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PubMedDate not supplied

[Systematic chemotherapy of febrile attacks: an alternate strategy for the control of malaria in rural areas].

While the socio-economic development has generally improved malaria eradication in towns, this endemic disease remains of deep concern in the field of Public Health in the major part of the Intertropical African country side, despite the use of direct means of control (such as control of both anopheles and parasites, health education ...), of which the efficacy is, however, recognised. This fact is due to the present unfeasibility of the proposed strategies, which is the consequence of some economical, technical, logistic, and human difficulties. The authors suggest the use of a substitute strategy: the routine chemotherapy of feverish attacks by means of chloroquine, as long as either socio-economic development reaches a sufficient level to enforce an effective control of malaria in rural areas, or other reliable means of control are made available (vaccination e.g.). This strategy is able to provide an effective control of malaria death rate curve; it avoids some of the problems related to mass chemoprophylaxis, with a special mention to immunity. Its salient feature consists in its present large-scale operational feasibility within the framework of the Primary Health System.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Cigarette smoking: an epidemiological overview.

The detailed mortality and morbidity statistics on smoking tend to conceal the overall impact of the habit on health. About 3 million people die each year from smoking in economically developed countries, half of them before the age of 70. Cancers of eight sites are recognized as being caused by smoking--lung cancer almost entirely and the others (upper respiratory, bladder, pancreas, oesophagus, stomach, kidney, leukaemia) to a substantial extent. Six other potentially fatal diseases are also judged to be caused by smoking: respiratory heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, stroke, pneumonia, aortic aneurysm and ischaemic heart disease, the most common cause of death in economically developed countries. Non-fatal diseases, such as peripheral vascular disease, cataracts, hip fracture, and periodontal disease, which cause appreciable disability, cost and inconvenience are also caused by smoking. In pregnancy, smoking increases the risk of limb reduction defects, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and low birth weight. While there are some diseases for which smoking shows a protective effect, the 'benefits' of these are negligible in relation to the illness and premature mortality caused by smoking. About 20% of all deaths in developed countries are caused by smoking; an enormous human cost which can be completely avoided.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Prevention and control of intestinal nematode infection in Shanghai].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current status of intestinal nematode infection in Shanghai and make recommendations for further control activities. METHODS: Retrospective review of the control program was made based on the change of nematode prevalence in Shanghai area since the 1950s, and challenges under the current situation were analysed. RESULTS: The intervention measures included chemotherapy, health education, sanitary disposal of human excreta and safe water supply. With the control strategy, socio-economical development and the change of farming patterns, the prevalence of intestinal nematode infection in population was reduced by 88.5%, from 62.6% in 1955 to 8.2% in 2000. Among them, ascaris infection decreased by 89.0%, from 52.1% to 6.3%, hookworm infection decreased by 99.0%, from 12.9% to 0.1%, but pinworm infection was still as high as 18.9% in 1999. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of nematode infection in Shanghai was considerably reduced. To match it with the current socio-economical development in the Municipality, however, more needs to be done. Sustainable control activities and surveillance are recommended.

China↗
PubMed2000

Comparative risk assessment: an international comparison of methodologies and results.

Comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a systematic procedure for evaluating the environmental problems affecting a geographic area. This paper looks beyond the U.S. border and examines the experience with CRAs conducted in various developing countries and economies in transition, including Bangkok, Thailand, Cairo, Egypt and Quito, Ecuador, as well as other locations in Eastern Europe, Asia and Central and South America. A recent pilot CRA conducted in Taiwan is also considered. Comparisons are made of both the methodologies and the results across the relatively diverse international literature. The most robust finding is that conventional air pollutants (e.g., particulate matter and lead) consistently rank as high health risks across all of the CRAs examined. Given the varied nature of the settings studied in the CRAs, including level of economic development, urban-rural differences, and climate, this finding is particularly significant. Problems involving drinking water are also ranked as a high or medium health risk in almost all the countries studied. This is consistent with the results of analyses conducted by the World Bank suggesting contamination, limited coverage and erratic service by water supply systems. Beyond the major air pollutants and drinking water, the CRA results diverge significantly across countries. A number of problems involving toxic chemicals, e. g., hazardous air pollutants, rank as high health risks in the US but do not appear as consistent areas of concerns in the other countries studied. This likely reflects the so-called "risk transition" - the shift from sanitation and infection disease problems to those involving industry, vehicles and toxic substances - that often occurs with economic development. It may also reflect the greater information about sources of toxic pollutants in the U.S. For other problems, there are important differences across the developing countries and economies in transition. For example, hazardous and (industrial) non-hazardous waste issues ranked as medium or low health risks in all the countries studied, except for Taiwan where unmanaged toxic waste sites were considered to pose high risks. While the generally low ranking is consistent with the notion that few people are directly exposed to hazardous and (industrial) non-hazardous waste, it is not entirely surprising that views might be different in Taiwan, where space is so limited and population density is so high. We suggest that the wide range of findings likely reflect genuine differences among the countries studied. However, we cannot entirely rule out the possibility that some of the observed similarities (and differences) arise from the (relatively) common methodologies employed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The challenges and strategies in schistosomiasis control program in China.

In spite of the great achievements gained in the national schistosomiasis control program during the last 5 decades, serious challenges for the control program exist due to the impact of biological factors, environmental facts and limitation of scientific technology, as well as shortages of socio-economic development in the endemic areas. This paper reviewed the experiences of the national control program, then the author considered it essential to put forward a newly sustainable strategy with an emphasis on the areas with high endemicity of schistosomiasis, on poverty-stricken areas, especially in the Western part of the People's Republic of China, when taking into account both the opportunities and challenges of the future. It is expected that the schistosomiasis control program with a sustainable strategy would promote local economic development in the People's Republic of China.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Regional distribution of organochlorinated pesticides in pine needles and its indication for socioeconomic development.

The regional distribution of 10 potentially harmful organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) was investigated in pine needles from 18 sites in six Chinese regions. The OCPs concentrations in six regions were as follows: sigmaHCH (sigmaHCH=alpha-+beta-+gamma-+delta-HCH), 4.7-51.5 ng/g; sigmaDDT (p,p'-DDT+p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD), 0.9-30.9 ng/g; hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1.1-5.3 ng/g; sigmachlordane (cis-chlordane+trans-chlordane), no detected-4.3 ng/g, on dry weight basis. Samples from southeast Chinese area contained the highest concentrations of sigmaHCH, sigmaDDT and sigmachlordane, while the contamination levels of most OCPs in southwest Chinese area were the lowest. The ratios of alpha/gamma-HCH (ranged from 1.7 to 5) were observed to be noticeable increase from north to south China, and the ratio of 1.7 revealed the presence of the recent use of lindane in north Chinese area. The significant decrease of the sum concentrations of alpha-+gamma-HCH from mid-1980s to the present and the strong correlation between alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH (r=0.87-0.98, n=18, p<0.05) indicated the main usage of the technical HCH in history in China. The p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT ratios of <1 revealed the new input of p,p'-DDT in south, southeast and southwest Chinese areas, which could be partly contributed to the new use of impure dicofol. Economic development will leave its mark in the environment, however, its impact on the input and distribution of OCPs on a regional scale is unknown. We attempted to use the socioeconomic index (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita) to explain the distribution and input of OCPs and found that HCB and sigmaDDT seemed to be linked to the economic development, while no relationship of HCH was observed. DDE% of sigmaDDT also showed a negative correlation with the GDP per capita.

China↗
PubMed1985

Morocco WFS.

Although richer in natural resources than many developing countries, Morocco's economic development has been plagued by repid population growth, along with declines in the world price of its main export, phosphate, and a costly war in Western Sahara. Situated on the northwest corner of Africa, the Kingdom of Morocco is dominated geographically by its long coastline and the rugged Atlas mountain range to the east ans south. Abour 1/3 of the population live in remote mountain villages and speak Berber rather than the official language, Arabic. Despite large expanses of desert, agriculture has always been an economic mainstay. Morocco has hab near self-sufficiency in foodstuffs, but is now threatened by the burgeoning population, growing at 2.9% annually. The Moroccan governemnt officially recognized the role of population in development as early as 1966 and initiated a family planning program the following year. In 1979-80, a nationwide survey was conducted in conjunction with the World Fertility Survey program in part to assess the progrss of the family planning and health delivery systems. The newly published results show that contraceptive use is higher than expected. About 23% of the married women use birth control, and almost 20% use one of the more reliable methods. The pill is the most popular method, accounting for 71% of all users, followed by withdrawal, the IUD, and rhythm. Large families are valued, women want about 5 children each, but actual fertility exceeds even these levels. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for the 1974-79 period was 5.9 children per woman. This indicated a significant decline in childbearing among younger women, since women aged 40 and over reported an average total of 7 children. The WFS results support evidence of decline in birth rates indicated by the 1982 Moroccan census. Declines in infant mortality also measured by the WFS have not been as dramatic, but do show constant improvement, falling from 130 in the 1950s to about 93 in 1975-80. In general, the WFS results show real movement towards the government's goal of lowering fertility rates.

Africa↗
PubMed2006

[Study on the effect of malnutrition and anemia identified among general population in 2002 to the future productivity in China].

OBJECTIVE: To measure the social productivity loss and negative effect to economic development due to malnutrition in view of quantitative analysis. METHODS: Using the data of childhood stunting and population anemia status, collected by 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey to analyse the effect on present and future productivity. PROFILES model was used to estimate two kinds of productivity losses: "Future productivity loss" was figured out based on the data of stunting and anemia status in 0-5 year-old children while "Current productivity loss" was from anemia data of the adults. RESULTS: If current prevalence levels of malnutrition remained unchange over the next ten years (from 2002 to 2012), the total net present value of future productivity lost would be 281.7 billion Yuan (RMB), equivalent to 2.70 % of the Gross Domestice Product( GDP) in 2002, with the productivity losses due to stunting, anemia in adults and children were 0.15 % , 0.46 % and 2.09% of the 2002 GDP, respectively. All the results of calculation mentioned above was restricted with the same assumption - the ignorance of the real cost. CONCLUSION: The social economic development and the improvement of nutrition program would have a huge effect to population nutritional status. The social benefit and return on investment should be significant.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Economic expansion is a major determinant of physician supply and utilization.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between levels of economic development and the supply and utilization of physicians. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained from the American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Assocation, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bureau of Health Professions, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Census Bureau, Health Care Financing Administration, and historical sources. STUDY DESIGN: Economic development, expressed as real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or personal income, was correlated with per capita health care labor and physician supply within countries and states over periods of time spanning 25-70 years and across countries, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) at multiple points in time over periods of up to 30 years. Longitudinal data were analyzed in four complementary ways: (1) simple univariate regressions; (2) regressions in which temporal trends were partialled out; (3) time series comparing percentage differences across segments of time; and (4) a bivariate Granger causality test. Cross-sectional data were assessed at multiple time points by means of univariate regression analyses. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Under each analytic scenario, physician supply correlated with differences in GDP or personal income. Longitudinal correlations were associated with temporal lags of approximately 5 years for health employment and 10 years for changes in physician supply. The magnitude of changes in per capita physician supply in the United States was equivalent to differences of approximately 0.75 percent for each 1.0 percent difference in GDP. The greatest effects of economic expansion were on the medical specialties, whereas the surgical and hospital-based specialties were affected to a lesser degree, and levels of economic expansion had little influence on family/general practice. CONCLUSIONS: Economic expansion has a strong, lagged relationship with changes in physician supply. This suggests that economic projections could serve as a gauge for projecting the future utilization of physician services.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2006

High-resolution depositional records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the central continental shelf mud of the East China Sea.

A well-placed 210Pb-dated sediment core extracted from the distal mud in the central continental shelf of the East China Sea is used to reconstruct the high-resolution atmospheric depositional record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), believed to be transported mainly from China in the past 200 years due to the East Asian Monsoon. Total PAHs (TPAHs), based on the 16 USEPA priority PAHs, range from 27 in 1788 to 132 ng g(-1) in 2001. TPAH variation in the core reflects energy usage changes and follows closely the historical economic development in China. PAHs in the core are dominantly pyrogenic in source, i.e., they are mainly from the incomplete combustion of coal and biomass burning. Several individual PAHs suggest that contribution from incomplete petroleum combustion has increased during recent years. Analysis of the 2 + 3 ring and the 5 + 6 ring PAHs and principle component analysis provide more evidence in the change in the energy structure, especially after 1978 when China embarked on the "Reform and Open" Policy, indicating the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy of China. The historical profile of PAH distribution in the study area is obviously different from the United States and Europe due to their difference in energy structure and economic development stages.

Geologic Sediments↗
PubMed2001

Village-based primary health care in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.

This paper describes the first year of an ongoing village health care and economic development project in the Krong Buk district of Dak Lak province in Vietnam's Central Highlands. The project serves 21 villages with a total population of just over 15,000. Most belong to ethnic minority groups. Physicians from the province capital of Boun Me Thuot were trained by a multi-disciplinary team of American health care workers to be trainers and supervisors of 21 village health care workers (VHWs). Two months later, a VHW from each village was trained in primary and preventive health care by the physician-supervisors. Since this initial training, each VHW has been provided with materials, medicines and monthly supervision by the physician-supervisors. The health care component has been complemented by an economic development project based on a system of small loans. Data from the first year of monthly reports and from a baseline survey are presented in this paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Differentials in fertility, family planning practice, and family size values in South Korea, 1965-1971.

Data from five Korean national KAP surveys of currently married women, conducted between 1965 and 1971, are analyzed to determine whether differentials have emerged or are emerging between urban and rural women in three factors of crucial importance for population growth: fertility, family planning practice, and family size values. Graphics are used throughout to analyze urban-rural differentials and trends in these factors over time. In addition, two statistical tests, the sign and binomial, are applied to the differentials to provide a tabular summary of results. Part I provides background information on population growth, urbanization, the achievements of the national family planning program, and economic development in Korea since the 1950's. Part II describes both urban-rural differentials in fertility, as measured by mean parity, for married women aged 30-39 between 1966 and 1971; and urban-rural differentials in the proportions of women aged 25-39 currently practicing family planning between 1965 and 1971. Part III analyzes urban-rural differences in ideal family size and ideal number of sons, controlling for number of living children and number of living sons. Part IV attempts to evaluate the impact of the national family planning program on the fertility, family planning practice, and family size values of the rural population by examining the findings on urban-rural differentials in the context of social and economic development, viewing the program as one of a multitude of variables that can affect these factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The impact of nagana.

The disease in cattle, called nagana in Zululand, was linked with trypanosomal parasitaemia and tsetse flies. Nagana occurs in livestock throughout the tsetse belts of Africa. Wild animals are tolerant of trypanosomal infections. Nagana affects individual animals, herds and socio-economic development. In susceptible animals nagana may be acute, but chronic infections are more common. The host-parasite interaction produces extensive pathology and severe anaemia. Clinically affected animals lose condition and become weak and unproductive. Nagana is often fatal and, at herd level, its impact is wide ranging. All aspects of production are depressed: fertility is impaired; milk yields, growth and work output are reduced; and the mortality rate may reduce herd size. Africa has to feed its rapidly growing human population, and animal products are a vital dietary component. However, in most tsetse areas, there is not enough meat and milk. Furthermore, animal draft power is often not available, which limits cultivation and local transport. These factors lower household incomes and retard socio-economic development. Sustainable rural development requires that nagana be controlled. This in turn needs considerable resources, whichever control strategy is adopted.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

International patterns in the occurrence of Hodgkin's disease in children and young adult males.

It was reported over 20 years ago that there were distinct age-specific patterns of Hodgkin's disease incidence in countries with different levels of economic development, and that there was an inverse relationship between the incidence of Hodgkin's disease in children and young adults within countries. Such observations were important, leading to hypotheses on the possibly infectious aetiology of the disease. Since the initial report, diverging trends in the incidence of Hodgkin's disease in children and young adults have been observed, and data from a much larger number of countries and cancer registries have become available. This led us to reassess international age-related incidence patterns of Hodgkin's disease occurrence. Recent data show distinct differences in age-specific Hodgkin's disease incidence patterns in different geographic regions. In general, the United States (US) and European countries had the pattern of low childhood rates and high young adulthood rates. However, countries which are not part of the European Union (EU), mainly Baltic states and countries of central and eastern Europe, showed a variant of this pattern: similarly high young adult rates, but rates in children higher than those in the US and EU. Incidence-rate patterns for Latin American countries differed from those previously observed, with a shift towards patterns observed in more economically developed countries. Analysis of incidence data from earlier sources dating back to 1963 confirmed the original finding of an inverse association in incidence rates (c. 1963-1967) using a selected group of cancer registries, but not when all data were considered. This association has become weaker over the past 20 years. Using current incidence rates (1983-1987), no association between Hodgkin's disease rates in children aged 5 to 14 years (as well as 0 to 9 years) and young adults (20 to 34 years) was found.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Epidemiology of urolithiasis.

The epidemiology of urolithiasis differs according to geographical area and historical period: changing socio-economic conditions have generated changes in the incidence and type of lithiasis in terms of both the site and the physical-chemical composition of the calculi. Reno-ureteral calculosis typical of adult age and featuring mainly calcium oxalate and phosphate is currently more frequent in economically developed countries, where the prevalence rate hovers between 4% and 20% and the annual incidence of hospitalization for calculosis ranges from 0.03 to 0.1%. On the contrary "primitive" vesical calculosis is fairly widespread in Asia, with calculi composed of ammonium urate and calcium oxalate. Vesical calculosis, due to malnutrition in the very early years of life, is currently frequent in huge areas of Turkey, Iran, India, China, Indochina and Indonesia, although the incidence is decreasing in proportion as social conditions gradually improve. At the beginning of the 20th century primitive vesical calculosis was relatively frequent in Europe also, but in the course of the last 100 years, there has been a gradual decrease in its incidence, while the reno-ureteral calculosis has become more common. This trend definited as "stone wave" has been explained in terms of changing social conditions and the consequent changes in eating habits. In Europe, Northern America, Australia, Japan, and, more recently, Saudi Arabia affluence has spread to all social classes, and with it the tendency to eat "rich" food in large quantities. Calcium oxalate and/or phosphate stones account for almost 70% of all renal stones observed in economically developed countries. The prevalence of this type of stones varies considerably on account of environmental factors, especially dietary intake and lifestyle, while radiolucent and infection stones seem to be less influenced by environmental conditions. In the seventies the pathogenetic role for calcium oxalate stones of a diet rich in proteins, refined carbohydrate and sodium has become evident, while the effect of alimentary calcium and oxalate is still debated. However, the concurrence of a genetic predisposition seem to be crucial for calcium stone formation. In fact the importance of family history for idiopathic calcium stone disease is clearly demonstrated, although little is known about the metabolic alterations underlying this predisposition and their genetic transmission mechanisms.

Adult↗