SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources

PubMed1983

Conduct disorder and affective disorder among the offspring of patients with Huntington's disease.

The rate of occurrence of conduct disorder and affective illness was studied for a sample of 112 offspring of 34 Huntington's Disease (HD) patients. Psychiatric disorder in the offspring was assessed as a function of: (1) age of the parent at the onset of symptoms of HD; (2) family disorganization; and (3) psychiatric disorder in either parent. The findings indicated an increased frequency of conduct disorder in disrupted families, most especially in those where the HD parent had an early onset of symptoms and the non-HD parent showed psychiatric disorder. Affective disorder in the offspring was most strongly associated with the presence of similar symptoms in the HD parent. Affective disorder, but not conduct disorder, may be an early manifestation of the HD gene. The implication of these findings for genetic counselling is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The association of perimenopausal mood disorders with other reproductive-related disorders.

Data regarding the increased incidence of psychiatric illness during midlife in women are still conflicting. However, there is a growing consensus that certain groups of women may in fact be at higher risk for mood symptoms and psychiatric disorders during the perimenopausal transition. Mood symptoms during the perimenopause may be related to mood disorders during other periods of hormonal fluctuation throughout a woman's reproductive lifecycle. Elucidating these associations may advance the understanding of mood disorders during the perimenopausal transition. The epidemiology and treatment of perimenopausal mood symptoms compared with the epidemiology and treatment of mood disorders during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and postpartum. Common risk factors associated with mood disorders during these periods of hormonal changes or instability include poor lifestyle habits, a history of hormonally related mood disorders, stress and negative life events, ethnicity, and comorbidity. Reproductive-related mood disorders also are subject to an improvement in symptoms in response to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. As the morbidity associated with mood disorders during midlife may be quite significant, and as life expectancy continues to increase, recognition, prevention, and treatment of perimenopausal affective illness is becoming increasingly essential.

Major Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed2005

[Sleep disorders in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder--results of a polysomnographic study].

OBJECTIVES: We report results of a polysomnographic study carried out with children aged 6 to 12 years with either ADHD or a sleep disorder. The study focussed on whether the sleep structure and architecture of n = 36 ADHD children with and without sleep disorders differed from that of either n=15 children with sleep disorders or n=87 children without sleep disorders. Moreover, we assessed whether there was an increased risk for co-morbid sleep-related breathing disorders among ADHD children. METHODS: All children underwent polysomnography in a paediatric clinic. Principal variables of the sleep structure and architecture as well as cardiorespirographic measures were analysed. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that sleep problems in children with ADHD seem to be unspecific concurrent symptoms since the sleep structure of sleep-disordered ADHD children and children with sleep disorders was similar. Only minor differences were found between non-sleep-disturbed ADHD children and healthy children without sleep problems. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that sleep problems in ADHD are independent co-morbid symptoms without any pathogenetic relationship to vigilance functions in ADHD. The cardiorespirographic analyses showed that a subgroup of ADHD children with sleep problems may be at increased risk for co-morbid sleep-related breathing disorder. This finding is potentially important for differential diagnostic considerations in ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1990

Communication disorders and emotional/behavioral disorders in children and adolescents.

Recent research in child psychiatry has demonstrated a high prevalence of speech, language, and communication disorders in children referred to psychiatric and mental health settings for emotional and behavioral problems. Conversely, children referred to speech and language clinics for communication disorders have been found to have a high rate of diagnosable psychiatric disorders. Most of the emerging knowledge regarding relationships between communication disorders and psychiatric disorders has been presented in the child psychiatric literature. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists also need to be familiar with this information; an understanding of the complex interrelationship between communication disorders and emotional and behavioral disorders is important for diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. The purpose of this article is to review recent research and discuss clinical implications for professionals in speech-language pathology and audiology working with children and adolescents who have, or who are at risk for, developing emotional and behavioral disorders. Issues to be addressed include differential diagnosis, prevention, intervention, and the role of speech-language pathologists serving these children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Is there a progression from abuse disorders to dependence disorders?

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that a progression occurs from alcohol abuse to alcohol dependence. Although DSM-IV criteria for all substance use-related diagnoses are based largely on the alcohol dependence syndrome, progression from abuse to dependence might not generalize to other substances. AIMS: This study tested whether a progression from DSM-IV abuse to dependence occurs related to the use of cannabis, cocaine and opiates. DESIGN: Retrospective data from the DSM-IV Substance Use Disorders Work Group (n = 1226) were reanalysed using McNemar's chi2, configural frequency analyses and survival analyses. Participants were men and women who were primarily African-Americans or Caucasians. SETTINGS: Participants were recruited from community and clinical settings. The measure was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module. FINDINGS: For all substances, life-time dependence in the absence of life-time abuse was rare. Results were consistent with a progression occurring for alcohol and cannabis, but not for cocaine and opiates. Abuse and dependence occurred in the same year for 66% of the cocaine users who experienced both disorders (57% of users with any cocaine disorder) and 65% of the opiate users who experienced both disorders (46% of users with any opiate disorder). Because cocaine and opiate dependence in the absence of abuse were rare, it is possible that progressions in cocaine and opiate disorders occur more rapidly than cannabis and alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Research is needed to clarify the mechanisms that influence progressions of substance use disorders. Potential factors leading to between-drug variation in rate of progression of disorders are discussed.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1998

The influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior.

The present review reports on the influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviour. The base of the study was previous reviews of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism publication Alcohol and Health in 1993 and by Helgason in 1996. Using a defined search strategy in Medline, another 42 articles from 1994 to 1996 were included in the comorbidity part and 19 in the suicidal part. Epidemiological and clinical studies confirm high comorbidity of substance use disorders and other mental disorders. Alcohol abuse worsens the course of psychiatric disorders. Light to moderate alcohol consumption has no documented positive effect on the course. Levels of risk consumption of alcohol in psychiatric disorders have not been well defined. One-fifth to one-third of increased deaths rate among alcoholics is explained by suicide. In countries with high alcohol consumption, the suicide rate is also high and is increasing with total increased alcohol consumption. Comorbidity is common among suicide victims, and substance use disorders is most frequently combined with depressive disorders. Interpersonal loss within 6 weeks before suicide is more often present among alcoholics than nonalcoholic suicide victims.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2005

Panic disorder with and without agoraphobia: comorbidity within a half-year of the onset of panic disorder.

The present study was performed to compare the clinical features of patients with panic disorder with and without agoraphobia. The subjects were 233 outpatients with panic disorder (99 males and 134 females) diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Sixty-three patients met the criteria for panic disorder without agoraphobia, and 170 met the criteria for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Patients with agoraphobia showed a significantly longer duration of panic disorder and higher prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder. However, there were no significant differences in prevalence of major depressive episodes, in current severity of panic attacks, or in gender ratio between the two groups. The second aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of onset age and sex differences on the development of agoraphobia within a half-year. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their self-report: patients who did or did not develop agoraphobia within 24 weeks of onset of panic disorder. A total of 40.6% of the patients developed agoraphobia within 24 weeks of the onset of panic disorder, and onset age and sex differences had no robust effect on the development of agoraphobia within 24 weeks.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Personality disorders and depressive symptoms in late luteal phase dysphoric disorder.

BACKGROUND: Although many significant studies of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLPD) have been carried out, some conflicting findings on the relationships between personality disorders, depressive symptoms, hostility and LLPD deserve further investigation. METHODS: Forty-three LLPD patients and 85 control subjects, evaluated by prospective daily ratings during two symptomatic cycles, received a detailed psychiatric evaluation, including the sections for psychotic, affective and anxiety disorders of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R nonpatient version and the section for personality disorders; the Buss Durkee Inventory for Assessing Different Kinds of Hostility and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS: The odds of suffering from LLPD are about nine-fold (crude odds ratio, OR = 9.23, 95% confidence interval, CI 3.98-21.39) among women with mild or moderate depressive symptoms. When two age strata (below and above 30) are analyzed separately, the association between LLPD and depressive symptoms is strong and positive in both strata, while the association between LLPD and avoidant personality disorder is found only among older women (adjusted OR = 8.26, p < 0.05, 95% CI 1.03-66.35). CONCLUSIONS: The major finding from this preliminary study is the association between LLPD and depressive symptoms. Conversely, the association between LLPD and avoidant personality disorder remains controversial and seems to be dependent on age. Our findings support the hypothesis that LLPD and avoidant personality disorder may be considered as part of the spectrum of recurrent mood disorder rather than as qualitatively distinct nosological entities. Future studies are needed, adopting prospective, longitudinal assessments of personality prior to the onset of LLPD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Discriminating borderline personality disorder from other axis II disorders.

The authors used the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients to assess 22 clinical features of 120 patients with borderline personality disorder and 103 control subjects with other axis II disorders. Four of the 22 features were common in but nondiscriminating for borderline disorder, 11 were discriminating for but nonspecific to borderline disorder, and seven were more specific to borderline disorder. The authors conclude that many clinical features thought to be indicative of borderline disorder are better viewed as personality disorder traits and that the seven more specific features, alone or in conjunction with one another, may be particularly useful markers for borderline personality disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the frequency of DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHOD: Patients with schizophrenia (N = 52) or schizoaffective disorder (N = 25) were evaluated for the presence of obsessions and compulsions by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, chart review, and contact with the treating clinicians. RESULTS: Six (7.8%) of the 77 patients met the DSM-III-R criteria for both obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs in a substantial percentage of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The addition of medications targeted at obsessive-compulsive disorder may be beneficial to these patients but requires systematic evaluation.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

MRI study of cavum septi pellucidi in schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: A cavum between the septi pellucidi may reflect neurodevelopmental anomalies in midline structures of the brain. The authors examined cavum septi pellucidi in subjects with schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder and in normal subjects. METHOD: Thirty schizophrenic patients (15 chronic, 15 first-episode), 16 patients with affective disorder (first-episode), 21 patients with schizotypal personality disorder, and 46 normal subjects were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. Cavum septi pellucidi was assessed by counting the number of 1.5-mm slices containing cavum septi pellucidi. RESULTS: The presence or absence of cavum septi pellucidi did not differentiate among groups. However, the prevalence of abnormal cavum septi pellucidi (i.e., cavum septi pellucidi contained on four or more slices) was 30.4% for schizophrenic patients (36.4% for chronic, 25.0% for first-episode), 20.0% for patients with affective disorder, 18.8% for patients with schizotypal personality disorder, and 10.3% for normal subjects. When the authors used the Nopoulos et al. criteria for rating cavum septi pellucidi, which omitted borderline cases with cavum septi pellucidi on three slices, the prevalence of abnormal cavum septi pellucidi increased to 35.0% for schizophrenia (40.0% for chronic, 30.0% for first-episode), 25.0% for affective disorder, 27.3% for schizotypal personality disorder, and 13.0% for normal subjects. There was a statistically significant difference in ratings between schizophrenic and normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that alterations in midline structures during the course of neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: an analysis of chromosome 18 data.

OBJECTIVE: The authors performed an analysis of their published chromosome 18 linkage data on 28 families in which there was bipolar disorder to test the potential of comorbid panic disorder to define a genetic subtype of bipolar disorder. METHOD: Families ascertained through probands with bipolar I disorder were stratified into three groups based on a history of panic disorder, panic attacks, or no panic attacks in the probands. Multipoint nonparametric linkage analysis was performed on data from bipolar I and II family members in each group. RESULTS: Linkage scores for five consecutive 18q marker loci were highest in the families of the probands with panic disorder and lowest for the families of the probands without panic attacks. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the authors' previously reported clinical hypothesis of a genetic subtype of bipolar disorder identified by comorbid panic disorder. The hypothesis merits prospective testing.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use disorders and other substance use disorders are extremely common among patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews studies pertaining to the epidemiology, clinical phenomenology, and pathophysiology of comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. METHOD: Studies were identified by means of computerized and manual searches. The review of research on the pathophysiology of PTSD and substance use disorders was focused on studies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the noradrenergic system. RESULTS: High rates of comorbidity suggest that PTSD and substance use disorders are functionally related to one another. Most published data support a pathway whereby PTSD precedes substance abuse or dependence. Substances are initially used to modify PTSD symptoms. With the development of dependence, physiologic arousal resulting from substance withdrawal may exacerbate PTSD symptoms, thereby contributing to a relapse of substance use. Preclinical work has led to the proposal that in PTSD, corticotropin-releasing hormone and noradrenergic systems may interact such that the stress response is progressively augmented. Patients may use sedatives, hypnotics, or alcohol in an effort to interrupt this progressive augmentation. CONCLUSIONS: Vigorous control of withdrawal and PTSD-related arousal symptoms should be sought during detoxification of patients with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Inclusion of patients with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders in neurobiologic research and in clinical trials will be critical for development of effective treatments for this severely symptomatic patient population.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Comorbidity of severe psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders among women in jail.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents the prevalence, patterns, and sequences of severe psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders among female jail detainees. METHOD: Subjects were a randomly selected, stratified sample of 1,272 female arrestees awaiting trial at the Cook County Department of Corrections in Chicago. Independent clinical research interviewers administered the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version III-R to assess comorbid psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. RESULTS: Eight percent of the women had both a current severe mental disorder and a current substance use disorder. Nearly three-quarters of those with severe mental disorders also met criteria for one or more substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Because most detainees return to their communities in a few days, these findings have implications for treatment of high-risk women throughout the mental health system.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1996

Poststroke bipolar affective disorder: clinical subtypes, concurrent movement disorders, and anatomical correlates.

The authors describe 9 patients with bipolar affective disorder associated with cerebrovascular lesions. Eight had negative family histories of affective disorders and late age at onset (after age 40) of manic-depressive symptoms. Only one, with positive family history of affective disorders, developed mood swings before age 40. Clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder and patterns of affective cycling in these stroke patients resembled those previously reported in functional bipolar disorder. Five patients had concurrent hyperkinetic movement disorders, and one depressed patient presented with unilateral left-sided parkinsonism that disappeared during a manic switch. In most patients, bipolar affective disorder was associated with right hemisphere lesions that involved subcortical and midline structures. Findings suggest that damage to frontal-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits by subcortical vascular lesions may simultaneously provoke disorders of movement and mood regulation.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

Feasibility and effectiveness of the Bergen 4-Day Treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in Australia: A pilot comparison with 3-week inpatient obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment.

OBJECTIVES: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a debilitating and chronic condition that, when untreated or unresponsive to treatment, imposes a significant health and economic burden on individuals and families. This prospective non-randomised inpatient study compared the acceptability and clinical outcomes of the Bergen 4-Day Treatment programme with those of a standard 3-week specialised treatment programme for obsessive-compulsive disorder in Australia. METHOD: Twenty-five participants diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder were non-randomly assigned to Bergen 4-Day Treatment (n = 12) or a 3-week standard (n = 13) inpatient programme. Independent assessments were completed at pre-treatment, 10 days post treatment and at 3-month follow-up. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale was rated to assess obsessive-compulsive disorder severity, while secondary measures of depression, anxiety, obsessive beliefs and wellbeing were self-rated by participants. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of both groups were comparable, with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom severity within the moderate to severe range. After treatment, obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms as well as secondary depression and anxiety symptoms were reduced in both treatment groups. Participants receiving Bergen 4-Day Treatment had significantly lower Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale scores at 10 days (M = 13.46) and 3 months (M = 11.84), compared to standard treatment (M = 19.04 and M = 19.15, respectively). Response (91.9%) and remission (45.8%) rates for the Bergen 4-Day Treatment group were significantly higher at both post-treatment timepoints, compared to the standard treatment group. No dropouts occurred in the Bergen 4-Day Treatment group, and participant satisfaction was high. CONCLUSION: The findings of this pilot open-label study suggest that Bergen 4-Day Treatment shows promise as an acceptable, efficient and effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, warranting further investigation as a scalable alternative for improving access to specialised obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment in Australia.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

[Effect of personality disorders on response to cognitive behavioral therapy of panic disorder with agoraphobia].

This study measures the effect of personality disorders on the efficacy of treatment of agoraphobia. Forty-one patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia are evaluated for the presence of a personality disorder (according to DSM-III-R criteria) before the onset of treatment. The treatment consists in 14 sessions of behavioural cognitive therapy. Various measures of agoraphobic avoidance are obtained before (pre-test) and after the end of treatment (post-test, three month follow-up). Effect of treatment reaches statistical and clinical significance for all patients. Grouping of patients according to presence or absence of personality disorder shows no significant difference between the groups before or after treatment on scores of agoraphobia. A subgroup of patients with dependent personality disorder does not differ on measures of agoraphobic avoidance from patients without personality disorders or with other personality disorders. The discussion points out methodological limitations, differences in our study from other studies regarding the effect of personality on the treatment outcome of panic disorder with agoraphobia, as well as possibilities for future studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Associated medical disorders and disabilities in children with autistic disorder: a population-based study.

A population-based survey was conducted among 152,732 Finnish children and adolescents aged under 16 years and living in northern Finland. Diagnoses and associated medical conditions were derived from the hospital and institutional records of this area. One hundred and eighty-seven children with DSM-IV autistic disorder were identified. Associated medical disorders or associated disorders of known or suspected genetic origin were found in 12.3 percent, including tuberous sclerosis, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome, chromosome 17 deletion, chromosome 46, XX, dup(8) (p) and mitochondriopathy. Other associated medical disorders identified were epilepsy, hydrocephalus, foetal alcohol syndrome and cerebral palsy. Hearing impairments were found in 8.6 percent and severe impairment of vision in 3.7 percent of the individuals with autistic disorder. Medical disorders seem to have a special impact on the genesis of autistic disorder and need to be thoroughly examined in each child with autistic disorder.

Adolescent↗