasciculations in the trunk and particularly the lower limb muscles, distal painful paresthesias with vasomotor disorders, episodes of excessive perspiration and palmoplantar erythema, moderate fluctuating hypertension, progressive loss of weight and irritability with insomnia. Clinical and electrical signs of neuropathy were lacking. The clinical picture was that of Morvan's fibrillary chorea with acrodynia, the conditions of onset strongly suggesting a mercurial intoxication. Blood and particularly urine mercury levels were elevated. Administration of dimercaprol (BAL) considerably increased urinary excretion of mercury and there was progressive improvement and finally recovery after two months of BAL treatment. This case exemplifies the possible co-existence of fibrillary chorea and acrodynia. Whereas in many cases of fibrillary chorea a precise etiology cannot be determined, the affection can be induced by mercury as by gold administration. The fact that cases of fibrillary chorea due to mercury poisoning are rarely reported may be the result of individual patient hypersensitivity or particular metabolic absorption and excretion features of mercury. This case cannot be included within the continuous activity syndrome of muscle fibers described by Isaacs, since muscle contractures were absent and there was associated acrodynia. Moreover, there was no latent polyneuropathy, in spite of the intense fasciculations. It must be concluded, therefore, that in spite of its rarity fibrillary chorea should keep its semiologic autonomy.

Acrodynia↗
PubMed1983

A study of the growth cones of developing embryonic sensory neurites.

The scanning electron microscope was used to examine the growth cones of sensory neurites on the basal lamina of the trunk skin and on the myotomes in dissected embryos of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis. On the myotomes growth cones are large and flat with extensive lamellipodia and many filopodia. On the skin growth cones are smaller and have simpler processes particularly in more ventral positions. Where growth cones contact each other or other neurites they are very intimately apposed and show many indications of strong mutual adhesion. Fasciculation and separation of growing neurites is described and the conditions leading to fasciculation are considered. Measurements of growth cones on the myotomes and different dorsoventral regions of the skin are interpreted in terms of possible differences in the adhesiveness of these substrates. We conclude that many of our observations can be explained by differences in substrate adhesion to the growth cones but that the skin may have some special, unknown attraction for them.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient changes produced by induction of anaesthesia and suxamethonium.

The pressures in the lower oesophageal sphincter (high pressure zone or HPZ) and stomach were measured in 15 patients with duodenal ulcer and 14 patients with no gastrointestinal disease. All the patients were premedicated with morphine 10 mg i.m. In the patients without duodenal ulcer, the pressure gradient between HPZ and stomach was 6.6 +/- 0.62 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) before diminishing to 4.9 +/- 0.86 after induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone. During fasciculations following i.v. suxamethonium, the gradient increased to 7.1 +/- 1.0 mm Hg. In patients with duodenal ulcer, although the absolute pressures were less, the gradients during the study were similar to those in healthy patients. We conclude that there is no increased risk of regurgitation during fasciculations induced by suxamethonium.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMed1980

Cardiopulmonary, behavioral, and pharmacokinetic effects of propoxyphene in horses.

The acute behavioral cardiopulmonary and pharmacokinetic effects of propoxyphene hydrochloride were studied in seven adult horses. Each horse was given three different dosages of propoxyphene (0.5, 1.0, 2.2 mg/kg) IV. Fourteen days was allotted between each drug administration. The lower IV dosages of propoxyphene (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) resulted in no changes in indices of cardiopulmonary function. Four horses demonstrated a transient period of muscle fasciculations when given 0.5 mg of propoxyphene/kg. Horses given 1.0 mg/kg demonstrated a brief period of euphoria, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations followed by a period of increased motor activity lasting for approximately 30 minutes. Horses given 2.2 mg of propoxyphene/kg demonstrated significant (P less than 0.05) increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure and, after a brief period of ataxia and disorientation, displayed increased motor and locomotor activity lasting several hours. These behavioral effects were less apparent in three of four horses 4 hours after their appearance by the IV administration of naloxone. Propoxyphene exhibited a dose dependent half-life of from 61 to 135 minutes and an apparent volume of distribution of from 2.54 to 4.26 L/kg. Total body clearance was 21.9-28.4 ml/min/kg. In the adult pain-free horse, propoxyphene causes dose dependent excitatory effects similar to the narcotic analgesics.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[The zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands 60 days after termination of exposure to chemical fertilizer].

We detected fatty substances as well as enzymic activity in rats which, after a stay in workshop, where NPK fertilizer is produced, for 30 days survived another 60 days in normal conditions. The quantity of neutral fats and tryglycerides was reduced while the content of phospholipids was increased concerning the fasciculate's zone cells. After exposure to NPK fertilizer the cells nuclei got enlarged and dense. The activity of acid phosphatases increased, MAO was reduced, while the activity of succinat-dehydrogenesis was increased. The dermined quantities of fatty substances as well as the enzyme activity point to stimulated activity of fasciculate's zone cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Eosinophil granule proteins increase microvascular macromolecular transport in the hamster cheek pouch.

By using microscopic, fluorometric, and immunologic methods, we have assessed the effects of eosinophil granule proteins on the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch. The plasma clearance of FITC-dextran 150 (FITC-dx 150) was used to quantify macromolecular transport. Topical application of major basic protein (MaBP) at 0.1 and 0.5 nM increased the clearance of FITC-dx 150 from a base line of 591 to 1283 and 1966 nl/60 min/g, respectively. Numerous muscle fasciculations were also observed with the 0.5 nM dose of MaBP. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was as potent as MaBP and caused an increase in the clearance of FITC-dx 150, 0.5 nM eliciting 2156 nl/60 min/g. In contrast, topical application of 0.5 nM eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) increased clearance of FITC-dx 150 to a significantly lower level, 1113 nl/60 min/g. Supplementing 0.5 nM EPO with 1 nM H2O2 enhanced the clearance of FITC-dx 150 to 2404 nl/60 min/g, suggesting separate cationic charge and enzymatic activity-related effects. Compared with these eosinophil granule proteins, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) required a 2000-fold higher concentration (1 microM) to elicit a significant increase in the clearance of FITC-dx 150 (1505 nl/60 min/g). Neither EPO, EPO+H2O2, ECP, nor EDN at 1 mM caused muscle fasciculations. Quantitative analysis of the suffusates from the preparations exposed to these eosinophil proteins did not contain histamine. Our results demonstrate that MaBP, ECP, EPO, and EDN increase microvascular transport in the hamster cheek pouch and that this increase is independent of endogenous histamine release. The concentrations of eosinophil granule proteins causing increased vascular permeability are achieved in many pathologic conditions suggesting that the granule proteins play an important role in disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pheochromocytoma in two horses.

A 12-year-old Standard-bred mare and a 21-year-old Quarter Horse gelding were treated for signs of abdominal pain and sweating. The mare also had muscle fasciculations, azotemia, and ataxia, and was euthanatized after signs of pain became refractory to analgesics. The gelding died when ventricular tachycardia developed during general anesthesia for exploratory celiotomy. Adrenal pheochromocytomas (bilateral in the mare), associated with retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal hemorrhage, were found on postmortem examination. Pheochromocytoma should be considered in older horses with signs of abdominal pain and sweating. Further consideration of pheochromocytoma should be afforded in older horses in which muscle fasciculations, ataxia, azotemia, and intraperitoneal hemorrhage are recognized. Identification, by per rectum palpation, of retroperitoneal swelling in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen also should alert the diagnostician to the possibility of a ruptured pheochromocytoma.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of respiratory failure in organophosphate and carbamate poisoning.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical profile and cholinesterase levels of subjects of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning and to identify those subjects who would require ventilatory support. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. SETTING: Intensive care unit of a tertiary care urban hospital. SUBJECTS: Fifty-two patients admitted with a diagnosis of organophosphate or carbamate poisoning. OUTCOME MEASURES: Subject survival and ventilator requirement. INTERVENTION: Treatment with atropine and pralidoxime and mechanical ventilation for patients with respiratory failure. Clinical features were monitored at every stage, and blood for plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels was collected on admission. RESULTS: According to the ingested poison, subjects were divided into four groups: organophosphates (13 subjects), mixed organophosphate and carbamate (18), carbamates (13), and a fourth miscellaneous group (8). Dyspnea and vomiting were the most common symptom and miosis and cyanosis were the most frequently observed signs. Plasma and red cell cholinesterase levels were lowest in the mixed poison group and highest in the carbamate group. Twenty-seven subjects developed Type I respiratory failure and 7 had Type II respiratory failure. Mechanical ventilation was required in 31 subjects. Overall 33 subjects survived. A scoring system, on a point scale of 16, was developed using miosis, unconsciousness, fasciculations, and plasma cholinesterase levels to predict ventilator requirement. CONCLUSION: This study helps to identify at an early stage those patients with organophosphate or carbamate poisoning who would ultimately require ventilatory support. We found miosis, unconsciousness, fasciculations, and a low plasma cholinesterase level to be of greatest predictive value.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Progressive pseudomyopathic spinal amyotrophies (author's transl)].

Genetic, elettromyographic, enzymological and histological aspects of two cases of proximal pseudomyopathic spinal amyotrophy are described. The former is related to a typical Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander syndrom with characteristics of recessive autosomal heredity. It is related to a fifteen-years old patient who, since he was ten has been affected by progressively increasing muscular hypotrophy. It was localized mostly on the scapular girdle and less on the pelvic girdle, with tendency to extend to the distal muscles of the limbs, without fasciculations or sensory symptoms. Serum enzyme levels were normal. Both muscular biopsy and electromyographic tests yield reports testifying a spinal amyotrophy. The later is related to a spinal pelvic girdle amyotrophy arisen in a thirty-three-year old subject who since twenty-nine has started to present weakness and hypotrophy of pelvic girdle muscles and of the roots of the thighs particulary involving the adducent muscles. There were neither amyotrophies in other districts nor fasciculations. Serum enzyme levels were normal. Muscular biopsy clearly proved a neurogenic amyotrophy. E.M.G. showed signs of myogenic and neurogenic sufference. Problems concerning the nosographic delimitation of different spinal muscular atrophies are discussed on the ground of literature, too.

Adolescent↗